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300 Timeline Timeline 301

70— ad 73–74 The last of the Jewish rebels are besieged by the Romans in Emperor Vespasian (ad 69–79) the fortress of Masada. 75—

Emperor Titus (ad 79–81) TIMELINE 80— ad 79 Volcano Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and nearby towns. Emperor Domitian (ad 81–96) ad 80 The Colosseum is completed in Rome. 85—

Ruler of Rome Events in Roman history Events in the rest of the world 90—

95— 776 bc First Olympic Games, in Olympia, Greece. 753 bc Traditional date of the foundation of Rome. According to Emperor Nerva (ad 96–98) 750— Romulus (753–715 bc) legend, Romulus was the first ruler of Rome. 100— Emperor Trajan (ad 98–117) 700— King Numa Pompilius (715–673 bc) 753-509 bc Rome was ruled by seven legendary kings. ad 100 Londinium replaces Camulodunum as capital of Britannia. 105— King Tullus Hostilius (673–642 bc) 660 bc According to legend, Jimmu becomes the first 650— emperor of Japan. King Ancus Marcius (642–616 bc) 110— 600— King Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (616–579 bc) c.600 bc Construction of the Cloaca Maxima in Rome. ad 113 Trajan’s column, celebrating Roman victory over the Dacians. 563 bc Buddha, the religious leader, is born. 115— 509 bc King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) is expelled King Servius Tullius (579–534 bc) 551–479 bc Confucius, Chinese philosopher. 550— and the Roman Republic established. King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (534–509 bc) 550 bc Foundation of the Achaemenid (First Persian) Empire 120— Emperor Hadrian (ad 117–138) ad 127 Kanishka becomes king of the Kushan Empire of by Cyrus the Great. 500— ad 122 Emperor Hadrian visits Britannia and orders construction of a Afghanistan and northern India. Roman Republic (509–27 bc) 508 bc Democracy is instituted at Athens. 125— wall: Hadrian’s Wall. 450— 480 bc Persians, led by Xerxes, invade Greece; Persians are defeated at Battle of Salamis. 130— 400— c.460–370 bc Hippocrates, Greek doctor. 387 bc Gauls capture Rome. 140— 350— 331 bc Alexander the Great founds Alexandria, in Egypt. 334–264 bc Rome expands to control Italy. 323 bc Death of Alexander the Great, at Babylon. 150— 264–241 bc First Punic War, Rome against Carthage. ad 166 First recorded Roman envoy arrives in China. 300— c.300 bc Euclid, Greek mathematician. ad 161–180 Emperor Marcus Aurelius. 218–201 bc Hannibal crosses Alps, invading Italy; Second Punic War. c.285–246 bc The Library at Alexandria, in Egypt, is founded. 200— 202 bc Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama. ad 224 The Parthian Empire falls and is succeeded by the 250— bc 149–146 bc Third Punic War; Rome defeats Carthage; Africa becomes a 261 Kalinga War between the Mauryan Empire and the 250— Sasanian Empire, in modern Iran. province of the Roman Empire. state of Kalinga, in India. 200— 135–132 bc First Slave War, in Sicily. 221–206 bc King Zheng unifies China as the first emperor of 300— ad 306–337 Emperor Constantine. 104–100 bc Second Slave War, in Sicily. the Qin dynasty. 150— 73–71 bc Third Slave War, in mainland Italy, led by Spartacus. 206 bc–ad 220 Han dynasty in China. ad 313 All religions, including Christianity, tolerated in the Empire. 350— 67 bc Pompey’s campaign against the pirates. 179 bc The earliest evidence for papermaking, in China. ad 324 Byzantium (modern Istanbul) becomes capital of the Empire. 100— c.ad 360–415 Hypatia, female philosopher and 55–54 bc Julius Caesar’s two expeditions to Britain. 69–30 bc Cleopatra VIII, the last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt. ad 330 Byzantium renamed Constantinople. 400— mathematician, in Alexandria, in Egypt. 52 bc Vercingetorix leads Gallic revolt against Rome; Battle of Alesia. c.57 bc Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea. ad 380 Christianity becomes the official religion of the Empire. 50— Western Empire Eastern (Byzantine) 44 bc Assassination of Julius Caesar. ad 395 The Roman Empire splits into two empires. 450— 31 bc Battle of Actium; Octavian (later Augustus) defeats Mark Antony. (ad 395–476) Empire ad 30 bc Egypt becomes part of the Roman Empire. 408 Visigoths besiege Rome, the capital of the Western Empire. 30— (ad 395–1453) ad 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 27 bc Augustus becomes sole ruler of the Roman Empire: Rome’s first 500— Emperor Augustus (27 bc–ad 14) ad 410 Traditional date for the end of Roman rule in Britain. 25— ad 570 The prophet Muhammad is born. emperor. ad 455 Vandals sack Rome. 550— bc ad 581–618 Sui dynasty in China. 25 Baths of Agrippa, in Rome, are completed. ad 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Empire 20— (renamed the Byzantium Empire) survives, with its capital at ad 619–907 Tang dynasty in China. 19 bc Aqua Virgo completed. 600— Constantinople. ad 632 Abu Bakr succeeds Muhammad as leader of the 15— Muslim community. 650— ad 681 The Bulgarian Empire is established. 10— 9 bc Consecration of the Ara Pacis. ad 610–641 Byzantine Empire’s official language changes to Greek. ad 750 The Abbasid Caliphate begins its rule in what is now 700— Iraq. 5— ad 674–678 First Arab siege of Constantinople is unsuccessful. c.ad 780–850 al-Khwarizmi, Persian mathematician. 750— bc/ad ad 800 Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. — 2 bc Julia, daughter of Augustus, exiled. ad 717–718 Second Arab attack on Constantinople, ending in failure. 800— 5— ad 827–902 Arab conquest of Sicily and parts of southern 850— Italy. 10— ad 866 Viking army arrives in England. c.ad 10–70 Hero of Alexandria, inventor of the fire engine. 900— ad 868 First known printed book, in China. ad 14 Pantheon is built on Field of Mars, in Rome. 15— ad 886 Alfred the Great becomes the first king of England. Emperor Tiberius (ad 14–37) 950— ad 904 Gunpowder first used in warfare, in China. 20— 1000— ad 1037 The Great Seljuk Empire is founded in what is now 25— Kazakhstan. 1050— ad 1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades 30— England and becomes king. c.ad 30 Crucifixion of Jesus. 1100— ad 1054 the Christian Church breaks up into two parts, the Western 35— c. ad 1150 City of Angkor and temple of Angkor Wat created 1150— section (Roman Catholic) and the eastern section (Greek Orthodox). Emperor Gaius (Caligula) (ad 37–41) by the Khmer dynasty in Southeast Asia. 40— ad 1096–1099 The First Crusade. ad 1206 Genghis Khan is elected as Khagan of the Mongols 1200 Emperor Claudius (ad 41–54) — and the Mongol Empire is established. 45— ad 43 Emperor Claudius invades Britain. ad 1215 Magna Carta. 1250— c.ad 1271–1275 Marco Polo travels to China. 50— ad 52 Aqua Claudia completed. c.ad 1299 The Ottoman Empire is founded by Osman I. 1300— c.ad 1325 Aztecs found Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). 55— ad 54 Nero becomes emperor at the age of 16. Emperor Nero (ad 54–68) ad 1347 The Black Death ravages Europe for the first time. ad 58–68 Otho governor of Lusitania. 1350— ad 1415 Portugal captures Ceuta, in North Africa. 60— ad 60 Boudica’s revolt in Britannia; Londinium destroyed by fire. ad 1431 Trial and execution of Joan of Arc. ad 64 Great Fire of Rome. 1400— 65— c.ad 1440 Gutenberg printing press invented. ad 66–73 The Jewish population of Judaea revolts against Roman rule. 1450— ad 1453 The Ottomans capture Constantinople. Fall of the Byzantine ad 1485 Henry Tudor becomes King of England. c.ad 68 The Dead Sea scrolls are hidden in caves, to save Emperors Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian (ad 68–69) ad 69 Year of the Four Emperors. Empire. ad 1452–1519 Leonardo da Vinci. 70— them from the Romans. ad 70 Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. 1500— ad 1492 Christopher Columbus reaches the New World.