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Home , Chorda tympani, Geniculate ganglion, Greater petrosal nerve, Maxillary nerve, Olfactory nerve, Optic nerve

Human Functional Anatomy 213 1 2

HUMAN FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 213 COMPOSITION OF CRANIAL – Pattern and organisation Components found in nerves to other parts of the body GSA General somatic afferent: Cutaneous, joint, & muscle READINGS eg. Grant's Method:- Great vessels and nerves of the head GVA General visceral afferent Sense from internal organs Last's:- The cranial nerves Moores:- The cranial nerves GSE General somatic efferent Motor to voluntary muscle Stern:- The (Somites) Or any other regional textbook, similar sections GVE General visceral efferent Smooth muscle and glands (Lateral plate: autonomic) IN THIS LECTURE All these components are also found in cranial nerves….. Composition of cranial nerves Innervated structures in the head Ganglia in the head Components in cranial nerves Parasympathetic nerves of the head Oculomotor Facial Special components only found Glossopharyngeal in cranial nerves Vagus SSA (Special somatic afferent) Sympathetic nerves of the head and SVA (Special visceral supply of the afferent) Special : Smell, , Vision, & balance

SVE (Special visceral efferent) Voluntary motor to muscle.

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SENSORY GANGLIA MOTOR GANGLIA All sensory nerves have a cell body in the peripheral Autonomic nerves have a cell body in the peripheral nervous system

1. : In the rest of the body these are dorsal root ganglia (GSA and GVA) Ciliary They are pseudounipolar neurones (no synapses in the ganglion): Preganglionic input: In the head: Output: 1. GSA Skin and mucus membranes To intraocular smooth muscle and ganglion

Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (ear) 2. GVA Sensory from visceral structures in the mouth & pharynx Preganglionic input: () Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus Output: With branches of the All these nerves (V, VII, IX, X) have ganglia along their path: To lacrimal, nasal and V

VII IX Glossopharyngeal ganglion Preganglionic input: Facial nerve () X Vagal ganglion Output: With

To Submandibular and sublingual glands 3. Special senses:

I - . Bipolar cells are also the receptor cells for smell. They pass through the to connect the nasal Preganglionic input: Glossopharyngeal nerve (lesser petrosal nerve) mucosa to the (which is actually part of the ) Output: With II – . Bipolar cells in the connect the photo To receptors to other nerve cells of the retina (which are actually part of the

brain) 2. : Superior cervical ganglion VIII – Vestibulocochlea nerve. Bipolar cells bodies lie in the Input from T1, 2 & 3 via vestibulocochlea nerve and connect the receptors to the brain. Output is distributed with of the head VII, IX, X all contain taste fibres. The cell bodies lie in the

sensory ganglia of each of those nerves. Human Functional Anatomy 213 5 6

COMPOSITION OF CRANIAL NERVES FACIAL NERVE

GSA GVA SSA/SVA GSE GVE SVE Comprises: The facial nerve proper (SVE) I The nervous intermedius (GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA) II III *

IV * V Course and distribution: 1. Enters the internal acoustic meatus VI * 2. Geniculate ganglion in petrous temporal VII bone 3. Greater (superficial) petrosal branch: GVE=parasympathetic, VIII SVA=taste, GVA=visceral sensory IX Emerges in floor of Descends through foramen lacerum Joins with sympathetic nerves from ICA (deep petrosal) X Nerve of the => Pterygopalatine ganglion 4. Nerve to stapedius is given off in the 5. Chorda tympani crosses the tympanic membrane: XI GVE=parasympathetic, SVA=taste, GVA=visceral sensory Emerges from the skull through the XII * Joins lingual nerve => Submandibular ganglion Parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands * Also GSA - muscle sensory Taste to anterior 2/3 of 6. Motor division (SVE, 2nd arch) through the 7. Twigs to tympanic plexus and external ear arise in the petrous temporal

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GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

Comprises: SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA Comprises: Vagus nerve proper (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA) Cranial (SVE => Larynx)

1. Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen 2. Two small (sensory) ganglia in Course and distribution: jugular foramen 1. Exits cranial cavity 3. Auricular branch enters petrous through jugular foramen & joins tympanic 2. Two small (sensory) plexus ganglia in jugular Sensory (GSA) fibres supply foramen the external acoustic meatus 3. Tympanic branch enters and part of the external ear petrous temporal bone 4. Meningeal branch to posterior Sensory to cranial fossa tympanic cavity and external 5. Vagus nerve runs in carotid sheath ear (GSA) 6. Pharyngeal branches to pharyngeal plexus (SVE & pharynx) Lesser petrosal 7. Superior laryngeal branch nerve emerges in middle Internal laryngeal nerve (GVA Supraglottic mucosa) cranial fossa External laryngeal nerve (SVE cricothyroid muscle)

Descends through => Otic ganglion (GVE) 8. Sinus nerve (GVA – arterial blood pressure & [O2] & [CO2]) 4. Runs on Stylopharyngeus muscle (supplies it – SVE 3rd arch) 9. Recurrent laryngeal nerve 5. Pharyngeal branch joins pharyngeal plexus (GVA from pharynx) SVE laryngeal muscles 6. Lingual branch to posterior 1/3 of tongue (SVA taste, GVA visceral sense) GVA Infraglottic mucosa 7. Sinus nerve to carotid sinus and body (GVA – arterial blood pressure) 10. Distribution to thoracic and abdominal viscera (GVE & GVA) Human Functional Anatomy 213 9 10

NERVE SUPPLY OF THE EAR

The external ear has a very rich and varied nerve supply:

Outer parts of the ( and lobule) are supplied by “somatic nerves”: 1. Cervical plexus (C2,3) greater auricular nerve 2. Trigeminal nerve, auriculotemporal nerve

Inner parts of the auricle (concha and external acoustic meatus) are supplied by “visceral nerves”: 1. Vagus (auricular branch) to external acoustic meatus and cranial surface of concha (Alderman’s nerve). 2. Glossopharyngeal nerve (tympanic branch) to , external acoustic meatus and concha. 3. Facial nerve (tympanic twigs) to external acoustic meatus and concha.

Ear acupuncture chart in the medical library, shows points for somatic structures such as limbs, back and head are all on the lobule and helix. Points for visceral structures are in the concha and scaphoid fossa.

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COMPOSITION OF CRANIAL NERVES GSA GVA SSA/SVA GSE GVE SVE I Smell II Vision III * Extraocular Const pupil. muscles Ciliary musc IV * Superior oblique V Skin and Muscles of mucous mastication membranes VI * Lateral rectus VII Skin of the ear Viscera Taste Sublingual Muscles of Sense Submand. facial Nasal buccal expression VIII Hearing Balance IX Skin of the ear Viscera Taste Parotid Stylo- Sense gland pharyngeus X Mucosa of the Viscera Taste Thoracic & Palate larynx & ear Sense abdominal Pharynx skin organs Larynx XI Trapezius and SCM XII * Tongue muscles * Also GSA - muscle sensory