Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Morphogenesis of the Zebrafish Eye, Including a Fate Map of The
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 218:175–188 (2000) The Morphogenesis of the Zebrafish Eye, Including a Fate Map of the Optic Vesicle ZHENG LI, NANCY M. JOSEPH, AND STEPHEN S. EASTER, JR.* Biology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ABSTRACT We have examined the morpho- The morphogenesis of the zebrafish eye, described by genesis of the zebrafish eye, from the flat optic Schmitt and Dowling (1994), is similar, but different in vesicle at 16 hours post fertilization (hpf) to the some respects. Their scanning electron micrographs of functional hemispheric eye at 72 hpf. We have skinned embryos provided excellent views of the eye, produced three-dimensional reconstructions and revealed that the vesicle bypassed the spherical from semithin sections, measured volumes and stage; when discerned at about 14 hours post fertiliza- areas, and produced a fate map by labeling clus- tion (hpf), the vesicle was a flattened wing-like struc- ters of cells at 14–15 hpf and finding them in the ture. The “wing” was initially attached to the neural 24 hpf eye cup. Both volume and area increased tube over most of its length, but by 16 hpf had detached sevenfold, with different schedules. Initially from most of the neural tube, the only remaining point (16–33 hpf), area increased but volume remained of attachment through the optic stalk. The vesicle constant; later (33–72 hpf) both increased. When sagged, so that its erstwhile dorsal and ventral sur- the volume remained constant, the presumptive faces faced laterally and medially, respectively, and the pigmented epithelium (PE) shrank and the pre- choroid fissure formed, but caudal to the optic stalk, sumptive neural retina (NR) enlarged. -
12 Retina Gabriele K
299 12 Retina Gabriele K. Lang and Gerhard K. Lang 12.1 Basic Knowledge The retina is the innermost of three successive layers of the globe. It comprises two parts: ❖ A photoreceptive part (pars optica retinae), comprising the first nine of the 10 layers listed below. ❖ A nonreceptive part (pars caeca retinae) forming the epithelium of the cil- iary body and iris. The pars optica retinae merges with the pars ceca retinae at the ora serrata. Embryology: The retina develops from a diverticulum of the forebrain (proen- cephalon). Optic vesicles develop which then invaginate to form a double- walled bowl, the optic cup. The outer wall becomes the pigment epithelium, and the inner wall later differentiates into the nine layers of the retina. The retina remains linked to the forebrain throughout life through a structure known as the retinohypothalamic tract. Thickness of the retina (Fig. 12.1) Layers of the retina: Moving inward along the path of incident light, the individual layers of the retina are as follows (Fig. 12.2): 1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous body). 2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron). 3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third neuron; “data acquisition system”). 4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites of the third neuron). 5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells). 6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites of the second neuron). -
Macula Halo Syndrome
Int Ophthalmol (2019) 39:1391–1395 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0939-6 CASE REPORT Macula halo syndrome I˙smail Umut Onur . Memhet Fatih As¸ula . Cansu Ekinci . Meral Mert Received: 16 August 2017 / Accepted: 2 May 2018 / Published online: 29 May 2018 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract granular depositions were detected in the parafoveal Introduction Niemann–Pick disease (NPD) is a retina on both eyes. Optical coherence tomography hereditary lysosomal storage disorder in which muta- (OCT) revealed thin hyperreflective band correspond- tions in the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase gene ing to depositions located in the parafoveolar inner leads to partial or complete deficiency of the sphin- retina. Microperimeter showed slight depression in gomyelinase enzyme. Niemann–Pick Type B is the retinal sensitivity, which was more pronounced par- intermediate form associated with hep- ticularly on perifovea rather than parafovea. atosplenomegaly, foam cells in the bone marrow, Conclusions Challenge to identify the NPD subtype hyperlipidemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, of this case is associated with phenotypic character- which is generally diagnosed in late adolescence. istics on a wider spectrum that overlap the currently Central nervous system is not affected, and some cases described subtypes. may display macular halo. Case A 45-year-old female seen in ophthalmology Keywords Macula halo Á Niemann–Pick Á clinic for the examination of the eyes. Extraocular Microperimeter motility was normal bilaterally, and the visual acuity was 20/25 for both eyes. Biomicroscopic examination revealed faint corneal haze bilaterally, Circular pale Niemann–Pick disease (NPD) is a hereditary lysoso- mal storage disorder in which mutations in the Electronic supplementary material The online version of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase gene leads to partial this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0939-6) con- or complete deficiency of the sphingomyelinase tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. -
Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors
pharmaceutics Article Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors Hyeong Min Kim 1,†, Hyounkoo Han 2,†, Hye Kyoung Hong 1, Ji Hyun Park 1, Kyu Hyung Park 1, Hyuncheol Kim 2,* and Se Joon Woo 1,* 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; [email protected] (H.M.K.); [email protected] (H.K.H.); [email protected] (J.H.P.); [email protected] (K.H.P.) 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.J.W.); Tel.: +82-2-705-8922 (H.K.); +82-31-787-7377 (S.J.W.); Fax: +82-2-3273-0331 (H.K.); +82-31-787-4057 (S.J.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: In this study, Retina-RPE-Choroid-Sclera (RCS) and RPE-Choroid-Sclera (CS) were prepared by scraping them off neural retina, and using the Ussing chamber we measured the average time– concentration values in the acceptor chamber across five isolated rabbit tissues for each drug molecule. We determined the outward direction permeability of the RCS and CS and calculated the neural retina permeability. The permeability coefficients of RCS and CS were as follows: ganciclovir, 13.78 ± 5.82 and 23.22 ± 9.74; brimonidine, 15.34 ± 7.64 and 31.56 ± 12.46; bevacizumab, 0.0136 ± 0.0059 and 0.0612 ± 0.0264 (×10−6 cm/s). -
FUS-Mediated Functional Neuromodulation for Neurophysiologic Assessment in a Large Animal Model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D
Lee et al. Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound 2015, 3(Suppl 1):O23 http://www.jtultrasound.com/content/3/S1/O23 ORALPRESENTATION Open Access FUS-mediated functional neuromodulation for neurophysiologic assessment in a large animal model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D. Lee1, Michael Y. Park1, Seung-Schik Yoo1 From Current and Future Applications of Focused Ultrasound 2014. 4th International Symposium Washington, D.C, USA. 12-16 October 2014 Background/introduction element FUS transducer with radius-of-curvature of Focused ultrasound (FUS) is gaining momentum as a 7 cm) was transcranially delivered to the unilateral sen- new modality of non-invasive neuromodulation of regio- sorimotor cortex, the optic radiation (WM tract) as well as nal brain activity, with both stimulatory and suppressive the visual cortex. An acoustic intensity of 1.4–15.5 W/cm2 potentials. The utilization of the method has largely Isppa, tone-burst-duration of 1 ms, pulse-repetition fre- been demonstrated in small animals. Considering the quency of 500 Hz (i.e. duty cycle of 50%), sonication dura- small size of the acoustic focus, having a diameter of tion of 300 ms, were used for the stimulation. A batch of only a few millimeters, FUS insonification to a larger continuous sonication ranging from 50 to 150 ms in dura- animal’s brain is conducive to examining the region- tion were also given. Evoked electromyogram responses specific neuromodulatory effects on discrete anatomical from the hind legs and electroencephalogram from the Fz areas, including the white matter (WM) tracts. The and Oz-equivalent sites were measured. The histology of study involving large animals would also establish preli- the extracted brain tissue (within one week and 2 months minary safety data prior to its translational research in post-sonication) was obtained. -
The Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1990;53:365-372 365 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.53.5.365 on 1 May 1990. Downloaded from OCCASIONAL REVIEW The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage M Vermeulen, J van Gijn Lumbar puncture (LP) has for a long time been of 55 patients with SAH who had LP, before the mainstay of diagnosis in patients who CT scanning and within 12 hours of the bleed. presented with symptoms or signs of subarach- Intracranial haematomas with brain shift was noid haemorrhage (SAH). At present, com- proven by operation or subsequent CT scan- puted tomography (CT) has replaced LP for ning in six of the seven patients, and it was this indication. In this review we shall outline suspected in the remaining patient who stop- the reasons for this change in diagnostic ped breathing at the end of the procedure.5 approach. In the first place, there are draw- Rebleeding may have occurred in some ofthese backs in starting with an LP. One of these is patients. that patients with SAH may harbour an We therefore agree with Hillman that it is intracerebral haematoma, even if they are fully advisable to perform a CT scan first in all conscious, and that withdrawal of cerebro- patients who present within 72 hours of a spinal fluid (CSF) may occasionally precipitate suspected SAH, even if this requires referral to brain shift and herniation. Another disadvan- another centre.4 tage of LP is the difficulty in distinguishing It could be argued that by first performing between a traumatic tap and true subarachnoid CT the diagnosis may be delayed and that this haemorrhage. -
Localization of S-100 Protein in Mulier Cells of the Retina— 1
Reports Localization of S-100 Protein in Mulier Cells of the Retina— 1. Light Microscopical Immunocytochemistry G. Terenghi,* D. Cocchia,f F. Micherti,f A. R. T. Pererson4 D. F. Cole,§ S. R. Bloom,11 ond J. M. Polok* S-100 is an acidic brain protein previously found to be pres- constituent and could be involved in the functions ent in glial cells of the brain and the nervous system of gut of normal and diseased retina10"; their identification and respiratory tract. Immunocytochemistry at the light by the use of a suitable marker is thus of primary microscopical level localized immunoreactivity for S-100 in relevance. In this study, we report on the immuno- the Mulier cells in the retina of rat, guinea pig, and Chinese cytochemical visualization at light microscopic level hamster. The Mulier cells represent the main glial com- ponent of the retina, with a structural role in the support of Mulier cells in the mammalian retina by using the and insulation of neurons and sensory elements. The use presence of S-100 protein as a marker for glial cells. of S-100 protein as an immunocytochemical marker of Materials and Methods. Albino rats (n = 5), guinea Miiller cells may be useful in the study of pathologic con- pigs (n = 5), and Chinese hamsters (n = 4) were used. ditions of the retina where glial cell proliferation could re- The animals were killed by exsanguination under flect the index of neuronal injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis ether anaesthesia; the eyeballs were removed and im- Sci 24:976-980, 1983 mediately processed. -
Neuroanatomy Crash Course
Neuroanatomy Crash Course Jens Vikse ∙ Bendik Myhre ∙ Danielle Mellis Nilsson ∙ Karoline Hanevik Illustrated by: Peder Olai Skjeflo Holman Second edition October 2015 The autonomic nervous system ● Division of the autonomic nervous system …………....……………………………..………….…………... 2 ● Effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation…………………………...……...……………….. 2 ● Parasympathetic ganglia ……………………………………………………………...…………....………….. 4 Cranial nerves ● Cranial nerve reflexes ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Olfactory nerve (CN I) ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Optic nerve (CN II) ……………………………………………………………………..…………...………….. 7 ● Pupillary light reflex …………………………………………………………………….…………...………….. 7 ● Visual field defects ……………………………………………...................................…………..………….. 8 ● Eye dynamics …………………………………………………………………………...…………...………….. 8 ● Oculomotor nerve (CN III) ……………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 9 ● Trochlear nerve (CN IV) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Trigeminal nerve (CN V) ……………………………………………………................…………..………….. 9 ● Abducens nerve (CN VI) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Facial nerve (CN VII) …………………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 10 ● Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) …………………………………………………….…………...…………. 10 ● Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) …………………………………………….……….…………...………….. 10 ● Vagus nerve (CN X) …………………………………………………………..………..…………...………….. 10 ● Accessory nerve (CN XI) ……………………………………………………...………..…………..………….. 11 ● Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) …………………………………………………..………..…………...…………. -
Endoscopic Anatomical Study of the Arachnoid Architecture on the Base of the Skull
DOI 10.1515/ins-2012-0005 Innovative Neurosurgery 2013; 1(1): 55–66 Original Research Article Peter Kurucz* , Gabor Baksa , Lajos Patonay and Nikolai J. Hopf Endoscopic anatomical study of the arachnoid architecture on the base of the skull. Part I: The anterior and middle cranial fossa Abstract: Minimally invasive neurosurgery requires a Introduction detailed knowledge of microstructures, such as the arach- noid membranes. In spite of many articles addressing The arachnoid was discovered and named by Gerardus arachnoid membranes, its detailed organization is still not Blasius in 1664 [ 22 ]. Key and Retzius were the first who well described. The aim of this study is to investigate the studied its detailed anatomy in 1875 [ 11 ]. This description was topography of the arachnoid in the anterior cranial fossa an anatomical one, without mentioning clinical aspects. The and the middle cranial fossa. Rigid endoscopes were intro- first clinically relevant study was provided by Liliequist in duced through defined keyhole craniotomies, to explore 1959 [ 13 ]. He described the radiological anatomy of the sub- the arachnoid structures in 110 fresh human cadavers. We arachnoid cisterns and mentioned a curtain-like membrane describe the topography and relationship to neurovascu- between the supra- and infratentorial cranial space bearing lar structures and suggest an intuitive terminology of the his name still today. Lang gave a similar description of the arachnoid. We demonstrate an “ arachnoid membrane sys- subarachnoid cisterns in 1973 [ 12 ]. With the introduction of tem ” , which consists of the outer arachnoid and 23 inner microtechniques in neurosurgery, the detailed knowledge arachnoid membranes in the anterior fossa and the middle of the surgical anatomy of the cisterns became more impor- fossa. -
Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: a Study with 3T MR Imaging
Glaucoma Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Study with 3T MR Imaging Wei W. Chen,1–3 Ningli Wang,1,3 Suping Cai,3,4 Zhijia Fang,5 Man Yu,2 Qizhu Wu,5 Li Tang,2 Bo Guo,2 Yuliang Feng,2 Jost B. Jonas,6 Xiaoming Chen,2 Xuyang Liu,3,4 and Qiyong Gong5 PURPOSE. We examined changes of the central nervous system CONCLUSIONS. In patients with POAG, three-dimensional MRI in patients with advanced primary open-angle glaucoma revealed widespread abnormalities in the central nervous (POAG). system beyond the visual cortex. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:545–554) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-9893 METHODS. The clinical observational study included 15 patients with bilateral advanced POAG and 15 healthy normal control subjects, matched for age and sex with the study group. Retinal rimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) has been defined nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured by optical formerly by intraocular morphologic changes, such as coherence tomography (OCT). Using a 3-dimensional magne- P progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and defects in the retinal tization-prepared rapid gradient-echo sequence (3D–MP-RAGE) nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and by corresponding psychophysical of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimized voxel- abnormalities, such as visual field loss.1 Recent studies by based morphometry (VBM), we measured the cross-sectional various researchers, however, have suggested that the entire area of the optic nerve and optic chiasm, and the gray matter visual pathway may be involved in glaucoma.2–23 Findings from volume of the brain. -
The Actions of Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists Activity of Brisk Ganglion Cells in the Rabbit Retina On
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1987, 7(12): 4054-4085 The Actions of Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists on the Activity of Brisk Ganglion Cells in the Rabbit Retina William J. Brunken and Nigel W. Daw Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Extracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained of the CNS. For example, inhibitory input from GABAergic from rabbit retinal ganglion cells in either a superfused eye- neurons is necessary to elaborate direction and orientation se- cup or an in vivo preparation. Selective antagonists or ag- lectivity in rabbit retinal ganglion cells (Wyatt and Daw, 1976; onists of serotonin at the 5-HT, or 5-HT,, receptors were Caldwell et al., 1978); similar results have been obtained in cat applied, and the changes in light-evoked and spontaneous visual cortex (Sillito, 1977; Sillito et al., 1980). activity were studied. Both 5-HT,, agonists and 5-HT, an- Biochemical and histochemical data suggest that serotonin or tagonists reduced the ON-components of the light-evoked a related indoleamine is a neurotransmitter in the mammalian responses of all classes of brisk ganglion cell; spontaneous retina (reviewed by Ehinger, 1982; Osborne, 1982; and Red- activity was reduced in these cells as well. These results burn, 1984). Specific mechanisms have been identified for the suggest that the indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells uptake (Ehinger and Floren, 1978; Osborne and Richardson, of the rabbit retina serve to facilitate the output of the de- 1980) and depolarization-dependent release (Osborne, 1980; polarizing rod bipolar cell and thereby increase the efficacy Thomas and Redbum, 1980; Mitchell and Redbum, 1985) of of transmission between this and other cells in the rabbit serotonin. -
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life.