Chapter 1—The Science of Microbiology
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Review Pili in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria – Structure
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 (2009) 613 – 635 1420-682X/09/040613-23 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences DOI 10.1007/s00018-008-8477-4 Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Review Pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria – structure, assembly and their role in disease T. Profta,c,* and E. N. Bakerb,c a School of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: +64-9-373-7492, e-mail: [email protected] b School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland (New Zealand) c Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland (New Zealand) Received 08 August 2008; received after revision 24 September 2008; accepted 01 October 2008 Online First 27 October 2008 Abstract. Many bacterial species possess long fila- special form of bacterial cell movement, known as mentous structures known as pili or fimbriae extend- twitching motility. In contrast, the more recently ing from their surfaces. Despite the diversity in pilus discovered pili in Gram-positive bacteria are formed structure and biogenesis, pili in Gram-negative bac- by covalent polymerization of pilin subunits in a teria are typically formed by non-covalent homopo- process that requires a dedicated sortase enzyme. lymerization of major pilus subunit proteins (pilins), Minor pilins are added to the fiber and play a major which generates the pilus shaft. Additional pilins may role in host cell colonization. be added to the fiber and often function as host cell This review gives an overview of the structure, adhesins. Some pili are also involved in biofilm assembly and function of the best-characterized pili formation, phage transduction, DNA uptake and a of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. -
Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms
Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms 1. The Taxonomic Hierarchy 2. Methods of Identification 1. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Phylogenetic Tree of the 3 Domains Taxonomic Hierarchy • 8 successive taxa are used to classify each species: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus **species can also contain different strains** Species Scientific Nomenclature To avoid confusion, every type of organism must be referred to in a consistent way. The current system of nomenclature (naming) has been in use since the 18th century: • every type of organism is referred by its genus name followed by its specific epithet (i.e., species name) Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) Escherichia coli (E. coli) • name should be in italics and only the genus is capitalized which can also be abbreviated • names are Latin (or “Latinized” Greek) with the genus being a noun and the specific epithet an adjective **strain info can be listed after the specific epithet (e.g., E. coli DH5α)** 2. Methods of Identification Biochemical Testing In addition to morphological (i.e., appearance under the microscope) and differential staining characteristics, microorganisms can also be identified by their biochemical “signatures”: • the nutrient requirements and metabolic “by-products” of of a particular microorganism • different growth media can be used to test the physiological characteristics of a microorganism • e.g., medium with lactose only as energy source • e.g., medium that reveals H2S production **appearance on test medium reveals + or – result!** Commercial devices for rapid Identification Perform multiple tests simultaneously Enterotube II Such devices involve the simultaneous inoculation of various test media: • ~24 hrs later the panel of results reveals ID of organism! Use of Dichotomous Keys Series of “yes/no” biochemical tests to ID organism. -
Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they -
General Microbiology (11:680:390) Syllabus
COURSE SYLLABUS General Microbiology - 11:680:390 COURSE OVERVIEW General Microbiology 11:680:390 Fall, Spring, Summer Meeting times TBD Meeting Location Lecture: Sychronous Lecture Hall Cook/Douglas and Wright Labs Busch Meeting Location Lab: Food Science 209 CONTACT INFORMATION: Course Coordinator: Dr. Ines Rauschenbach Office Location: Lipman Hall, Room 215 Phone: 848-932-5635 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: By Appointment COURSE WEBSITE, RESOURCES AND MATERIALS: • Canvas • Text: Madigan MT, Bender KS, Buckley DH, Sattley WM, Stahl DA. 2020. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 16th edition. Pearson, New York, NY. • Lab Manual o The lab manual (departmental publication) will be available for free through RUCore. • Electronic Notebook o We will be sending you a link to LabArchives. You must sign up before the start of your first lab. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course offers a comprehensive study of the field of microbiology to science majors. The course will give detailed insights into five major themes: Structure and function of microbes (cellular structures, metabolism, and growth);,microbial genetics, microbial ecology, microbial diversity (prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses) and clinical microbiology (immunity, pathogenicity, epidemiology, control of microbes, and diseases). The course is taught in the synchronous lecture halls on Cook/Douglass and Busch campuses. Students are expected to participate in active learning activities and participate in class discussion to deepen their understanding of the microbial world and apply their knowledge to various concepts. LEARNING GOALS: Learning Goals for General Microbiology Lecture: After completion of the lecture component of the course, successful students will: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the structural similarities and differences among microbes and the unique structure/function relationships of prokaryotic cells. -
Marine Microorganisms: Evolution and Solution to Pollution Fu L Li1, Wang B1,2
COMMENTARY Marine microorganisms: Evolution and solution to pollution Fu L Li1, Wang B1,2 Li FL, Wang B. Marine microorganisms: Evolution and solution to pollution. J Mar Microbiol. 2018;2(1):4-5. nce ocean nurtured life, now she needs our care. Marine microorganism will be an opportunity to further understand ourselves and to seek for new Ois the host of ocean in all ages. We should learn from them humbly. methods of fighting old infections. Marine microorganism is tightly bond with human during the history of evolution and nowadays’ environment pollution. Along with industrial revolution, our marine ecosystem suffered serious pollutions. Microplastics are tiny plastic particles (<5 mm) (Figure 1B), Although the topic is still in debate, life is probably originated from which poison marine lives. Because these microplastics are very hard to be submarine in hydrothermal vent systems (1). In the journey of evolution, our degraded, it is predicted that there will be more microplastics than fish in biosphere was completely dominated by microbes for a very long time (Figure ocean by the year 2050 (7). Since marine sediments are considered as the sink 1A). Human being evolves with those microorganisms. Consequently, of microplastics and marine microbes are key dwellers of marine sediments, the influences of microorganisms can be found in all aspects of human more attention should be paid on the interactions between microplastics biology. More than 65% of our genes originated with bacteria, archaea, and and marine microbes. Actually, a call for this has been published in 2011 unicellular eukaryotes, including those genes responsible for host-microbe (8). -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS XXX . • Description p.1 • Impact Factor p.1 • Abstracting and Indexing p.2 • Editorial Board p.2 • Guide for Authors p.4 ISSN: 1684-1182 DESCRIPTION . Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, launched in 1968, is the official bi-monthly publication of the Taiwan Society of Microbiology, the Chinese Society of Immunology, the Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan and the Taiwan Society of Parasitology. The journal is an open access journal, committed to disseminating information on the latest trends and advances in microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases and parasitology. Articles on clinical or laboratory investigations of relevance to microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases, parasitology and other related fields that are of interest to the medical profession are eligible for consideration. Article types considered include perspectives, review articles, original articles, brief reports and correspondence. The Editorial Board of the Journal comprises a dedicated team of local and international experts in the field of microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases and parasitology. All members of the Editorial Board actively guide and set the direction of the journal. With the aim of promoting effective and accurate scientific information, an expert panel of referees constitutes the backbone of the peer- review process in evaluating the quality and content of manuscripts submitted for publication. JMII is open access and indexed in SCIE, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, AIDS & Cancer Reseach, CABI, BIOSIS Previews, Biological Abstracts, EBSCOhost, CancerLit, Reactions Weekly (online), Chemical Abstracts, HealthSTAR, Global Health, ProQuest. Benefits to authors We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. -
Lokiarchaeota: Biologists Discover 'Missing Link' Microorganism
Home About Us News Archive Copyright Privacy Policy Contact Us Newsletter RSS HOME ASTRONOMY SPACE EXPLORATION ARCHAEOLOGY PALEONTOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Lokiarchaeota: Biologists Discover ‘Missing Link’ Microorganism May 7, 2015 by Sci-News.com « PREVIOUS Published in A team of biologists, co-led by Dr Lionel Guy and Dr Thijs J. G. Ettema from Biology Uppsala University in Sweden, has discovered a new group of Tagged as microorganisms that represents an intermediate form in-between the Archaea simple cells of bacteria and the complex cell types of eukaryotes. Bacteria Eukaryote Lokiarchaeota Follow Like 16k Share Tweet 12 Like 58 41 You Might Like Bottlenose Dolphins Form Highly Complex Networks of Friends Rorqual Whales This false-color image shows a cell of thermophilic methanogenic archaea. Image credit: University of Have Unique California Museum of Paleontology. Stretchy Nerves In 1977, biochemist Dr Carl Woese and his colleagues at the University of Illinois described an entirely new group of organisms, the Archaea (originally found in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs). The scientists were studying relationships among the prokaryotes using DNA Extinction of sequences, and found that Archaea have distinct molecular characteristics World’s Largest separating them from bacteria as well as from eukaryotes. They proposed that Herbivores May Lead to Empty life can be divided into three domains: Eukaryota, Eubacteria, and Landscapes, Say Archaebacteria. Researchers Despite that archaeal cells were simple and small like bacteria, scientists found that Archaea were more closely related to organisms with complex cell types, a group collectively known as ‘eukaryotes.’ This observation has puzzled Sichuan Bush biologists for years. -
Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Community College 2016 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation Joan Petersen CUNY Queensborough Community College Susan McLaughlin CUNY Queensborough Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_oers/16 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation By Dr. Susan McLaughlin & Dr. Joan Petersen Queensborough Community College Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Microbiology Lab Safety Instructions…………………………………………………...... iii Lab 1. Introduction to Microscopy and Diversity of Cell Types……………………......... 1 Lab 2. Introduction to Aseptic Techniques and Growth Media………………………...... 19 Lab 3. Preparation of Bacterial Smears and Introduction to Staining…………………...... 37 Lab 4. Acid fast and Endospore Staining……………………………………………......... 49 Lab 5. Metabolic Activities of Bacteria…………………………………………….…....... 59 Lab 6. Dichotomous Keys……………………………………………………………......... 77 Lab 7. The Effect of Physical Factors on Microbial Growth……………………………... 85 Lab 8. Chemical Control of Microbial Growth—Disinfectants and Antibiotics…………. 99 Lab 9. The Microbiology of Milk and Food………………………………………………. 111 Lab 10. The Eukaryotes………………………………………………………………........ 123 Lab 11. Clinical Microbiology I; Anaerobic pathogens; Vectors of Infectious Disease….. 141 Lab 12. Clinical Microbiology II—Immunology and the Biolog System………………… 153 Lab 13. Putting it all Together: Case Studies in Microbiology…………………………… 163 Appendix I. -
Biofilms and Biodiversity: an Interactive Exploration of Aquatic
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 334–338 2000 Society for Industrial Microbiology 1367-5435/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/jim Biofilms and biodiversity: an interactive exploration of aquatic microbial biotechnology and ecology JA Frederick1, D Jacobs2 and WR Jones3 1Maryland Sea Grant Extension Program, Columbus Center, 701 E Pratt St, Baltimore, MD 21202; 2Maryland Sea Grant, 0112 Skinner Hall, College Park, MD 20742; 3Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E Pratt St, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA The study of biofilms provides a unique educational opportunity to examine ecosystems, biodiversity and appli- cations of environmental biotechnology. There are many variables that could be studied for measuring the interac- tions between bacterial biofilms and invertebrate biodiversity as a method for assessing the health of aquatic eco- systems. These interactions also lend themselves to an easily replicated model system which can be used to reach a wide audience with an educational opportunity for students as well as a professional development opportunity for teachers. At the foundation of the research are invaluable basic microbiology skills: strain collection, isolation, cultivation and characterization. Through the additional process of characterizing, identifying and enumerating invertebrate organisms that attach to bacterial biofilms in aquatic ecosystems, there evolved a multidisciplinary class laboratory activity that has found broad application. This activity is captivating not only to undergraduate microbiology students but to middle and high school students and their teachers. The demand for information about the activity has led to the development of a truly interactive web-based lesson, which in turn has resulted in additional inquiries and further refinement of the lesson as an undergraduate independent research course. -
Curriculum in Microbiology
CURRICULUM IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES YEAR: 2009/2010 YEAR ENTERED SLU: NAME: W# MAJOR HOURS (41) C or Better* MATHEMATICS (8-9) SOCIAL SCIENCES (6) Core Requirements (21 hrs) MATH 161 3 (Anth,Econ,Geog,Gov,Psyc,Poli,Soc) GBIO 151 3 (ACT< 21 MATH 155 – 5hrs) ________________3_________ BIOL 152 1 MATH 162 3 ________________3_________ GBIO 153 3 MATH 163 3 BIOL 154 1 MIC 205 3 or MATH 165 and 200 MICL 207 1 MATH 165 3 GBIO 200 3 MATH 200 5 GBIO 312 3 PHYSICS (8) GBIO 241 _____ 1______ PHYS 191 3 GBIO 341______1______ PLAB 193 1 GBIO 441** 1 ENGLISH (12) PHYS 192 3 ENGL 101 PLAB 194 1 Upper-level Courses (20 hrs) page 2 or 121H 3 ENGL 102 (300/400) or 122H 3 ______ ENGL 230 or 231 or 232 (300/400) 3 ______ ENGL 322 3 (300/400) ______ (300/400) ______ OTHER (10-13) (300/400) FOR. LANGUAGES (12) ART ELECTIVE (Mus,Art,Dnc,Thea) 101 3 3 CHEMISTRY (16) 102 3 LS 102 1 CHEM 121 3 201 3 COMM211 3 CLAB 123 1 202 3 HIST 3 CHEM 122 3 SE 101 0/3 CLAB 124 1 OTHER ELECTIVES (8) CHEM 265 or 261 ___3____ _____________________ CLAB 267 or 263 ___1_____ CHEM 266 or 281 ___3 _____________________ CLAB 268 or 283 ___1_______ TOTAL HOURS 121-125 *Grade of “C” or better in all Biology courses is required in order for the course to count towards the B.S. degree in Biological Sciences **GBIO 441 fulfills requirement for computer literacy ADDITIONAL COURSES: AVERAGES HA HE QP Average CUM: (Adj) MAJOR (Adj) SLU: (Adj) CURRICULUM in BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES I. -
Marine Extremophiles: a Source of Hydrolases for Biotechnological Applications
Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 1925-1965; doi:10.3390/md13041925 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Marine Extremophiles: A Source of Hydrolases for Biotechnological Applications Gabriel Zamith Leal Dalmaso 1,2, Davis Ferreira 3 and Alane Beatriz Vermelho 1,* 1 BIOINOVAR—Biotechnology laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Graduate Program in Plant Biotechnology, Health and Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3 BIOINOVAR—Biotechnology Laboratories: Virus-Cell Interaction, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-(21)-3936-6743; Fax: +55-(21)-2560-8344. Academic Editor: Kirk Gustafson Received: 1 December 2014 / Accepted: 25 March 2015 / Published: 3 April 2015 Abstract: The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. -
L Deposits of Microorganisms and Other Biological Material L
PCT Applicant’s Guide – International Phase – Annex L Page 1 L Deposits of Microorganisms L and Other Biological Material Requirements of designated and elected Offices Only Offices whose applicable national law contains provisions concerning the deposits of microorganisms and other biological material are listed in this table. Unless otherwise indicated in the table, deposits may be made for the purposes of patent procedure before these Offices with any depositary institution having acquired the status of international depositary authority under the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure (these institutions are indicated further in this Annex and notifications related thereto may be consulted under www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/budapest/). Further information concerning the requirements of international depository authorities under the Budapest Treaty is available at www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/budapest/guide/ Time (if any) earlier than Additional indications (if any) 16 months from priority date by which must be given besides which applicant must furnish: those prescribed in Rule 13bis.3(a)(i) to (iii) Designated the indications any additional pursuant to notifications from (or elected) Office prescribed in matter specified the Offices concerned Rule 13bis.3(a)(i) in the adjacent to (iii) right-hand column AL – Albania General Directorate of None At the time of To the extent available to the Industrial Property (GDIP) filing (as part of applicant, relevant information (Albania) the application) on the characteristics of the microorganism Deposits may also be made for the purposes of patent procedure before the General Directorate of Industrial Property (GDIP) (Albania) with any depositary institution specialized for that purpose.