2017: Skyscraper History's Tallest, Highest

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CTBUH Year in Review: Tall Trends of 2017 2017: Skyscraper History’s Tallest, Highest- Volume, and Most Geographically Diverse Year

Abstract The 2017 Tall Building Year in Review / Tall Buildings in Numbers data analysis report shows that more buildings of 200 meters’ height or greater were completed in 2017 than in any other year, with a total of 144 completions. Notably, 2017 was also the most geographically diverse year in terms of the number of cities and countries that completed 200-meter-plus buildings, with 69 cities across 23 countries represented in the data, up from 54 cities across 18 countries in 2016. The report covers other statistical highlights of 2017 and predicts completions for 2018.

Keywords: 2017, Completions, Height, Statistics, Skyscrapers, Urbanization

Figure 1. Tallest in 2017: Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen, 599 meters. © Tim Griffith for KPF Figure 2. 131st-Tallest in 2017: Shahar Tower, Givatayim, 202 meters. © Assaf Pinchuk

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com 160 160

150

Buildings 200 Meters or Taller Completed Each Year from 1960 to 2018 144 140

130 130 127

1,478 1,500 120 1,448 1,400 115

1,319 1,300 110

Total Number of 200-meter-plus Buildings in 1,200 Existence at Decade’s end from 1920 to 2018 102 1,100 100

1,000

900 90

800

700 81 80 609 600 74 73 500 70 69

400

Number of buildings 200 m+ completed each year 300 60 263 73

200 146 126 146 138 52 100 50 71 28 50 24 47 2 6 11 11 15 5 11 3 3 1 0 1920 1930 1940 19501960 1970 1980 19902000 2010 2017 2018

32 31 31 30 27

23 22 20 20 19 18 17 17 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 8 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2008 2012 2016 2017 2018 2010

Notes: Number of 200 m+ buildings Projected number of 200 m+ buildings 1. We can predict 2018–2019 building completions with some accuracy due to projects now in Number of supertalls (300 m+) Projected number of supertalls (300 m+) advanced construction. A range is given to indicate the challenging factors in predicting building completion dates. Number of megatalls (600 m+) Projected number of megatalls (600 m+) 2. Totals after 2001 take into account the destruction of the World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2.

Figure 3. Number of 200-meter-plus buildings completed each year from 1960 to 2017, with projections through 2018.

More buildings of 200 meters’ height or Notably, 2017 was also the most countries that saw their tallest building greater were completed in 2017 than in any geographically diverse year in terms of the completed this year. other year, with a total of 144 completions, number of cities and countries that marking the fourth consecutive record- completed 200-meter-plus buildings, with Once again, for the 10th time in a row, China breaking year (see Figure 3). This is an 69 cities across 23 countries represented in completed the greatest number of increase of 95 percent from 2013, when only the data, up from 54 cities across 18 200-meter-plus buildings in 2017 (see Figure 74 buildings of 200 meters or more were countries in 2016. High-rise construction is 4), with 76 completions for 53 percent of the completed. The total number of 200-meter no longer confined to a select few financial total. Although this is a slight decrease from buildings in the world is now 1,319, an and business centers, but rather is 2016, when China completed 83 such increase of 12.3 percent from 2016, and a becoming the accepted global model for buildings, or 65 percent of the global total, 402 percent increase from 2000, when only densification, as more than one million China is still by far the world leader in 263 existed. The total sum of heights – that people on our planet urbanize each week. skyscraper construction. In fact, the city with is, if the heights of all completions in 2017 Thirteen cities saw their first 200-meter- the most 200-meter-plus building were added together – was 35,145 meters, plus high-rise completion in 2017, in completions, Shenzhen, China, finished 12 making 2017 the “tallest year ever.” addition to the 28 cities and eight buildings, or 8.3 percent of the year’s global

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com 2017 Completions: 200 m+ Buildings by Country Note: Two or fewer tall buildings 200 m+ in height were also completed during 2017 in these countries: Australia, Israel, Japan, Panama, Saudi 80 19,000 total, and more than any other country on 18,802 Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Colombia, Kenya, Mexico, Qatar, Sri Lanka 76 the list, except China (see Figures 4 & 5). This Total Number (Total = 144) is the second year that Shenzhen was the Sum of Heights (Total = 35,146 m)

) city with the most 200-meter-plus 30 3,000 (m Total Number of Countries = 23 s completions in the world. It’s the third year ht Heig

2,339 in a row in which the tallest building to of er m complete in that year is in China. That

1,940 Su

mb 20 2,000

Nu building, Ping An Finance Center, also

1,342 happens to be in Shenzhen (see Figure 1). 1,165 1,101 The United States completed the second- 10 1,064 10 920 884 1,000 greatest number of 200-meter-plus 7 702 700 5 5 buildings of any country, with 10 buildings 4 4 4 4 3 3 finished in 2017. 0 0 China USA South Korea Canada Indonesia UAE Turkey North Korea Malaysia India Philippines

Figure 4. Buildings 200 meters or taller completed in 2017 by country. Key Worldwide Market Snapshots of 2017

Asia (Not including Middle East) 14 3,500 While 2017 may have been the most 3,300 Note: Two or fewer tall buildings 200 m+ in height were also completed during 2017 in these cities: Nanchang, Bangkok, Chicago, Chongqing, Dongguan, geographically diverse year for 200-meter- Guangzhou, Hefei, Melbourne, Nanjing, Panama City, Riyadh, Shenyang, Singapore, 12 12 Tokyo, Xi’an, Zhengzhou, Abu Dhabi, Baoji, Beijing, Calgary, Cartagena, Colombo, 3,000 plus building completions, Asia retained its Dalian, Doha, Foshan, Fuzhou, Giv'atayim, Hong Kong, Houston, Huizhou, Izmir, Johor Bahru, Lanzhou, Lianyungang, Liuzhou, Los Angeles, Nairobi, Nantong, status as the world’s skyscraper epicenter, Philadelphia, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Sanya, Seattle, Suzhou, Tel Aviv, Tianjin, Xiamen, Xuzhou, Yantai, Yinchuan, Zhanjiang, Zhuhai completing 109 buildings of at least 200 10 2,500 Total Number (Total = 144) meters in height, representing 76 percent of Sum of Heights (Total = 35,146 m) the total. This marks a small decline from the 8 Total Number of Cities = 69 2,000 83 percent share it held in 2016, and is in

7 ) (m line with China’s slight decline in total 1,655 s ht er 1,500 completion share (see Figure 4). The top two mb 6 Heig

Nu of

55 m cities, Shenzhen and Nanning, are in China, Su 1,137 1,101

1,064 with Jakarta, Indonesia and Chengdu, China, 1,034 1,032

986 444444

4 955 1,000 920 918 906

848 tied for third place with five completions 814 792 333333 33 700 702 664 each (see Figure 5). 2 500 Surprisingly, Pyongyang, North Korea, tied for sixth place with four buildings of 200 0 0 r Seoul meters or greater completed in 2017, after Jakarta Wuhan Busan Dubai Makati Nanning Toronto Istanbul Mumbai Shenzhen Chengdu Changsha Shanghai Pyongyang Hangzhou New York City Kuala Lumpu having completed no buildings over 200 Figure 5. Buildings 200 meters or taller completed in 2017 by city. meters in 2016.

Seoul, South Korea completed three 200-meter-plus buildings, including Lotte World Tower, a 555-meter mixed-use building – the city’s first “supertall”, or building of 300 meters or higher (see Case Study, p. 12 and Figure 6).

Mumbai completed its new tallest building (as well as India’s), One Avighna Park, at 266 meters. Two other 200-meter-plus buildings completed in the coastal city in 2017.

Sri Lanka also completed its new tallest building, the Grand Hyatt Colombo, which rises to 230 meters.

Middle East and Africa The Middle East had nine completions in 2017, representing 6.3 percent of the global Figure 6. Second-Tallest in 2017: Lotte World Tower, Seoul, 555 meters. © Tim Griffith for KPF

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com 83

83 65

22 22 20 20 20 37

16 14 14 13 12 Yearly 200-meter-plus Tall Building Completions,11 By Region/Country 8 25 83 666 22 22 4 3 3 20 20 20 2 1 1 China 16 76 14 14 13 12 11 69 8 666 65 4 3 3 2 1 1 83 China

8 37 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 Europe 1 1111 111

22 22 8 20 20 20 5 4 4 4 16 3 3 3 2 2 2 Europe 1 1111 14 14111 37 13 12 11 Figure 8. Third-Tallest in 2017: Marina 101, 8 23 Dubai, 425 meters. © Lester Ali 666 4 3 3 2 25 17 1 1 China 15 22 22 total, down from 10 completions in 2016 20 20 20 12 11 (see Figure 7). Dubai saw three completions 10 10 China Current Total: 579 9 8 16 8 8 in 2017, and all were supertall – the tallest of 7 14 14 23 13 which, Marina 101, now holds the title of 12 11 3 3 18th tallest building in the world at 425 2 1 1 1 8 17 metersMiddle (see Figure 8). East Dubai also completed 666 15 the third, fourth, and fifth-tallest buildings of 4 3 3 12 2 11 the year. A fourth building in Abu Dhabi 1 1 10 10 China 9 8 8 8 brings the United Arab Emirates’ total to four. 7 Israel and Saudi Arabia tied with two 3 3 2 200-meter-plus completions, with Qatar 1 1 1 Middle East marking one.

Middle East Current Total: 149 8 15 Africa completed its second 200-meter-plus

5 building, Britam Tower, which is both Kenya’s 11 11 4 4 4 9 9 3 3 3 and its capital Nairobi’s first (see Figure 9). 2 8 2 8 2 Europe 1 1111 111 7 6 6 6 6 6 Due to rapid population growth, we expect 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 to see more completions in Africa in the 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 comingNorth years. America 15

North America Current Total: 210 11 11 North America (includes Central America) 9 9 8 8 8 North America more than doubled its 2016 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 record with 15 tall building completions in 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2017, for a global share of 10.4 percent (see 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Europe 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 111 23 1 FigureNorth 7). This was reflectedAmerica both in the United States, which saw 10 completions in Europe Current Total: 48 17 2017, and Canada, which completed five 15 buildings of 200 meters or greater height. Figure 7. Number of 200-meter-plus tall buildings completed by region/country since 1960. 9 9 9 12 8 11 7 10 10 7 7 9 8 8 6 8 5 5 5 5 5 7 4 The Council on Tall Buildings4 and Urban Habitat 201744 Year in Review report 4 4 www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 11 1 11 1 311 1 3 1 USA 2 1 1 1 Middle East 23

9 9 9 8 17 7 7 15 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 44 4 4 12 3 33 3 3 3 113 3 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 10 11 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 9 USA 8 8 8 7

3 3 2 1 1 1 Middle East 15

11 11 9 9 8 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 North America

9 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 44 4 4 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 USA

9 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 44 4 4 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 USA Figure 9. 135th-Tallest in 2017: Britam Tower, Nairobi, Figure 11. 27th-Tallest in 2017: Torre KOI, San Pedro Garza Garcia, 279 meters. © IDEI 200 meters. © Johan Smith

Mexico completed its tallest building, Torre Completions by Function KOI, a 279-meter mixed-use tower in San The functional share of tall buildings in Pedro Garza Garcia, just south of Monterrey 2017 proved to be among the most (see Figure 11). This marks the second year in interesting discoveries in the study, as the a row that Mexico has crowned a new tallest data showed a large shift from all-office and building. Meanwhile, Panama City added mixed-use function to all-residential towers two completions to its disproportionately (see Figure 13). Buildings with all-residential large collection of high-rises, about 65% of functions spiked to 49 completions, or 34 which are residential. percent of the total, up from just 19, or 15% of the total last year. At the same time, South America all-office building completions fell to 56, or Only one tall building of 200 meters or 39 percent of the total, compared to 67, or greater completed in 2017 in South 52 percent of completions in 2016. Of all America – the Hotel Estelar Bocagrande in the pure-office buildings completed, 44, or Cartagena, Colombia, at 202 meters. This is 78.6%, were in China. an increase for the continent, however, which had no such completions in 2016. Completions by Material Of the 144 buildings of 200 meters or Europe greater height completed in 2017, 74, or 51

Figure 10. Sixth-Tallest in 2017: Wilshire Grand Center, Los Europe doubled its 2016 output with four percent, used concrete as the main Angeles, 335 meters. © AC Martin buildings of at least 200 meters in height, all structural material; while 64, or 44 percent, of which were in Turkey – three in Istanbul used a composite of steel and concrete (see and one in Izmir (see Figure 7). This is big Figure 14). The significant use of concrete Toronto alone notably represented 80 news for Turkey, which had zero such can be attributed to a combination of percent of Canada’s tall building completions in 2016. Skyland Towers, at 284 concrete’s relative ubiquity and lower cost completions this year, as the city meters, became Istanbul’s tallest and in many regions, as well as its comparative experiences an ongoing boom in high-rise Europe’s seventh-tallest buildings. simplicity in construction, which would construction. While not yet completed, increase its appeal in regions with lower- Toronto’s first supertall – named The One Australia and Oceania skilled labor pools. – broke ground in late 2017. Toronto rose Two tall buildings of 200 meters or greater significantly in this year’s rankings completed in this region in 2017, down In 2017, two buildings had all-steel compared to 2016, with four completions, from three in 2016. Both were in construction, consistent with the 2016 up from zero. Melbourne, Australia, and both were figure. As of this writing, there were only residential. As was emphasized during the seventeen 200-meter-plus buildings In the United States, New York completed 2017 CTBUH Conference (see Journal 2017, currently under construction that employed four 200-meter-plus buildings, while two Issue IV), Australia is amidst a building all-steel structural systems. completed in Chicago. Los Angeles boom and is rapidly becoming one of the completed one building of 200-plus-meters, world’s most urbanized nations. Average Height the Wilshire Grand Center (see Figure 10), The average height of 200-meter-plus which is now the city’s tallest at 335 meters. buildings completed in 2017 was 244

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com Australia – 2 Africa – 1 (1.4%) (0.7%) Cental America – 3 South (2.1%) America – 1 Hotel – 1 Mixed – 4 Steel – 2 Europe – 4 (0.7%) (0.7%) (2.8%) (1.4%) (2.8%) Middle East – 9 (6.3%)

North America – 15 (10.4%) Mixed-Use – 38 (26.4%) Oﬃce – 56 (38.9%)

Composite – 64 Concrete – 74 Asia – 109 (44.4%) (51.4%) (75.7%)

Residential – 49 (34%)

Figure 12. Buildings 200 meters or taller completed in Figure 13. Buildings 200 meters or taller completed in Figure 14. Buildings 200 meters or taller completed in 2017 by region. 2017 by function. 2017 by structural material.

meters, up from 238 meters in 2016. The 2016. Meanwhile, office functions take a average height of the World’s 100 Tallest slightly lower share in 2017, with 38 buildings, Buildings continues to climb, hitting 372 down from 40 in 2016 and equal to the 2015 meters in 2017, up from 363 meters in 2016. figure. Residential and hotel functions have Meanwhile, the average height of the 20 shrunk as a proportion once again, with 11 tallest 200 meter-plus completions in 2017 and five buildings, respectively, down from 12 has hit a new record high of 348 meters, up and seven in 2016. from 316 meters in 2016. As in previous recent years, composite “Supertall” Completions construction, in which a combination of A total of 15 supertalls (buildings of 300 steel and concrete components is used in meters or higher) were completed in 2017, the main structural elements, represents the tying with 2015, the first year to break this majority of structural approaches to the 100 record. The total number of supertall Tallest list, with 51 of the buildings being of buildings worldwide is now 126, up from 111 composite construction, the same as in in 2016. This fact is even more extraordinary, 2016. All-concrete buildings decreased by considering that much of the activity has one to 34 from 35 in 2016. The number of been in the past few years. The 2017 figure all-steel buildings in the 100 Tallest list represents a 66% increase in just four years. remains at 10 in 2017, as it was in 2016. In 2013, there were 76 buildings 300 meters Those buildings reported as being of or higher; in 2000, only 26. “mixed” construction, in which distinct sections of the buildings are predominantly steel or concrete, increased to five in 2017, The World’s 100 Tallest Buildings: from four in 2016. Impact of 2017 (refer to pages 48–49) Two new additions also joined to the list of The geographical profile of the World’s 100 the World’s 10 Tallest Buildings in 2017 (see Tallest Buildings did not sustain as much Figure 16) – the fourth and fifth tallest, Ping change over the past year as that of the An Finance Center in Shenzhen (see Figure overall 200-meter-plus population. Of the 1) and Lotte World Tower in Seoul (see 100 World’s Tallest Buildings, 54 were in Asia, Figure 2), respectively. Ping An Finance a figure unchanged from 2016. Twenty-six Center rises 599 meters, while Lotte World were in the Middle East, up from 24 the Tower reaches a pinnacle of 555 meters. The previous year. North America has 15 of the completion of these two towers resulted in buildings on the list. Europe’s figure dropped Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, being from five in 2016 to four in 2017. removed from the World’s 10 Tallest Buildings list. This is especially significant, Mixed-use continues to dominate the given that upon completion in 1998, the functional mix of the tallest 100 buildings, CTBUH certified the Petronas Twin Towers with 46 buildings, an increase from 41 in as the World’s Tallest Buildings ahead of the Figure 15. 59th-Tallest in 2017: 50 West, New York City, 237 meters. © Lester Ali

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com The 20 Tallest Buildings Completed in 2017

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ping An Finance Center Lotte World Tower Marina 101 The Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Wilshire Grand Center Yuexiu Fortune Center Shenzhen, China Seoul, South Korea Dubai, United Arab Dubai, United Arab Attar Tower Los Angeles, United States Tower 1 599 meters (1,965 ft) 555 meters (1,819 ft) Emirates Emirates Dubai, United Arab 335 meters (1,100 ft) Wuhan, China 425 meters (1,394 ft) 370 meters (1,214 ft) Emirates 330 meters (1,083 ft) 342 meters (1,122 ft) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hon Kwok City Center Yantai Shimao No. 1 Zhuhai St. Regis Guangxi Finance Plaza Sinar Mas Center 1 Jiuzhou International Poly Pazhou C2 Shenzhen, China The Harbour Hotel & Office Tower Nanning, China Shanghai, China Tower Guangzhou, China 329 meters (1,081 ft) Yantai, China Zhuhai, China 321 meters (1,053 ft) 320 meters (1,050 ft) Nanning, China 311 meters (1,020 ft) 323 meters (1,060 ft) 322 meters (1056 ft) 318 meters (1,043 ft)

15 16 17 18 19 20 Huachuang International Jin Wan Plaza 9 Shum Yip Upperhills China World Trade Concord International Skyland Office Tower & Plaza Tower 1 Tianjin, China Tower 2 Center Phase 3B Centre Skyland Residential Tower Changsha, China 300 meters (983 ft) Shenzhen, China Beijing, China Chongqing, China Istanbul, Turkey 300 meters (984 ft) 299 meters (982 ft) 296 meters (970 ft) 290 meters (951 ft) 284 meters (932 ft)

Figure 16. The 20 tallest buildings completed in 2017.

Figure 17. 111th-Tallest in 2017: The Beekman Hotel & Figure 18. 35th-Tallest in 2017: Raffles City Hangzhou Tower 1, Hangzhou, 256 meters. © Hufton Crow Residences, New York City, 209 meters. © Lester Ali

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com Figure 19. 87th-Tallest in 2017: 150 North Riverside, Chicago, 221 meters. © Tom Rossiter Photography

Willis (then Sears) Tower in Chicago, to much controversy.

While a total of 15 supertalls were completed in 2017, only 14 entered the World’s 100 Tallest Buildings list. Thus, 2017 saw the completion of the world’s first supertall building never to enter the 100 Tallest list – Huachuang International Plaza in Changsha, China.

Analysis

Overall, 2017 was a record-breaking year for skyscraper completions on a variety of fronts. We’re once again witnessing an all-time-high for 200-meter-plus building completions, with this year’s total increasing by 350% over the past decade. While the total number of tall building completions is an important metric to watch, the data on the rapid geographic diversification of 200-meter-plus Figure 20. 49th-Tallest in 2017: Tencent Seafront Tower Figure 21. 10th-Tallest in 2017: Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & building completions, in 69 cities across 23 1, Shenzhen, 246 meters © Shao Feng Office Tower, Zhuhai, 322 meters. © Jason Leung countries, is perhaps the most telling result. In 2007, only 20 cities across the globe completed 200-meter-plus buildings – the countries, such as India, accelerate The data from 2017 shows a continuation of highest number on record at the time. A economic and population growth. North the trend towards a greater global decade later, the number of cities America, which for much of the 20th proliferation of skyscraper construction. represented in this report has more than century completed the majority of Most of the prevailing trends of the past few tripled. A record 28 of those cities completed 200-meter-plus buildings in the world, is years – the preponderance of construction their new tallest buildings in 2017. also beginning to see a resurgence in tall taking place in Asia, and in particular, China; building construction. In addition, new the predominance of composite China still leads the world in 200-meter-plus technologies and increased international construction being used to achieve greater building completions, but the nation may capital flows are facilitating the creation of heights and more complex designs – have start to lose its dramatic lead as other ever-taller skyscrapers. held steady.

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com But a few discoveries this year are notable, if increasing trend towards a mix of not wildly divergent. functions, is also of interest. In the past, CTBUH has credited the prevalence of the The increase in geographic diversity invites mixed-use function in buildings at the further scrutiny. Of the 69 cities with at least upper end of the height range to a one 200-meter-plus building completion, developers’ hedging strategy. The greater 34 were in China. While not entirely the number of functions in the building, surprising, nevertheless it is clear that, in the less likely it is that economic weakness addition to powerhouses like Shenzhen, in one sector could delay or halt the there are also some smaller regional cities project, or result in it being unsold or joining the list, such as Baoji in Shaanxi unrented for prolonged periods. province; Yantai, in Shandong province; Lianyungang, in Jiangsu; and Yinchuan, in Skyscrapers are lagging indicators of Ningxia. Although in many cases each of economic trends. An investment strategy these cities has erected only a single could be green-lighted under economic building of 200 meters or more in 2017, and conditions that could change significantly each of these cities has more than one throughout the construction period, which million people, the term “smaller regional could be anywhere from two to 10 years or city” is relative in China, which seems to be more. It is tempting to speculate that we executing on its plan to create impressive are now seeing the built results of a skylines and more evenly distribute people full-blown recovery from the 2008 in its campaign of mass urbanization. economic crisis, as greater confidence in single-function programs sparks a Outside China, some infrequently-seen city resurgence in speculative residential names include Giv’atayim, Israel (near Tel development. Further, there has been Aviv); Izmir, Turkey; Nairobi, Kenya and growing interest over the past several years Pyongyang, North Korea. The reasons for in residential real-estate investment by this are likely as diverse as these countries absentee owners as a wealth management are from each other; the functions span strategy. However, market dynamics vary office, residential and mixed-use. greatly between regions, so it’s likely there are other factors to the story. The resurgence of all-residential tall Figure 22. 62nd-Tallest in 2017: Madison Square Park Tower, New York City, 237 meters. © Lester Ali buildings, against what had been an

Figure 23. 117th-Tallest in 2017: Rosewood Sanya and International Finance Forum, Sanya, Figure 24. 80th-Tallest in 2017: FMC Tower at Cira Centre South, 207 meters. © 1st Image Philadelphia, 223 meters. © Lester Ali

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com Table 1: All buildings 200 meters or taller completed in 2017 (144 no.)

Asia (109 no.) North America (15 no.) Middle East (13 no.) Central America (3 no.) Australia (2 no.) South America (1 no.) Africa (1 no.)

Rank Building Name Location Floors Height Rank Building Name Location Floors Height Height (m) (m) Rank Building Name Location Floors (m) 1 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen 115 599 65 Lihe Tower Shenzhen 48 231 =129 EQ Tower Melbourne 63 202

2 Lotte World Tower Seoul 123 555 66 609 Main at Texas Houston 50 230 =129 Hotel Estelar Bocagrande Cartagena 52 202

3 Marina 101 Dubai 101 425 =67 Rongchao Headquarters Tower Shenzhen 54 230 131 The Shahar Tower Givatayim 52 202

4 The Address Boulevard Dubai 73 370 =67 China Merchants Bank Tower Nanjing 48 230 132 F5 Tower Seattle 43 201

5 Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower Dubai 76 342 69 Grand Hyatt Colombo Colombo 47 230 =133 Triumph One #3 Nanning 46 200

6 Wilshire Grand Center Los Angeles 62 335 70 Lanzhou Center Office Tower Lanzhou 40 229 =133 Triumph One #4 Nanning 46 200

7 Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Wuhan 69 330 71 Elite 500 Dos Mares Panama City 60 228 135 Britam Tower Nairobi 31 200

8 Hon Kwok City Center Shenzhen 80 329 72 Al Asmakh Tower Doha 34 227 =136 Three Central Makati 51 200

9 Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yantai 59 323 73 Marina One Singapore 30 225 =136 Chengdu World Financial Center 1 Chengdu 46 200

10 Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhuhai 61 323 74 Coastal Center Shenzhen 46 225 =136 Chengdu World Financial Center 2 Chengdu 46 200

11 Guangxi Finance Plaza Nanning 68 321 75 Shenyang New World Center Tower C Shenyang 57 224 =136 Nanjing Financial City Tower 4 Nanjing 46 200

12 Sinar Mas Center 1 Shanghai 65 320 76 Harbour Plaza Residences West Toronto 62 224 =136 Seoul Trimage Tower I Seoul 47 200

13 Jiuzhou International Tower Nanning 71 318 77 River Point Chicago 52 223 =136 Seoul Trimage Tower II Seoul 47 200

14 Poly Pazhou C2 Guangzhou 61 311 =78 World Crest Mumbai 57 223 =136 Ryomyong Street 50-Storey Building Pyongyang 50 200 Huachuang International Plaza 15 Tower 1 Changsha 66 300 =78 FMC Tower at Cira Centre South Philadelphia 49 223 =136 Al-Obeikan Hilton Tower Hotel Riyadh 35 200 16 Jin Wan Plaza 9 Tianjin 66 300 =78 3 Manhattan West New York City 64 223 =136 Victoria Mansion Tower 1 Dalian 57 200

17 Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 2 Shenzhen 62 299 81 Optical Valley New World Center A Wuhan 44 222

18 China World Trade Center Phase 3B Beijing 59 296 =82 Shenzhen Energy Headquarters Shenzhen 43 222 North Tower Table 2: Projected 10 tallest buildings in 2018 19 Concord International Centre Chongqing 64 290 =82 Tianxi Twin Towers 1 Chengdu 65 222 Asia Europe Middle East =20 Skyland Office Tower Istanbul 65 284 =82 Tianxi Twin Towers 2 Chengdu 65 222

=20 Skyland Residential Tower Istanbul 64 284 =82 MARQUE Sukhumvit Bangkok 50 222 Height Rank Building Name Location Floors (m) Greenland Zhengzhou Central Plaza =22 North Tower Zhengzhou 63 284 86 Suzhou Center Plaza 1 Suzhou 56 222 1 Goldin Finance 117 Tianjin 128 597 Greenland Zhengzhou Central Plaza 2 China Zun Tower Beijing 108 528 =22 South Tower Zhengzhou 63 284 87 150 North Riverside Chicago 50 221 =24 Metropol Tower Istanbul Istanbul 58 280 88 Landscape-Brilliant Center Hefei 50 221 3 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg 86 462

=24 China Resources Center 2 Hefei 65 280 89 Telkom Landmark Tower 2 Jakarta 46 220 4 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha 94 452 5 Suzhou IFS Suzhou 98 450 26 Bodi Center Tower C Hangzhou 57 280 =90 The Altus Johor Bahru 60 220 San Pedro 6 Wuhan Center Tower Wuhan 88 438 27 Torre KOI Garza García 65 279 =90 Yintai Center Tower 1 Chengdu 52 220 7 China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen 67 393 28 Victoria Dockside Hong Kong 66 274 =90 Horoy Times Square A Shenzhen 46 220 8 Capital Market Authority Tower Riyadh 76 385 29 Ryomyong Street Apartment Building Pyongyang 82 270 =90 Kaisa Center Phase 3 Huizhou 45 220 9 Nanning Logan Century 1 Nanning 82 381 =30 Suning Plaza Tower A Xuzhou 62 266 =90 Zhanjiang Fortune Meeting Zhanjiang 45 220 10 Hanking Center Tower Shenzhen 73 350 =30 One Avighna Park Mumbai 64 266 =95 Light House Melbourne 69 218

32 Menara Astra Jakarta 50 262 =95 Maike Business Center Tower 1 Xi An 50 218

33 Vanke Chang'an Center Dongguan 60 260 97 Evolution Tower Panama City 54 218

34 One Bloor Street East Toronto 75 257 98 Shenyang New World Center Tower E Shenyang 55 218 =35 Raffles City Hangzhou Tower 1 Hangzhou 61 256 =99 Genyuan Marriott Hotel Yinchuan 50 216 Projections for 2018 =35 Raffles City Hangzhou Tower 2 Hangzhou 59 256 =99 Mistral Office Tower Izmir 48 216 Chancheng Greenland Center Phase 2 37 CITIC Ruibo Tower 1 Shanghai 55 256 101 Office Tower 1 Foshan 48 214 As indicated in Table 2, we expect between 38 Trump Tower At Century City Makati 58 251 102 Lodha Venezia Tower A Mumbai 68 214 130 and 160 buildings of 200 meters’ or 39 Banghua World Trade Center Guangzhou 55 250 =103 The Sentral Residences Tower A Kuala Lumpur 58 210 greater height to complete in 2018. Between 40 The Shang Salcedo Makati 67 250 =103 The Sentral Residences Tower B Kuala Lumpur 58 210 Shenzhen University Subway Station 12 and 20 of these buildings are predicted to 41 Tower Shenzhen 51 249 =105 Greenland Center Tower 8 Nanning 47 210 =42 Jinmao International Plaza Tower 1 Changsha 52 248 =105 Fortune Center Residential Tower 2 Liuzhou 60 210 be supertall (300 meters or taller). This is fairly =42 Jinmao International Plaza Tower 2 Changsha 52 248 =105 Fortune Financial Centre Chongqing 45 210 conservative, taking into consideration the 44 Brookfield Place Tower One Calgary 56 247 =105 SINIC Center Nanchang 35 210 total number of projects currently underway. =45 The-W 101 Busan 69 246 =105 Ryomyong Street 55-Storey Building Pyongyang 55 210 However, as many other research =45 The-W 102 Busan 69 246 110 FWD Tower Jakarta 40 209 organizations now do, we must also =45 The-W 103 Busan 69 246 111 The Beekman Hotel & Residences New York City 47 209

=45 The-W 104 Busan 69 246 112 Horizon Skyline Garden Office Tower Shenzhen 44 209 acknowledge the increasing economic and The Parkhouse Nishi Shinjuku political volatility in many places around the 49 Tencent Seafront Tower 1 Shenzhen 50 246 113 Tower 60 Tokyo 60 209 =50 Changjiang Media Tower Wuhan 49 243 =114 Huijing Center Tower 1 Dongguan 52 208 world. Our increasingly interconnected, =50 Setia Eco City - Vogue Suite One Kuala Lumpur 63 243 =114 Sunshine International Tower Lianyungang 60 208 global industry means that disruptions to =52 Sandy Federal Tower Fuzhou 55 240 =114 CECIC Headquarters Nanchang 208 planning, design and construction of tall Rosewood Sanya and International =52 Shuibei Jewelry Headquarters Tower 1 Shenzhen 48 240 117 Finance Forum Sanya 46 207 building projects could occur unexpectedly. =52 Ryomyong Street 70-Storey Building Pyongyang 70 240 118 Wynn International Financial Center Xi An 46 206 As always, the most up-to-date information 55 Menam Residence Bangkok 59 239 119 Akasaka Intercity AIR Tokyo 37 205

=56 Azrieli Sarona Tel Aviv 53 238 =120 Al Rajhi Bank Tower Riyadh 36 205 about the status of skyscrapers around the

=56 Hunan Daily Media Center Changsha 54 238 =120 Eternity Apartment @ District 8 Jakarta 51 205 world can be found at the CTBUH Skyscraper =56 CITIC Ruibo Tower 2 Shanghai 52 238 =120 Infinity Apartment @ District 8 Jakarta 51 205 Center: www.skyscrapercenter.com 59 50 West New York City 64 237 =120 Horizon Tower A Abu Dhabi 63 205 =60 Wuhan International Financial Plaza Wuhan 51 237 =120 Harmony Square Nantong 47 205 See Table 2 for the 10 tallest buildings =60 V on Shenton Residential Tower Singapore 54 237 125 88 Scott Toronto 58 204 projected to complete in 2018. 62 Madison Square Park Tower New York City 63 237 126 Baoji IFC Baoji 41 203

63 Strait Pearl Plaza Xiamen 50 235 =127 Triumph One #1 Nanning 47 203

64 Harbour Plaza Residences East Toronto 66 233 =127 Triumph One #2 Nanning 47 203

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com Tall Buildings in Numbers The Global Tall Building Picture: Impact of 2017

In 2017, 144 buildings of 200 meters’ height or greater were completed. This is the fourth record-breaking year in a row, and it brings the total number of 200-meter-plus buildings in the world to 1,319, marking an increase of 12.3% from 2016, and a 402% increase from 2000, when only 263 existed. Asia continued to be the most dominant region in terms of skyscraper construction, and China within it, as in several years previously. For more analysis of 2017 completions, see CTBUH Year in Review: Tall Trends of 2017, pages 40-47.

World’s Tallest Building Completed Each Year Starting with the year 2002, these are the tallest buildings that have been completed globally each year.

800 m Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Burj Khalifa 530 m/1,739 ft 828 m/2,717 ft Guangzhou Dubai 700 m Shanghai World Financial Center 492 m/1,614 ft Shanghai Tower Ping An Finance Center Shanghai Makkah Royal Clock Tower 632 m/2,073 ft 599 m/1,965 ft 601 m/1,972 ft Shanghai Shenzhen Mecca 600 m One World Trade Center Trump International Hotel & Tower 541 m/1,776 ft TAIPEI 101 423 m/1,389 ft KK100 New York City 508 m/1,667 ft Chicago 442 m/1,449 ft Taipei Shenzhen 500 m JW Marriott Marquis Two International Finance Centre Hotel Dubai Tower 2 412 m/1,352 ft Shimao International Plaza 355 m/1,116 ft Hong Kong 333 m/1,094 ft Dubai Shanghai Rose Rayhaan 400 m by Rotana Q1 Tower 333 m/1,093 ft Kingdom Centre 323 m/1,058 ft Dubai 302 m/992 ft Gold Coast Riyadh 300 m

800 m 200 m

700 m 100 m

600 m 2011 2002 2014 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 500 m 2003 2004 2015 2016 2017 2005 The Average Height of the Tallest Buildings 400 m Tallest 100: The average height of the 100 tallest buildings in existence around the world that year 372 meters The average height of all 200-meter-plus buildings completed that year Tallest 100: Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 363 meters Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 358 meters Tallest 100: 350 meters 340 meters 344 meters Tallest 100: 331 meters 300 m Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 323 meters Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 2017 Average: Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 304 meters 307 meters Tallest 100: Tallest 100: Tallest 100: 295 meters 298 meters 244 meters 290 meters 292 meters 283 meters 284 meters 287 meters 144 Buildings 2010 Average: 2011 Average: 2012 Average: 2003 Average: 2004 Average: 2006 Average: 2007 Average: 2008 Average: 256 meters 2013 Average: 2014 Average: 2015 Average: 2016 Average: 2001 Average: 2005 Average: 2009 Average: 245 meters 249 meters 2002 Average: 233 meters 247 meters 237 meters 238 meters 245 meters 73 Buildings 241 meters 242 meters 243 meters 238 meters 228 meters 228 meters 229 meters 81 Buildings 69 Buildings 200 m 223 meters 18 Buildings 27 Buildings 32 Buildings 47 Buildings 74 Buildings 102 Buildings 115 Buildings 127 Buildings 31 Buildings 31 Buildings 52 Buildings 22 Buildings 17 Buildings 2001 2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

40000

35000

30000 Ping An Finance Center, 35,145 25000 The total height of 200 m+ 28 cities got a new Shenzhen, at 599 meters, 30,301 20000 27,669 buildings that completed in tallest building – a was the tallest building to 24,399 15000 2017 is a record 35,145 meters new record complete in 2017. It is now the 10000 17,357 world’s fourth-tallest building. 5000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 28

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com World’s Tallest 100: Analysis As the graphs below show, Asia and the Middle East continue to ascend, while the mixed-use plurality deepens, along with the rise of composite structures.

100 3 100 100 3 100 100 3 6 4 11 5 3310 11 8 5 6 9 9 4 98 99 99 9 4 5 98 5 4 3 3 6 9 13 97 23 22 26 4 5 31 51 92 12 4 4 4 3 29 91 11 5 6 89 5 5 90 12 36 86 86 87 87 84 84 83 24 46 75 80 80 75 75 11 42 18 54 68 22 61 40 50 50 50 55 51

42 34 38 31 25 25 25 23 16 10 0 0 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 100 tallest buildings by location 100 tallest buildings by function 100 tallest buildings by material

North America Asia Middle East Europe Oﬃce Mixed-use Education Steel Concrete Composite

South America Australia Central America Africa Hotel Residential Mixed Unknown

Number of Buildings Entering the World’s 100 Tallest by Year A total of 14 buildings made it into the global 100 Tallest list in 2017, an upward swing from last year, when only nine buildings entered the list.

18 18

16 15 15 15

14 14 13

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

s 100 Tallest Buildings List Tallest s 100 1010 10 rld’

Wo 99 9

8 8 88 8 8 7 7 7 7

666 6 6 6 55 5 55 55

4 4 4 4 4 3 33 Number of buildings entering the 2 2 1

Huachuang International Plaza 69 cities completed a The average height (in Tower 1, Changsha, is the only building of 200 meters’ meters) of the World’s “supertall” (300 m+) building height or greater. 100 Tallest Buildings never to enter the World’s 100 372 Tallest Buildings list.

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 2017 Year in Review report www.ctbuh.org | www.skyscrapercenter.com