Brain Structure and Function Related to Headache
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Characterization of Age-Related Microstructural Changes in Locus Coeruleus and Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Characterization of age-related microstructural changes in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pars compacta. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08304755 Journal Neurobiology of aging, 87 ISSN 0197-4580 Authors Langley, Jason Hussain, Sana Flores, Justino J et al. Publication Date 2020-03-01 DOI 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.016 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Neurobiology of Aging xxx (2019) 1e9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Characterization of age-related microstructural changes in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pars compacta Jason Langley a, Sana Hussain b, Justino J. Flores c, Ilana J. Bennett c, Xiaoping Hu a,b,* a Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA b Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA c Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Locus coeruleus (LC) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) degrade with normal aging, but not Received 26 May 2019 much is known regarding how these changes manifest in MRI images, or whether these markers predict Received in revised form 19 November 2019 aspects of cognition. Here, we use high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI to investigate microstructural Accepted 22 November 2019 and compositional changes in LC and SNpc in young and older adult cohorts, as well as their relationship with cognition. In LC, the older cohort exhibited a significant reduction in mean and radial diffusivity, but a significant increase in fractional anisotropy compared with the young cohort. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Brainstem: Structure & Its Mode of Action
Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology 2021, Vol.12, Issue 3, 521 Opinion Brainstem: Structure & Its Mode of action Karthikeyan Rupani Research Fellow, Tata Medical Centre, India. Corresponding Author* The brainstem is exceptionally little, making up around as it were 2.6 percent of the brain's add up to weight. It has the basic parts of directing cardiac, and Rupani K, respiratory work, making a difference to control heart rate and breathing rate. Research Fellow, Tata Medical Centre, India; It moreover gives the most engine and tactile nerve supply to the confront and E-mail: [email protected] neck by means of the cranial nerves. Ten sets of cranial nerves come from the brainstem. Other parts incorporate the direction of the central apprehensive Copyright: 2021 Rupani K. This is an open-access article distributed under the framework and the body's sleep cycle. It is additionally of prime significance terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted within the movement of engine and tangible pathways from the rest of the use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author brain to the body, and from the body back to the brain. These pathways and source are credited. incorporate the corticospinal tract (engine work), the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and the spinothalamic tract [3]. The primary part of the brainstem we'll consider is the midbrain. The midbrain Received 01 March 2021; Accepted 15 March 2021; Published 22 March 2021 (too known as the mesencephalon) is the foremost prevalent of the three districts of the brainstem. It acts as a conduit between the forebrain over and the pons and cerebellum underneath. -
The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull Under Dynamic Loadings
Mathematical and Computational Applications Article The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull under Dynamic Loadings Mohammad Hosseini-Farid 1,2,* , MaryamSadat Amiri-Tehrani-Zadeh 3, Mohammadreza Ramzanpour 1, Mariusz Ziejewski 1 and Ghodrat Karami 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58104, USA; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (G.K.) 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA 3 Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58104, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-7012315859 Received: 7 March 2020; Accepted: 5 April 2020; Published: 7 April 2020 Abstract: Knowing the precise material properties of intracranial head organs is crucial for studying the biomechanics of head injury. It has been shown that these biological tissues are significantly rate-dependent; hence, their material properties should be determined with respect to the range of deformation rate they experience. In this paper, a validated finite element human head model is used to investigate the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast, leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various directions and velocities of impacts, as well as helmeted and unhelmeted head under blast shock waves. It is demonstrated that the strain rates for the brain 1 are in the range of 36 to 241 s− , approximately 1.9 and 0.86 times the resulting head acceleration under impacts and blast scenarios, respectively. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range 1 of 14 to 182 s− , approximately 0.7 and 0.43 times the head acceleration corresponding to impact and blast cases. -
Context-Dependent Modulation of Auditory Processing by Serotonin
Hearing Research 279 (2011) 74e84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Hearing Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/heares Context-dependent modulation of auditory processing by serotonin L.M. Hurley a,*, I.C. Hall b a Indiana University, Jordan Hall/Biology, 1001 E. Third St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA b Columbia University, 901 Fairchild Center, M.C. 2430, New York, NY 10027, USA article info abstract Article history: Context-dependent plasticity in auditory processing is achieved in part by physiological mechanisms that Received 3 October 2010 link behavioral state to neural responses to sound. The neuromodulator serotonin has many character- Received in revised form istics suitable for such a role. Serotonergic neurons are extrinsic to the auditory system but send 13 December 2010 projections to most auditory regions. These projections release serotonin during particular behavioral Accepted 20 December 2010 contexts. Heightened levels of behavioral arousal and specific extrinsic events, including stressful or Available online 25 December 2010 social events, increase serotonin availability in the auditory system. Although the release of serotonin is likely to be relatively diffuse, highly specific effects of serotonin on auditory neural circuitry are achieved through the localization of serotonergic projections, and through a large array of receptor types that are expressed by specific subsets of auditory neurons. Through this array, serotonin enacts plasticity in auditory processing in multiple ways. Serotonin changes the responses of auditory neurons to input through the alteration of intrinsic and synaptic properties, and alters both short- and long-term forms of plasticity. The infrastructure of the serotonergic system itself is also plastic, responding to age and cochlear trauma. -
L4-Physiology of Motor Tracts.Pdf
: chapter 55 page 667 Objectives (1) Describe the upper and lower motor neurons. (2) Understand the pathway of Pyramidal tracts (Corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts). (3) Understand the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. (4) Explain functional role of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts. (5) Describe the Extrapyramidal tracts as Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal and Tectspinal Tracts. The name of the tract indicate its pathway, for example Corticobulbar : Terms: - cortico: cerebral cortex. Decustation: crossing. - Bulbar: brainstem. Ipsilateral : same side. *So it starts at cerebral cortex and Contralateral: opposite side. terminate at the brainstem. CNS influence the activity of skeletal muscle through two set of neurons : 1- Upper motor neurons (UMN) 2- lower motor neuron (LMN) They are neurons of motor cortex & their axons that pass to brain stem and They are Spinal motor neurons in the spinal spinal cord to activate: cord & cranial motor neurons in the brain • cranial motor neurons (in brainstem) stem which innervate muscles directly. • spinal motor neurons (in spinal cord) - These are the only neurons that innervate - Upper motor neurons (UMN) are the skeletal muscle fibers, they function as responsible for conveying impulses for the final common pathway, the final link voluntary motor activity through between the CNS and skeletal muscles. descending motor pathways that make up by the upper motor neurons. Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber the innervate: There are two UMN Systems through which 1- alpha motor neurons (UMN) control (LMN): 2- gamma motor neurons 1- Pyramidal system (corticospinal tracts ). 2- Extrapyramidal system The activity of the lower motor neuron (LMN, spinal or cranial) is influenced by: 1. -
The Effect of Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions on Spontaneous Eeg Pattern in Rats
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1987, 47: 27-43 THE EFFECT OF LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON SPONTANEOUS EEG PATTERN IN RATS W. TROJNIAR, E. JURKOWLANIEC, J. ORZEL-GRYGLEWSKA and J. TOKARSKI Department of Physiology, Medical Academy Dqbinki 1, 80-211 Gdalisk, Poland Key words: lateral hypothalamus lesion, EEG, waking, sleep, subthalamus, somnolence Abstract. Neocortical and hippocampal EEG was recorded in ten rats subjected to bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus at different levels of its rostro-caudal axis. In nine rats the damage evoked a marked increase of waking time with a si- multaneous reduction of the percentage of large amplitude irregular activity related to slow wave sleep in the first eight postlesion days. There was also a decrease in the amount of paradoxical sleep. Enhanced waking coexisted with behavioral som- nolence. The most extensive hypothalamic lesions produced qualitative changes of EEG concerning mainly the frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm. Control lesions within the subthalamic region did not influence either qualitative or quan- titative EEG pattern. It is concluded that limited lesions of the lateral hypotha- lamus did not destroy a sufficient number of reticular activating fibers to disturb a cortical desynchronizing reaction. The increased amount of waking pattern may be due to serotonergic deafferentation of the neocortex. Dissociation of behavioral and EEG indices of the level of arousal imply the existence of separate neuronal systems for both aspects of "activation". Bilateral destruction of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), particularly in its middle portion produces a set of severe abnormalities known as "the lateral hypothalamic syndrome". The animals, both rats and cats, display, among others, profound impairments in food and water intake (1, 32), deficits in sensorimotor integration (16), somnolence, akinesia and catalepsy (14). -
Dopamine Neuron Diversity: Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Human Stem Cell Models and Single Cell Sequencing
cells Review Dopamine Neuron Diversity: Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Human Stem Cell Models and Single Cell Sequencing Alessandro Fiorenzano * , Edoardo Sozzi, Malin Parmar and Petter Storm Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (P.S.) * Correspondence: alessandro.fi[email protected]; Tel.: +46-462220549 Abstract: Human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are a heterogeneous group of cells that share a common neurotransmitter phenotype and are in close anatomical proximity but display different functions, sensitivity to degeneration, and axonal innervation targets. The A9 DA neuron subtype controls motor function and is primarily degenerated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), whereas A10 neurons are largely unaffected by the condition, and their dysfunction is associated with neuropsy- chiatric disorders. Currently, DA neurons can only be reliably classified on the basis of topographical features, including anatomical location in the midbrain and projection targets in the forebrain. No systematic molecular classification at the genome-wide level has been proposed to date. Although many years of scientific efforts in embryonic and adult mouse brain have positioned us to better understand the complexity of DA neuron biology, many biological phenomena specific to humans are Citation: Fiorenzano, A.; Sozzi, E.; not amenable to being reproduced in animal models. The establishment of human cell-based systems Parmar, M.; Storm, P. Dopamine combined with advanced computational single-cell transcriptomics holds great promise for decoding Neuron Diversity: Recent Advances the mechanisms underlying maturation and diversification of human DA neurons, and linking their and Current Challenges in Human Stem Cell Models and Single Cell molecular heterogeneity to functions in the midbrain. -
Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons Xin Wang, Joan B. Escobar and David Mendelowitz * Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George University Washington, Washington, DC 20037, USA; [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (J.B.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The tightly localized noradrenergic neurons (NA) in the locus coeruleus (LC) are well recognized as essential for focused arousal and novelty-oriented responses, while many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit diminished attention, engagement and orienting to exogenous stimuli. This has led to the hypothesis that atypical LC activity may be involved in ASD. Oxytocin (OXT) neurons and receptors are known to play an important role in social behavior, pair bonding and cognitive processes and are under investigation as a potential treatment for ASD. However, little is known about the neurotransmission from hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) OXT neurons to LC NA neurons. In this study, we test, in male and female rats, whether PVN OXT neurons excite LC neurons, whether oxytocin is released and involved in this neurotransmission, Citation: Wang, X.; Escobar, J.B.; and whether activation of PVN OXT neurons alters novel object recognition. Using “oxytocin sniffer Mendelowitz, D. Sex Differences in cells” (CHO cells that express the human oxytocin receptor and a Ca indicator) we show that there is the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway release of OXT from hypothalamic PVN OXT fibers in the LC. Optogenetic excitation of PVN OXT to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented fibers excites LC NA neurons by co-release of OXT and glutamate, and this neurotransmission is Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin greater in males than females. -
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism. -
Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1999, 19(8):3171–3182 Hypothalamic Hypocretin (Orexin): Robust Innervation of the Spinal Cord Anthony N. van den Pol Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Hypocretin (orexin) is synthesized by neurons in the lateral chemistry support the concept that hypocretin-immunoreactive hypothalamus and has been reported to increase food intake fibers in the cord originate from the neurons in the lateral and regulate the neuroendocrine system. In the present paper, hypothalamus. Digital-imaging physiological studies with fura-2 long descending axonal projections that contain hypocretin detected a rise in intracellular calcium in response to hypocretin were found that innervate all levels of the spinal cord from in cultured rat spinal cord neurons, indicating that spinal cord cervical to sacral segments, as studied in mouse, rat, and neurons express hypocretin-responsive receptors. A greater human spinal cord and not previously described. High densities number of cervical cord neurons responded to hypocretin than of axonal innervation are found in regions of the spinal cord another hypothalamo-spinal neuropeptide, oxytocin. These related to modulation of sensation and pain, notably in the data suggest that in addition to possible roles in feeding and marginal zone (lamina 1). Innervation of the intermediolateral endocrine regulation, the descending hypocretin fiber system column and lamina 10 as well as strong innervation of the may play a role in modulation of sensory input, particularly in caudal region of the sacral cord suggest that hypocretin may regions of the cord related to pain perception and autonomic participate in the regulation of both the sympathetic and para- tone. -
Extracranial Course of Cranial Nerves
Extracranial course of cranial nerves Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducent, Trigeminal, Facial and Accessory nerves Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Brainstem Mid brain Pons Medulla Pons Inferior view Facial nerve Anatomically, the course of the facial nerve can be divided into two parts: Motor: Innervates the muscles of facial Intracranial – the course of the nerve through expression, the posterior belly of the the cranial cavity, and the cranium itself. digastric, the stylohyoid and the stapedius Extracranial – the course of the nerve outside muscles. the cranium, through the face and neck. General Sensory: A small area around the concha of the auricle, EAM Special Sensory: Provides special taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Parasympathetic: Supplies many of the glands of the head and neck, including: 1- Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (via the submandibular ganglion/ chorda tympani) 2- Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands (via the pterygopalatine ganglion/ greater petrosal) 3- Lacrimal glands (via the pterygopalatine ganglion/ greater petrosal) Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Intracranial course The nerve arises in the pons. It begins as two roots; a large motor root, and a small sensory root The two roots travel through the internal acoustic meatus. Pons Here, they are in very close proximity to the inner ear. 7th (motor) 8th Note: The part of the facial nerve that runs between the motor root of facial and vestibulocochlear nerve is sometimes Kalbouneh known as the nervus intermedius It contains the sensory and parasympathetic Heba fibers of the facial nerve Dr. Dr. Still within the temporal bone, the roots leave the internal acoustic meatus, and enter into the facial canal.