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Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves (1,5,7,8,9,10,11 and 12) Slides not included 9th and 10th Cranial 11th and 12th Cranial 8th Cranial Nerve 5th and 7th Cranial 1st Cranial Nerve Nerves Nerves Nerves (3,7,11,12,13,21,23,24) - (10,16) (12,23) Slides included: (14 to 17) *Slides that are not included mostly are slides of summaries or pictures. Nouf Alabdulkarim. Med 435 Olfactory Nerve [The 1st Cranial Nerve] Special Sensory Olfactory pathway 1st order neuron Receptors Axons of 1st order Neurons Olfactory receptors are specialized, ciliated nerve cells The axons of these bipolar cells 12 -20 fibers form the that lie in the olfactory epithelium. true olfactory nerve fibers. Which passes through the cribriform plate of ethmoid → They join the olfactory bulb Preliminary processing of olfactory information It is within the olfactory bulb, which contains interneurones and large Mitral cells; axons from the latter leave the bulb to form the olfactory tract. nd 2 order neuron • It is formed by the Mitral cells of olfactory bulb. • The axons of these cells form the olfactory tract. • Each tract divides into 2 roots at the anterior perforated substance: Lateral root Medial root Carries olfactory fibers to end in cortex of the Uncus & • crosses midline through anterior commissure adjacent part of Hippocampal gyrus (center of smell). and joins the uncrossed lateral root of opposite side. • It connects olfactory centers of 2 cerebral hemispheres. • So each olfactory center receives smell sensation from both halves of nasal cavity. NB. Olfactory pathway is the only sensory pathway which reaches the cerebral cortex without passing through the Thalamus . Trigeminal Nerve [The 5th Cranial Nerve] Mixed Nuclei Trigeminal Branches Ganglion The 5th nerve emerges from the middle of the ventral surface of the pons by 2 roots (Large Lateral sensory root & small medial motor root). Divides into 3 divisions (dendrites of trigeminal ganglion): Principal 1. Ophthalmic Mesenceph (main) Spinal (Pure Sensory) 2. Maxillary Motor nucleus 3. Mandibular alic nucleus sensory nucleus Site: Axons of cells of motor (Pure Sensory) (Mixed) nucleus -Occupies a nucleus join only the Supplies: depression in mandibular division. the middle 1. Upper 2. Face: Motor Sensory cranial fossa. teeth, gums (zygomaticofa Branche 3. Branches: -Importance: & maxillary cial & s: 2. Nasocilia Contains cell 1. air sinus: infraorbital Lacrimal: ry: (midbrain (pons): (pons, (pons): bodies: 1. Frontal: (posterior, nerves). 1. Lingual: supplies supplies &pons): receives medulla & supplies: Whose supplies middle & receives General dendrites carry skin of skin of anterior sensations from receives touch fibers upper 2-3 -Four Muscles skin of superior anterior 2/3 the propriocepti from face & cervical of mastication sensations from face & face, to 8 face & alveolar of tongue. ve fibers scalp segments of (temporalis, the face. lacrimal nasal muscles scalp. nerves). 2. Inferior from spinal masseter, 2. Whose axons gland. cavity & alveolar: (4 muscles of cord): medial & form the eyeball. supplies Lower muscles mastication. receives lateral sensory root of teeth, gums & of pain & pterygoid). trigeminal face. masticat 3. Buccal: ion & temperatur -Other four nerve. supplies Face other 4 e sensations muscles (cheek on upper muscles) from face & (Anterior belly They pass through superior jaw) . 4. scalp. of digastric, orbital fissure to the orbit mylohyoid, Auriculotemporal: tensor palati & supplies auricle, temple, parotid gland & TMJ. Facial Nerve [The 7th Cranial Nerve] Mixed Nuclei Course Branches Nerve Lesions tensor Special General Special tympani). In facial canal: visceral visceral Damage of the visceral 1.Greater petrosal 3.Nerve to efferent: efferent: 2.Chorda tympani facial nerve results afferent: nerve stapedius motor nucleus superior in paralysis of (nucleus carries: of facial salivatory muscles of facial solitarius): a) preganglionic expressions: nerve: nucleus carries parasympathetic control the sends Facial (Bell’s) supplies: preganglionic fibers to amplitude of preganglionic palsy; lower motor muscles of -Emerges from the cerebellopontine parasympathetic submandibular & sound waves parasympathet neuron lesion face, posterior fibers to lacrimal, sublingual from the external ic secretory angle by 2 roots: nasal & palatine glands. environment to (whole face receives taste belly of fibers to 1. Medial motor root: contains motor glands. b) taste fibers the inner ear. affected) from the digastric, sublingual, fibers. from anterior 2/3 anterior 2/3 stylohyoid, submandibula 2. Lateral root (nervous of tongue. • NB. In upper of tongue platysma, r, lacrimal, intermedius): contains Geniculate ganglion: contains cell bodies of neurones; its motor neuron stapedius, and nasal & fibres carrying taste sensations from anterior 2/3 of tongue; lesion (upper face occipitofrontal parasympathetic & taste fibers. palatine -Passes through internal auditory ending in solitary nucleus in M.O. is intact). is. glands. meatus to inner ear where it runs in Lies in internal acoustic meatus. Just as it emerges from the stylomastoid -Face is distorted: Fibers facial canal. - Drooping of foramen it gives: Then emerges from the stylomastoid lower eyelid, 1.Posterior auricular 2.Muscular branches Special Special General foramen & enters the parotid gland - Sagging of to occipitofrontalis visceral visceral visceral where it ends. to posterior belly of mouth angle, muscle. afferent efferent efferent digastric & stylohyoid. - Dribbling of saliva, supplying - Loss of facial parasympathet carrying supplying expressions, ic secretory Inside parotid gland: taste muscles - Loss of chewing, fibers to gives 5 terminal motor branches: Temporal, sensation developed - Loss of blowing, submandibula from from the 2nd Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular & Cervical - Loss of sucking, r, sublingual, anterior 2/3 pharyngeal To the muscles of the face. - Unable to show lacrimal, nasal of the tongue. arch. teeth or close the & palatine eye on that side. glands Vestibulo-Cochlear [The 8th Cranial Nerve] Special sensory Vestibular Nerve Cochlear Nerve Vestibular & cochlear parts leave the ventral surface of brain stem through the ponto-medullary sulcus ‘at crebello-pontine angle’ (lateral to facial nerve), run laterally in posterior cranial fossa and enter the internal acoustic meatus along with 7th nerve. Vestibular nuclei belong to special somatic afferent column in brain stem. Cochlear nuclei belong to special somatic afferent column in brain stem. Medial Vestibulospina Vestibular Auditory Pathway Other Functions Afferent Efferent Longitudinal Afferent *Check the picture in the slides it l Tracts Cortex Fasciculus helps. of some nuclei The cell bodies Function: Extends through •Vestibulospinal The cell bodies From the cochlear nuclei, 2nd order • Superior olivary (1st order 1. control of out the brain fibers influence (1st order neurons) neurons, fibers ascend into the pons, nucleus sends olivocochlear neurons) are posture stem and formed the activity of are located in the where: fibers to end in organ of located in the 2. maintenance of of both spinal motor spiral ganglion 1- Most fibers cross the midline in Corti through the vestibular equilibrium descending & neurons trapezoid body and terminate in the within the cochlea vestibulocochlear nerve. ganglion within 3. co-ordination ascending fibers • concerned nucleus of trapezoid body or in the (organ of Corti in These fibers are inhibitory in the internal of head Projects with the Located in contralateral superior olivary nucleus. inner ear). function and serve to auditory meatus. 4. eye bilaterally control of the lower 2- Some fibers run ipsilaterally and 1-The Peripheral modulate transmission of 1-The movements • Has two body posture part of terminate in the superior olivary nucleus processes: make • From the superior olivary nuclei, sound to the cochlear nerve. Peripheral 5. the conscious components: and balance postcentral dendritic contact ascending fibers comprise the lateral • Superior olivary processes: awareness of 1-The ascending • Two tracts: gyrus with hair cells of lemniscus. containg both crossed (mainly) nucleus & the nucleus of (vestibular nerve vestibular component -Lateral (head the organ of Corti and direct (few) cochlear fibres, which the lateral lemniscus fibers) make stimulation. (vestibulo- arises from area). within the cochlear runs through tegmentum of pons and establish reflex connections dendritic contact They Are: ocular): lateral terminate in the inferior colliculus of the Responsib duct of the inner with motor neurons of with hair cells of 1. To ipsilateral establishes vestibular mdibrain (3rd order neurones). ear. trigeminal and facial motor the membranous flocculonodular connections with (Deiter’s) le for • Some axons within lateral lemniscus 2-The central nuclei mediating contraction labyrinth (inner lobe of the nuclei of the nucleus, conscious terminate in small nucleus of the lateral processes: of tensor tympani and ear). cerebellum Occulomotor, descends awareness lemniscus • The inferior colliculi project (cochlear nerve to medial geniculate nuclei (4th order stapedius muscles as They 2- The central (vestibulocerebell Trochlear & ipsilaterally of fibers) terminate in neurones) of thalamus reduce the amount of sound processes: ar tract) through Abducent nerves -Medial is the vestibular the dorsal and • The axons originating from the medial that gets into the inner ear (form the inferior (motor nuclei for descending sensation. ventral cochlear geniculate nucleus (auditory
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