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Home , Cisterna magna, Dura mater, Extrapyramidal system, Funiculus (neuroanatomy), Meninges, Neuroanatomy

Review of with Basics of

Prof. D.H. Pauža Parts of

Review of Spinal Cord with Basics of Neuroanatomy Brain Meninges

Prof. D.H. Pauža and Neuroglia brain contains per 1011-12 (trillions) neurons Body () Perikaryon Nissl substance or Tigroid Terminals

Neuronal types Unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar Afferent (sensory, centripetal) Efferent (motor, centrifugal, effector) Associate () Presynaptic membrane Postsynaptic membrane, receptors Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles, neuromediator Mitochondria

In – neurons 1011 (100 trillions) Synapses – 1015 (quadrillions) Neuromediators •Acetylcholine •Noradrenaline •Serotonin •GABA •Endorphin •Encephalin •P substance •Neuronal nitric oxide

Adrenergic ending. There are many 50-nm-diameter vesicles (arrow) with dark, electron-dense cores containing norepinephrine. x40,000. Cell Types of Neuroglia - – Ependimocytes - Astrocytes – a part of hemoencephalic barrier Oligodendrocytes Ependimocytes and microglial cells

Microglia represent the endogenous brain defense and immune system, which is responsible for CNS protection against various types of pathogenic factors. After invading the CNS, microglial precursors disseminate relatively homogeneously throughout the neural tissue and acquire a specific phenotype, which clearly distinguish them from their precursors, the blood-derived monocytes. The ´resting´ microglia are the fastest moving cells in the brain Neuroglia in peripheral nervous system

CNS PNS

Neuronal lemmocytes (Schwann cells) Nerve fiber: myelinated and unmyelinated Impulse propagation speed: 0,5-120 m/s A, B, C types of nerve fibers Parts of Nervous System

General definitions in neuroanatomy Meninges on spinal cord , arachnoid and Epidural and subdural spaces Meninges on spinal cord Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater Epidural and subdural spaces Meninges on brain: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Meninges on brain: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Meninges on Brain: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Falx cerebri and Tentorium cerebeli Venal sinuses

Meninges on Brain: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Arachnoid villi, granulationes arachnoideae

Meninges: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Meninges: Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

Subarachnoidal space Liquor or (CSF)

Interpedicular cisterna

Cisterna magna or cerebellomedulary cisterna and Brain ventricles Lateral, Third and Fourth Interventricular foramen Lateral and median apertures 4th ventricle and Tela charoidea Cerebrospinal fluid Choroid plexus and Tela charoidea Cerebrospinal fluid Neuronal organization CNS: : nuclei and cortex, functional nuclei : pathways, fascicles Neuronal organization PNS: Ganglia and Internal structure White matter: pathway (tractus), loop (, ansa), decussatio, chiasma, stria. of Spinal Cord Anatomy of Spinal Cord Conus medularis up to L2 Spinal cord

Conus medularis, L2 Filum terminale SPINAL CORD External anatomy Cervical and lumbar enlargements; Anterior median fissure, Posterior median groove or , Posterior and anterior lateral sulci. SPINAL CORD External anatomy

Anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) roots, Spinal or , Spinal nerve and its anterior and posterior branches . SPINAL CORD External anatomy

Cauda equina Segments of spinal cord

C1-8 Th1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Co1 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD Central canal; Grey matter: anterior3, posterior4 and lateral5 horns and columns (in lat., cornua anteriora, posteriora et laterale; columna anteriora, posteriora et intermedia), Central intermedial substance (in lat., substantia intermedia seu gelatinosa centralis)

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD Grey matter: anterior, posterior and lateral horns and columns (cornua anteriora, posteriora et laterale; columna anteriora, posteriora et intermedia)

Pars cervicalis Pars thoracica Pars lumbalis Principal Neuronal Organization in Spinal Cord INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD marginalis, Grey matter: and temperature Sub.gelatinosa, signal transmission nucleus nuclei and/or laminae by Bror Rexed Pain and temperature signal transmission nucleus Nucleus proprius, I Sensation of skin Nucleus dorsalis (C8-L2) basilaris. Nucleus Proprioreception of the upper intermediolateralis and lower limbs Sympathetic nucleus IV (S2-4: Nucl.parasympathicus). (Parasympathetic) V VI

VII X Nuclei VIII Substantia intermedia centralis. posteromedialis Nucleus of commissural neurons composing et centralis. commissura alba Associate neurons and descending pathways IX Nucleus intermediomedianalis interaction nucleus Sensation of internal organs Bror Rexed (June 19, 1914 - August 21, 2002) was a Swedish and professor Nuclei mediales et laterales. at Uppsala University. Internationally, he is best known today for his development of the system now known as . Motor nucleus of muscles of trunk and Rexed B (1952). "The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the cat.". limbs J Comp Neurol 96 (3): 414-95. SPINAL CORD LAMINAE BY BROR REXED GREY MATTER

NUCLEAR ORGANIZATION OF SPINAL NEURONS GREY MATTER

NUCLEAR ORGANIZATION OF SPINAL NEURONS INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD

White matter: anterior, posterior and lateral funiculae ( anterior, lateralis et posterior) White matter Anterior, posterior and lateral funiculae; Funiculus anterior, lateralis et posterior. Ascending and descending pathways; Funiculus proprius INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD

White matter: anterior, posterior and lateral funiculae (funiculus anterior, lateralis et posterior) Ascending and descending pathways; funiculus proprius Internal anatomy. White matter: ascending-afferent pathways

Gracile fasciculus – tactile and proprioceptive sensations Cuneate fasciculus - tactile and proprioceptive sensations Spinothalamic tracts – pain and temperature sensation Spinocerebellar tracts – proprioceptive sensation Internal anatomy. White matter: descending-efferent pathways Pyramidal and extra- pyramidal pathways

Lateral and anterior - striated muscles – and – unconditioned reflexes of skeletal muscles related to vision and hearing – regulation of equilibrium (balance)