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Beginnings of Civilization

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Beginnings of Civilization 4 million B.C.–200 B.C. Beginnings of Civilization Introduction Atlas A1 Strategies for Taking Standardized Tests S1 PART 1: Strategies for Studying History S2 PART 2: Test-Taking Strategies and Practice S6 CHAPTER ●1 Prehistory–2500 B.C. The Peopling of the World 2 1 Human Origins in Africa 5 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Culture 6 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Cave Paintings 12 2 Humans Try to Control Nature 14 3 Civilization Tutankhamen death mask CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer 19 (page 39) ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Civilization 21 CHAPTER ●2 3500 B.C.–450 B.C. Early River Valley Civilizations 26 1 City-States in Mesopotamia 29 2 Pyramids on the Nile 35 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Pyramids and Mummies 39 SOCIAL HISTORY: Work and Play in Ancient Egypt 42 3 Planned Cities on the Indus 44 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro 47 4 River Dynasties in China 50 CHAPTER ●3 2000 B.C.–250 B.C Hebrew Flood Story art (page 83) People and Ideas on the Move 58 1 The Indo-Europeans 61 2 Hinduism and Buddhism Develop 66 3 Seafaring Traders 72 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Phoenician Trade 75 4 The Origins of Judaism 77 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Judaism 80 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Flood Story 83 CHAPTER ●4 1570 B.C.–200 B.C. First Age of Empires 86 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires 89 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Egyptian Influence on Nubian Culture 92 2 The Assyrian Empire 95 3 The Persian Empire 99 GLOBAL IMPACT: Empire Building 102 4 The Unification of China 104 HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Great Wall of China 108 Great Wall of China COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Ancient Civilizations 112 (page 108) viii 2000 B.C.–A.D. 800 New Directions in Government and Society CHAPTER ●5 2000 B.C.–300 B.C. Classical Greece 120 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 123 2 Warring City-States 127 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Festivals and Sports 130 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 134 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Greek Art and Architecture 140 4 Alexander’s Empire 142 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 146 CHAPTER ●6 500 B.C.–A.D. 500 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 152 Roman fresco, Pompeii, Italy 1 The Roman Republic 155 (page 167) 2 The Roman Empire 160 SOCIAL HISTORY: Life in a Roman Villa 166 3 The Rise of Christianity 168 4 The Fall of the Roman Empire 173 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Fall of the Roman Empire 177 5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 178 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Western Civilization 180 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Colosseum 182 CHAPTER ●7 400 B.C.–A.D. 550 India and China Establish Empires 186 1 India’s First Empires 189 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture 193 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Hindu and Buddhist Art 198 3 Han Emperors in China 200 GLOBAL IMPACT: Trade Networks 204 CHAPTER ●8 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700 African Civilizations 210 Asoka’s lions (page 190) 1 Diverse Societies in Africa 213 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: African Ironworking 218 2 Migration CASE STUDY Bantu-Speaking Peoples 220 3 The Kingdom of Aksum 225 CHAPTER ●9 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700 The Americas: A Separate World 232 1 The Earliest Americans 235 2 Early Mesoamerican Civilizations 240 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Olmec Sculpture 244 3 Early Civilizations of the Andes 246 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Nazca Lines 248 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Classical Ages 252 Kuba mask, Africa (page 224) ix 500–1500 An Age of Exchange and Encounter CHAPTER ●10 600–1250 The Muslim World 260 1 The Rise of Islam 263 ANALYZING ARCHITECTURE: The Dome of the Rock 266 2 Islam Expands 269 3 Muslim Culture 273 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Astronomy 275 Dome of the Rock (page 266) WORLD RELIGIONS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS 282 Buddhism 284 Christianity 286 Hinduism 288 Islam 290 Judaism 292 Confucianism 294 CHAPTER ●11 500–1500 Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 298 1 The Byzantine Empire 301 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy 305 2 The Russian Empire 307 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Russian Religious Art and Architecture 312 11th century Byzantine cross 3 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia 314 (page 301) CHAPTER ●12 600–1350 Empires in East Asia 320 1 Tang and Song China 323 SOCIAL HISTORY: Tang and Song China: People and Technology 328 2 The Mongol Conquests 330 HISTORY IN DEPTH: A Mighty Fighting Force 332 3 The Mongol Empire 335 4 Feudal Powers in Japan 339 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Japanese Samurai 342 5 Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea 344 Tang and Song China, movable type (page 329) x CHAPTER ●13 500–1200 European Middle Ages 350 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms 353 2 Feudalism in Europe 358 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Feudalism 361 3 The Age of Chivalry 364 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Castles and Siege Weapons 366 4 The Power of the Church 370 CHAPTER ●14 800–1500 The Formation of Western Europe 376 Illuminated manuscript (page 354) 1 Church Reform and the Crusades 379 HISTORY IN DEPTH: Gothic Architecture 381 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Crusades 386 2 Changes in Medieval Society 387 3 England and France Develop 393 4 The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague 398 GLOBAL IMPACT: The Spread of Epidemic Disease 400 CHAPTER ●15 800–1500 Societies and Empires of Africa 406 1 North and Central African Societies 409 2 West African Civilizations 413 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Benin Bronzes 420 3 Eastern City-States and Southern Empires 422 ANALYZING ARCHITECTURE: Great Zimbabwe 426 Emperor Charlemagne COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Trade Networks 430 (page 357) Benin sculpture (page 421) xi 500–1800 Connecting Hemispheres CHAPTER ●16 500–1500 People and Empires in the Americas 438 1 North American Societies 441 2 Maya Kings and Cities 446 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Maya Architecture 450 3 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 452 HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Aztec Calendar 457 4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 459 SOCIAL HISTORY: Incan Mummies 464 CHAPTER ●17 1300–1600 European Renaissance and Reformation 468 Elizabeth I of England 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 471 (page 493) HISTORY THROUGH ART: Renaissance Ideas Influence Renaissance Art 478 2 The Northern Renaissance 480 SOCIAL HISTORY: City Life in Renaissance Europe 486 3 Luther Leads the Reformation 488 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Protestantism 491 4 The Reformation Continues 495 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Reformation 501 CHAPTER ●18 1300–1700 The Muslim World Expands 504 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire 507 2 Cultural Blending CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire 512 3 The Mughal Empire in India 516 Safavid shah (page 506) HISTORY THROUGH ART: Cultural Blending in Mughal India 522 CHAPTER ●19 1400–1800 An Age of Explorations and Isolation 526 1 Europeans Explore the East 529 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Tools of Exploration 531 2 China Limits European Contacts 536 HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Forbidden City 538 3 Japan Returns to Isolation 542 CHAPTER ●20 1492–1800 The Atlantic World 550 1 Spain Builds an American Empire 553 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Legacy of Columbus 560 2 European Nations Settle North America 561 Early globe (page 529) 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade 566 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade 571 GLOBAL IMPACT: Food Exchange 572 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Mercantilism 574 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Methods of Government 578 xii 1500–1900 Absolutism to Revolution CHAPTER ●21 1500–1800 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 586 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism 589 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Absolutism 594 2 The Reign of Louis XIV 596 HISTORY IN DEPTH: The Palace at Versailles 600 3 Central European Monarchs Clash 603 4 Absolute Rulers of Russia 608 SOCIAL HISTORY: Surviving the Russian Winter 612 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy 614 CHAPTER ●22 1550–1789 Louis XIV of France (page 588) Enlightenment and Revolution 620 1 The Scientific Revolution 623 2 The Enlightenment in Europe 629 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: European Values During the Enlightenment 635 3 The Enlightenment Spreads 636 4 The American Revolution 640 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Democracy 643 CHAPTER ●23 1789–1815 The French Revolution and Napoleon 648 1 The French Revolution Begins 651 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 656 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Guillotine 659 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The French Revolution 662 Early telescope (page 626) 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire 663 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 668 5 The Congress of Vienna 672 CHAPTER ●24 1789–1900 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 678 1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence 681 GLOBAL IMPACT: Struggling Toward Democracy 684 2 Europe Faces Revolutions 687 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Nationalism 688 3 Nationalism CASE STUDY Italy and Germany 692 4 Revolutions in the Arts 698 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Revolutions in Painting 702 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING: Political Revolutions 706 Riots in Paris (page 690) xiii 1700–1914 Industrialism and the Race for Empire CHAPTER ●25 1700–1900 The Industrial Revolution 714 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization 717 GLOBAL IMPACT: Revolutions in Technology 719 2 Industrialization CASE STUDY Manchester 723 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Industrialization 727 3 Industrialization Spreads 729 4 Reforming the Industrial World 734 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Capitalism vs. Socialism 737 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Industrialization 741 CHAPTER ●26 1815–1914 An Age of Democracy and Progress 744 1 Democratic Reform and Activism 747 Singer sewing machine (page 720) 2 Self-Rule for British Colonies 751 SOCIAL HISTORY: Life in Early Australia 756 3 War and Expansion in the United States 758 4 Nineteenth-Century Progress 762 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Edison’s Inventions 763 CHAPTER ●27 1850–1914 The Age of Imperialism 770 1 The Scramble for Africa 773 2 Imperialism CASE STUDY Nigeria 779 ANALYZING KEY CONCEPTS: Imperialism 780 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Views of Imperialism 785 3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands 786 4 British Imperialism in India 791 5 Imperialism in Southeast Asia 796 Marie Curie (page 765) CHAPTER ●28 1800–1914 Transformations Around the Globe 802 1 China Resists Outside Influence 805 2 Modernization in Japan 810 HISTORY THROUGH ART: Japanese Woodblock Printing 814 3 U.S.
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