DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Every Protist Needs a Barcode Odern Systematics Isn’T Stamp-Collecting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Every Protist Needs a Barcode Odern Systematics Isn’T Stamp-Collecting (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 1. Images of dinoflagellates that have been identified as Amphidinium operculatum. But there are ~150 other described species in the genus; are all these the same species? Barcoding should help to resolve such uncertainties. (a) Illustration for the type description of A. operculatum Claparède & Lachmann 1859; (b) graphic image (http://microscope.mbl.edu); (c) light micrograph of CCMP strain 123 (http://microscope.mbl.edu); (d) light micrograph of CCAP strain 1102/06 (Edmund Nash); (e) non-motile cell (Mona Hoppenrath & Shauna Murray). Sorting out what we mean by a problem for such groups has, however, been somewhat side- Barcoding is a benchmarking process. type locality (Norway). If all the A. culture-based cross-referencing. Such stepped; first, by use of the ‘candidatus’ label for taxa that On their own, barcodes cannot confer operculatum strains match by barcoding, an advance will re-invigorate and have yet to be cultured (and hence don’t fully comply with the new species status, nor evaluate phylo- that will be reassuring. If they don’t, potentially revolutionize the study of species, and bringing order to higher current ICSP Code); and second, by a range of de-replication genetic relationships. Nevertheless, some further work – with more detailed protists, whilst greatly enhancing the procedures, including ribotyping (using 16S and 18S rRNA when used with an appropriate bio- characterization – will be necessary, value of relevant culture collections. level groupings, are important tag sequences) and whole-cell fingerprinting (e.g. based informatics database, relatively short since it is not obvious which strain on mass spectrometry). Although ribotyping isn’t generally DNA sequences (a few hundred base should retain the A. operculatum name Phil Williamson activities for microbial taxonomists. known as barcoding – the shorthand term for the molecular pairs) offer rapid and effective identifi- and be declared the epitype, as the School of Environmental Sciences, sequencing identification framework for higher plants and cation with good species separation new standard for future reference. The University of East Anglia, Norwich animals (www.barcodinglife.org) – it is basically the same (unambiguous outcomes for >90 % of original (1859) type illustration of A. NR4 7TJ (e [email protected]) But Phil Williamson and his thing: characterization using a short and species-specific case studies to date). Costs are current- operculatum is shown in Fig. 1, together DNA sequence from a standard position in the genome. ly $3 per DNA extract, with the anal- with some other images of organisms Robert A. Andersen colleagues argue that the real priorities ysis process taking a couple of hours. currently considered to be that species. Provasoli-Guillard National Center Protist issues The aim is to achieve at least an order of for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, are more prosaic, yet pragmatic: For protists (used broadly, not implying monophyly), at magnitude reduction in costs and time International co-operation Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean least 200,000 species have been formally described, based within a decade, so that bio-barcode A co-ordinated, international approach Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ‘what exactly is out there?’ and ‘what on phenotypic features, and several thousand representative analysers can be routinely used in every to protist barcoding led by culture ME 04575, USA (e randersen@ strains are maintained in culture. But the evolutionary history science laboratory and school, and collections, and assisted by other mole- bigelow.org) of protists is extremely complex, and while phylum-level taken on every field-collection trip. cular and non-molecular approaches, features should we use to routinely identities are reasonably clear, relationships between taxa are For animals, the COI (cytochrome will have other desirable outcomes. In Frithjof C. Küpper far from straightforward. Other major problems include the c oxidase I) locality is the preferred particular, barcodes will provide a robust NERC Culture Collection for Algae distinguish organisms of different near-impossibility of long-term culture of many parasitic, and gene region, while the suitability of a quality control of what is kept in culture, and Protozoa, Scottish Association highly host-specific, groups (yet these are arguably of greatest chloroplast gene is currently being whilst avoiding unnecessary replication. for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA kinds?’ economic importance); a lack of congruence of ICBN and investigated for plants. For protists, the This is important since collections pro- (e [email protected]) Why every protist needs a barcode odern systematics isn’t stamp-collecting. ICZN protocols in the protist realm (14 % of generic names Canadian Barcode of Life Network will vide the reference for species identity; Further reading Even for microbial taxa of relatively limit- for plants have also been used for non-plants); and a lack of initially compare COI data for around they also serve as patent depositories Hebert, P.D.N. & Gregory, T.R. (2005). ed known diversity, no-one expects to consensus on suprafamilial systematics (despite claims to the 1,000 DNA extracts (for ~100 species, (under the Budapest Treaty of 1977) and Syst Biol 54, 852–859. encounter the complete set. Efficient contrary in the November 2006 issue of Microbiology Today). ~10 strains of each). If that target does provide model organisms for physio- Jørgensen, M.F., Murray, S. & identification systems are, however, Furthermore, most original descriptions for protist species are not give good separation, other markers logical and biochemical studies. Mis- Daugbjerg, N. (2004). J Phycol 40, essential to link biodiversity and eco- based on light microscopy and ink drawings, not only making will be tested; alternatives anyway will labelling of cultures due to human error 351–365. Msystem services, to help achieve effective disease control and species identification for some groups an inherently subjective be necessary for protists lacking mito- can occur, even in extremely well- Patterson, D.J. (1999). Am Nat 154 to exploit biotechnological resources. All these applications and specialist occupation, but also potentially hiding major chondria suitable for rRNA analyses. managed collections. Without a routine suppl., S96–S124. require unambiguous and standardized naming frameworks, genetic diversity. genetic identity check, such mistakes Pedrós-Alió, C. (2006). Trends Microbiol anchoring the name to a real specimen or culture. That Testing the system are likely to be perpetuated. 14, 257–263. standard framework is currently provided by the International The barcoding solution Having several, independently collect- Sogin, M.L., Morrison, H.G., Huber, Codes for Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature, and the To help resolve many of the contradictions and uncertainties ed isolates of what is considered to In conclusion J.A., Welch D.M., Huse, S.M., Neal, be the same species is clearly of great International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes in protist taxonomy, genetic barcoding is the way forward, Gene sequencing approaches to taxono- P.R., Arrietta, J.M. & Herndl, G.J. (ICBN, ICZN and ICSP). Unfortunately, there are serious starting with material, particularly type strains, in inter- value to launch (and test) a protist my are not without critics, who have (2006). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, mismatches between the operational requirements of these nationally recognized culture collections. Such an approach barcoding initiative. For example, there expressed concern that principles are 12115–12120. Codes and microbial reality. At the current rate of progress, was unanimously agreed by 40 protist experts from 12 are currently at least eight strains of being sacrificed for the sake of expedi- it will take more than 600 years to properly describe the countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the marine dinoflagellate considered ency. But barcoding is intended to com- ~10 million ‘known unknowns’, and potentially an order of Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, UK and USA) to be Amphidinium operculatum (and plement, not replace, traditional meth- magnitude higher for ‘unknown unknowns’. at a workshop last November in Portland, Maine, funded by many other strains of ‘Amphidinium ods for understanding and classifying For prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), diversity issues are the Sloan Foundation and co-organized by the Culture Center sp.’) in seven culture collections in five whole organisms. For protists, the emph- particularly acute. In a single litre of seawater, there can be for Marine Phytoplankton (hosted by Bigelow Laboratory for countries. This material has been collect- asis is on facilitating identification, con- three times more prokaryotic operational taxonomic units Ocean Science) and the NERC Culture Collection of Algae ed from many locations, including the firming in hours what otherwise might than the global total of ~6,000 recognized species. The naming and Protozoa (Scottish Association for Marine Science). south-west Pacific, but none from the take many months of paper-based or 46 microbiology today feb 07 microbiology today feb 07 47.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review Pili in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria – Structure
    Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 (2009) 613 – 635 1420-682X/09/040613-23 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences DOI 10.1007/s00018-008-8477-4 Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Review Pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria – structure, assembly and their role in disease T. Profta,c,* and E. N. Bakerb,c a School of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: +64-9-373-7492, e-mail: [email protected] b School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland (New Zealand) c Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland (New Zealand) Received 08 August 2008; received after revision 24 September 2008; accepted 01 October 2008 Online First 27 October 2008 Abstract. Many bacterial species possess long fila- special form of bacterial cell movement, known as mentous structures known as pili or fimbriae extend- twitching motility. In contrast, the more recently ing from their surfaces. Despite the diversity in pilus discovered pili in Gram-positive bacteria are formed structure and biogenesis, pili in Gram-negative bac- by covalent polymerization of pilin subunits in a teria are typically formed by non-covalent homopo- process that requires a dedicated sortase enzyme. lymerization of major pilus subunit proteins (pilins), Minor pilins are added to the fiber and play a major which generates the pilus shaft. Additional pilins may role in host cell colonization. be added to the fiber and often function as host cell This review gives an overview of the structure, adhesins. Some pili are also involved in biofilm assembly and function of the best-characterized pili formation, phage transduction, DNA uptake and a of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • General Microbiology (11:680:390) Syllabus
    COURSE SYLLABUS General Microbiology - 11:680:390 COURSE OVERVIEW General Microbiology 11:680:390 Fall, Spring, Summer Meeting times TBD Meeting Location Lecture: Sychronous Lecture Hall Cook/Douglas and Wright Labs Busch Meeting Location Lab: Food Science 209 CONTACT INFORMATION: Course Coordinator: Dr. Ines Rauschenbach Office Location: Lipman Hall, Room 215 Phone: 848-932-5635 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: By Appointment COURSE WEBSITE, RESOURCES AND MATERIALS: • Canvas • Text: Madigan MT, Bender KS, Buckley DH, Sattley WM, Stahl DA. 2020. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 16th edition. Pearson, New York, NY. • Lab Manual o The lab manual (departmental publication) will be available for free through RUCore. • Electronic Notebook o We will be sending you a link to LabArchives. You must sign up before the start of your first lab. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course offers a comprehensive study of the field of microbiology to science majors. The course will give detailed insights into five major themes: Structure and function of microbes (cellular structures, metabolism, and growth);,microbial genetics, microbial ecology, microbial diversity (prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses) and clinical microbiology (immunity, pathogenicity, epidemiology, control of microbes, and diseases). The course is taught in the synchronous lecture halls on Cook/Douglass and Busch campuses. Students are expected to participate in active learning activities and participate in class discussion to deepen their understanding of the microbial world and apply their knowledge to various concepts. LEARNING GOALS: Learning Goals for General Microbiology Lecture: After completion of the lecture component of the course, successful students will: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the structural similarities and differences among microbes and the unique structure/function relationships of prokaryotic cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Community College 2016 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation Joan Petersen CUNY Queensborough Community College Susan McLaughlin CUNY Queensborough Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_oers/16 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation By Dr. Susan McLaughlin & Dr. Joan Petersen Queensborough Community College Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Microbiology Lab Safety Instructions…………………………………………………...... iii Lab 1. Introduction to Microscopy and Diversity of Cell Types……………………......... 1 Lab 2. Introduction to Aseptic Techniques and Growth Media………………………...... 19 Lab 3. Preparation of Bacterial Smears and Introduction to Staining…………………...... 37 Lab 4. Acid fast and Endospore Staining……………………………………………......... 49 Lab 5. Metabolic Activities of Bacteria…………………………………………….…....... 59 Lab 6. Dichotomous Keys……………………………………………………………......... 77 Lab 7. The Effect of Physical Factors on Microbial Growth……………………………... 85 Lab 8. Chemical Control of Microbial Growth—Disinfectants and Antibiotics…………. 99 Lab 9. The Microbiology of Milk and Food………………………………………………. 111 Lab 10. The Eukaryotes………………………………………………………………........ 123 Lab 11. Clinical Microbiology I; Anaerobic pathogens; Vectors of Infectious Disease….. 141 Lab 12. Clinical Microbiology II—Immunology and the Biolog System………………… 153 Lab 13. Putting it all Together: Case Studies in Microbiology…………………………… 163 Appendix I.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum in Microbiology
    CURRICULUM IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES YEAR: 2009/2010 YEAR ENTERED SLU: NAME: W# MAJOR HOURS (41) C or Better* MATHEMATICS (8-9) SOCIAL SCIENCES (6) Core Requirements (21 hrs) MATH 161 3 (Anth,Econ,Geog,Gov,Psyc,Poli,Soc) GBIO 151 3 (ACT< 21 MATH 155 – 5hrs) ________________3_________ BIOL 152 1 MATH 162 3 ________________3_________ GBIO 153 3 MATH 163 3 BIOL 154 1 MIC 205 3 or MATH 165 and 200 MICL 207 1 MATH 165 3 GBIO 200 3 MATH 200 5 GBIO 312 3 PHYSICS (8) GBIO 241 _____ 1______ PHYS 191 3 GBIO 341______1______ PLAB 193 1 GBIO 441** 1 ENGLISH (12) PHYS 192 3 ENGL 101 PLAB 194 1 Upper-level Courses (20 hrs) page 2 or 121H 3 ENGL 102 (300/400) or 122H 3 ______ ENGL 230 or 231 or 232 (300/400) 3 ______ ENGL 322 3 (300/400) ______ (300/400) ______ OTHER (10-13) (300/400) FOR. LANGUAGES (12) ART ELECTIVE (Mus,Art,Dnc,Thea) 101 3 3 CHEMISTRY (16) 102 3 LS 102 1 CHEM 121 3 201 3 COMM211 3 CLAB 123 1 202 3 HIST 3 CHEM 122 3 SE 101 0/3 CLAB 124 1 OTHER ELECTIVES (8) CHEM 265 or 261 ___3____ _____________________ CLAB 267 or 263 ___1_____ CHEM 266 or 281 ___3 _____________________ CLAB 268 or 283 ___1_______ TOTAL HOURS 121-125 *Grade of “C” or better in all Biology courses is required in order for the course to count towards the B.S. degree in Biological Sciences **GBIO 441 fulfills requirement for computer literacy ADDITIONAL COURSES: AVERAGES HA HE QP Average CUM: (Adj) MAJOR (Adj) SLU: (Adj) CURRICULUM in BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES I.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Scope of Microbiology the Story of Invisible Organisms
    A study material for M.Sc. Biochemistry (Semester: IV) Students on the topic (EC-1; Unit I) History and Scope of Microbiology The story of invisible organisms Dr. Reena Mohanka Professor & Head Department of Biochemistry Patna University Mob. No.:- +91-9334088879 E. Mail: [email protected] MICROBIOLOGY 1. WHAT IS A MICROBIOLOGY? Micro means very small and biology is the study of living things, so microbiology is the study of very small living things normally too small that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. Need a microscope to see them Virus - 10 →1000 nanometers Bacteria - 0.1 → 5 micrometers (Human eye ) can see 0.1 mm to 1 mm Microbiology has become an umbrella term that encompasses many sub disciplines or fields of study. These include: - Bacteriology: The study of bacteria - Mycology: Fungi - Protozoology: Protozoa - Phycology: Algae - Parasitology: Parasites - Virology: Viruses WHAT IS THE NEED TO STUDY MICROBIOLOGY • Genetic engineering • Recycling sewage • Bioremediation: use microbes to remove toxins (oil spills) • Use of microbes to control crop pests • Maintain balance of environment (microbial ecology) • Basis of food chain • Nitrogen fixation • Manufacture of food and drink • Photosynthesis: Microbes are involved in photosynthesis and accounts for >50% of earth’s oxygen History of Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (Dutch Scientist) • The credit of discovery of microbial world goes to Anton van Leeuwenhoek. He made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called animalcules (1670s). • Antoni van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings and rain water. • Major contributions to the development of microbiology was the invention of the microscope (50-300X magnification) by Anton von Leuwenhoek and the implementation of the scientific method.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Department of Microbiology 1868 – 2009
    June 2015 HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 A HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 This 141 year history of the Department of Microbiology includes an article (Chapter 1), written and published in 1959 by the Department, which covers the period 1868 to 1959. I joined the Department in 1953, and my recounting of the Department’s history includes personal observations as well as anecdotes told to me by H. O. Halvorson and others. Later I realized what a unique experience it had been to join a first-class department, and I resolved to play a role in maintaining its research stature. Ralph Wolfe 2 Department of Microbiology History of the Headship: 1950 – 1959 Halvor Halvorson 1960 – 1963 Kim Atwood 1963 – 1972 Leon Campbell 1972 – 1982 Ralph DeMoss 1982 – 1987 Samuel Kaplan 1987 – 1990 Jordan Konisky 1990 – 1991 Ralph Wolfe (Acting Head) 1991 – 1997 Charles Miller 1997 – 2002 John Cronan 2003 – 2004 Jeffrey Gardner (Acting Head) 2005 – Present John Cronan 3 Organization of the History of the Department In Chapters 2 to 6 the data are divided into Academic Decades, each containing the following sections: Section I, an overview of the decade; Section II, some events for each year of the decade; Section III, a summary of the research interests, honors received, publications, and invited off-campus lectures or seminars for each faculty member. These data have been obtained from the annual reports of the faculty submitted to the departmental secretary. 4 CHAPTER 1 1868 – 1959 During this time period the name of the Department was Department of Bacteriology (Anecdotes by Ralph Wolfe) A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BACTERIOLOGY H.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSA General Microbiology Fact Sheets
    GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY FACT SHEET Signs & Pathogen Genus species Disease Risk Group Host Range Transmission Symptoms Incubation Fact Micrograph Bacteria Actinomcyces spp. Actinomycosis Humans, cattle, Person-to-person by contact of Opportunistic pathogen. Chronic bacterial variable - days to months. Fatality rate of 5-20% if untreated. Opportuinistic Actinomyces israelii horses mouth, aerosols, fomites. disease localized in jaw, thorax, or pathogen. abdomen. Characterized by persistent swelling, suppuration and formation of 2 abscesses or granulomas. Bacteria Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Humans Ingestion of foods kept at Opportunistic pathogen; intoxication 1-6 hours, average 4 hours; Infectious dose is greater than 10e6 organisms by ambient conditions after characterized by two forms: an emetic form diarrheal form 6-24 hours ingestion (>10e5 organisms/g of food). cooking; emetic form frequently with severe nausea and vomiting and a (average 17 hours) associated with cooked rice. diarrheal form with abdominal cramps and 2 Not communicable from person diarrhea. Usually mild and self-limiting (24 to person. hrs). Bacteria Bordetella pertussis Whooping Cough Humans Direct contact with discharges Stage 1: Catarrhal: Irritating cough, lasts 1 6-20 days Common in children worldwide; pertussis is among the from respiratory mucous to 2 weeks; Stage 2: Paroxysmal; violent most lethal infant diseases- membranes of infected persons coughs followed by a high pitched Treatment with dTaP(acellular pertussis vaccine, a by the airborne route. inspiratory whoop, lasts 2 to 6 weeks; preventive vaccine) is now available for adults 2 Stage 3: Convalescent; the cough gradually decreases in frequency and severity, lasts several weeks Bacteria Brucella melitensis Brucellosis Humans, swine, Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1—The Science of Microbiology
    Chapter 1—The Science of Microbiology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Lister used phenol to a. disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. b. prevent the infection in wounds. c. sterilize surgical instruments. d. stimulate bacterial growth. ANS: B OBJ: TYPE: Knowledge 2. The bacterium that causes the bubonic plague is a. Bacillus subtilis. b. Escherichia coli. c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. d. Yersinia pestis. ANS: D OBJ: TYPE: Knowledge 3. The Irish potato famine was caused by a a. bacterium. b. fungus. c. protozoan. d. virus. ANS: B OBJ: TYPE: Knowledge 4. Select the characteristic that all microorganisms have in common. a. They are bacteria. b. They are organisms used in biological research. c. They are pathogens. d. They are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. ANS: D OBJ: TYPE: Knowledge 5. A microbe is used to produce erythropoietin, a hormone that signals the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow of the human body. The production of this hormone is an advance mainly from the field of _____________ microbiology. a. agricultural b. environmental c. industrial d. pathogenic ANS: C OBJ: TYPE: Comprehension 6. Select the incorrect association. a. algae/eukaryotes b. archaea/prokaryotes c. bacteria/prokaryotes d. protozoa/not microscopic ANS: D OBJ: TYPE: Comprehension 7. Select the incorrect statement about a virus. a. It contains DNA or RNA. b. It has a protein coat. c. It is a cellular organism. d. It is visible through the electron microscope. ANS: C OBJ: TYPE: Comprehension 8. Select the correct statement about bacteria. a. Most are multicellular. b. None exhibit motility.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiology Syllabus Spring 2017
    Microbiology BIOSC 1850 Spring 2017 (2174) Course Information & Syllabus Dr. Candice L. Damiani A352 Langley Hall Lecturer E-mail: [email protected] Office Phone: 412-624-4269 Taylor Gastner Oana Grigoras Ramzi Kurzum Undergraduate Megan Ulbrich Teaching Assistants The UTAs will be attending lectures, holding weekly office hours, and monitoring the Facebook discussion boards. You are welcome (and encouraged!!) to stop by my office during the following times without making an appointment. These are times when you can ask questions regarding material and discuss general class issues. Office hours will not be held on Exam dates. Office Hours TBD Office Hours I have an open door policy. If you stop by outside of the times listed above and my door is open, please feel free to stop in. If my door is closed, please stop by at another time. For issues that you would like to discuss privately, I do schedule individual appointments. This will allow us to confidentially discuss your specific areas of concern. These appointments are not for discussion of general class material. Please visit calendly.com/damiani for an appointment. Lecture: MWF 11:00 - 11:50 am A221 Langley Each class meeting will typically be a mix of lecture interspersed with Class Meetings in-class problems, activities, and writing. Several class meetings will be active workshops. As a courtesy to your classmates, please silence your cell phones during lecture. Textbook (required): Microbiology by Wessner, Dupont, and Charles (2013), 1st edition Required TopHat Course Materials The textbook is available at the Pitt Bookstore. You will be responsible for specific readings from the textbook, which I may or may not present during lecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology 1290B: an Introduction to General Microbiology. 1. Microbes
    Biology 1290B Lecture Notes 1-7 1 Biology 1290B: An introduction to general microbiology. 1. Microbes, an introduction. The scale of the “invisible world’; There are a thousand millimetres in a metre. There are a thousand microns (micrometres) in a millimetre, an E. coli bacterium is about a micron long – so a million of them lined up form a line a metre long, a cell of bakers yeast (a fungus) is about 10-15 microns in diameter. Some microscopic pond life is invisible to the naked eye, some are “just” visible. Viruses are very tiny, only a fraction of a micron (say 20 - 100 nanometres - billionths of a metre). Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can be seen in a light microscope, but except for the larger protozoans, not with much internal detail. Viruses cannot be seen using a light microscope. Viruses can easily be seen using a transmission electron microscope, extensive details of cells can be analysed with an electron microscope. The “Branches” of microbiology; Bacteriologists - study bacteria, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological specializations. Mycologists - study fungi, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological specializations. Protozoologists, study small “animal - like” single celled organisms such as amoeba, and various disease causing parasites. Phycologists study algae. The study of lichens can also be regarded as a sub discipline of microbiology Parasitologists - a term generally used to describe those who study small animals as agents of disease (like some microscopic worms for instance) but also used to describe those who study protozoan pathogens. Immunology is often taught and researched in microbiology faculties. Biology 1290B Lecture Notes 1-7 2 Key figures in the history of microbiology Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703 ) was a “polymath’ he made many scientific discoveries in the 17 th century, including making one of the first microscopes and also using a copy of one of Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes to see and draw details of the structure of plant cells and some microbes.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY 1. Bacterial Cell (Morphology, Staining
    GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY 1. Bacterial cell (morphology, staining reactions, classification of bacteria) The protoplast is bounded peripherally has a very thin, elastic and semi-permeable cytoplasmic membrane (a conventional phospholipid bilayer). Outside, and closely covering this, lies the rigid, supporting cell wall, which is porous and relatively permeable. The structures associated with the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane (collectively the cell envelope) combine to produce the cell morphology and characteristic patterns of cell arrangement. Bacterial cells may have two basic shapes: spherical (coccus) or rod-shaped (bacillus); the rod-shaped bacteria show variants that are common-shaped (vibrio), spiral (spirillium and spirochetes) or filamentous. The cytoplasm, or main part of the protoplasm, is a predominantly aqueous environment packed with ribosomes and numerous other protein and nucleotide-protein complexes. Some larger structures such as pores or inclusion granules of storage products occur in some species under specific growth conditions. Outside the cell wall there may be a protective gelatinous covering layer called a capsule. Some bacteria bear, protruding outwards from the cell wall, one or more kinds of filamentous appendages: flagella, which are organs of locomotion, fimbriae, which appear to be organs of adhesion, and pili, which are involved in the transfer of genetic material. Because they are exposed to contact and interaction with the cells and humoral substances of the body of the host, the surface structures of bacteria are the structures most likely to have special roles in the processes of infection. Shape: this can be of 3 main types: round (cocci) - regular (staphylococci) - flattened (meningococci) - lancet shaped (pneumococci) elongated (rods) - straight (majority of them are like this; e.g.
    [Show full text]