accommodating space tourism and related activities Koen Hoofd MSc 3 & 4 - Explorelab studio Faculty of Architecture Del! University of Technology September - 2014 Mentor team: Robert Nottrot (design) Suzanne Groenewold-Stengs (building technology) John Heintz (research) Contents 27 Requirements 5 Preface 28 Hygiene 6 Introduction 28 Toilet 6 1900 29 Experimentation 7 2000 29 Getting around inside in the station 7 Discussion 30 Astronaut speci" c activities 7 Setup of the research 30 Work/ Research 9 50 years of space exploration 30 Requirements 9 R-7 booster rocket (1960 - current day) 31 Exercise & Yoga 9 Early American rockets (1960 - 1966) 31 Requirements 9 Saturn (1967 - 1981) 31 Yoga 10 Space Transportation System - Space shuttle (1981 - 2011) 32 Space sports 10 Mir (1986 - 2001) 32 ! e Basics 10 International Space Station (2001 - 2024/2028) 32 ! ree-dimensional movements 11 Long march 2f / Changzheng 2F (1999 - current day) 32 Movement trajectory 11 Tiangong (2011 - future) 32 Launching teammates (tactics) 11 Space Launch System (2017) 33 Movement based 11 Private space exploration 33 Athletics 11 Virgin Galactic 33 Gymnastics 11 Bigelow 33 Racing - jumping 12 SpaceX 34 Contact sports 13 ! e future of space exploration and the market for space tourism 34 Wrestling 15 Scenario’s 34 Martial arts 16 General microgravity activities and requirements 34 Ball sports 16 Docking and arrival 34 Billiards / pool / snooker 16 Speci" cations 35 Dodge ball - Hand ball 16 Science " ction 35 Rugby 16 Realised predecessors 35 Space Squash 17 Requirements 36 Baseball 17 Instructions 36 Outdoors and indoors 17 Speci" cations 36 Water sports 17 Requirements 37 Future sports 18 Space walk 37 Ender’s Game 18 Astronauts 38 Quidditch 18 Tourists 40 Possibilities, Limitations, Risks and Requirements 18 General 40 Size 19 APU 40 Shape 19 Canadarm 40 Square or spherical 19 Requirements 41 Orientation 20 Procedure 41 Internal and External reference 21 Eating 42 Orientation in Sports 21 Requirements 43 Full-court / Half-court 23 Sleeping 44 Arti" cial gravity 23 Sleeping bags 45 Light 23 Sleeping pods 46 Arti" cial light 24 Requirements 46 Positioning in space 24 Window gazing 46 Movements, mass and force 25 Astronaut and Tourist 47 Interior materials 25 View at the stars 48 Hygiene 25 ! e overview e# ect 48 Sound 26 When to view 49 Training facilities 26 Requirements 49 Grip 27 Acrobatics 49 Holding position 49 Regular grips Preface 49 Providing grip for movement 51 Architectural requirements and design brief 51 Private space 51 Description 51 Spatial requirements 51 Lighting 51 Sleeping " e performed research that lies in front of you is done to build a case for the design of a tourist 52 Communications space station as a masters degree graduation project at the Faculty of Architecture of the Del# 52 Entrance University of Technology. 52 Grip A graduation project that took almost two years of time, on a proposed duration of a single 52 Orientation year. " is reason for the extended time period lies in the nature of the project and the required 53 Hygienic knowledge of a lot of factors that are otherwise part of the standard body of knowledge of an 53 Common room architecture graduate student, but not in a project that evolves around architecture in outer space, a 53 Requirements location that poses so many di$ erent problems to creating habitation than on Earth. 53 Grip 54 Research While we can see that living in space is possible and has been possible for 50 years already, there has 54 Requirements always been a huge amount of attention to the technical feasibility, making things possible, in space 54 Space experience room tourism the focus should shi# towards the experience of the inhabitants meaning larger interior 55 Experimentation and space gym volumes, larger windows, calm environments, all characteristics that are currently very limited in 55 Requirements space exploration. Obviously this has to do with the aim of the current exploration, but with a new 55 Lighting aim new principles should arise, and this is what this research has aimed for. 55 Dressing rooms " is research helped to % nd the human and design aspects of architecture that where lost by doing 56 Requirements a project in space instead of in a project in the normal % eld of gravity, a project with little to no 56 Docking & decompression predecessors especially in the science-fact area of the space tourist exploration. 56 Requirements 56 Control room and Installations As there is little known about space exploration for tourists, the whole future of space exploration 57 Hallways is quite uncertain in both scenario and requirements. Working with these requirements has been a 57 Program parameters tough challenge, though the research conclusions on the way architecture should cope with a known 58 Architectural representation user and a new user in this speci% c environment can be used in any scenario for the future of space 58 Astronaut space exploration habitations. " e results can be used by others as a starting point for designing and gives speci% c 59 Tourist architecture guides to spaces in relation to human being and in relation to each other. 59 Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar 60 Cubic Grid During the process, the research and design have long been disconnected on a fundamental level, 61 " ree space typologies though the activities provided a basic program, the actual % tting of human beings in a spatial model 61 Type 1 - Hallway and drawings has taken quite some time to evolve, % nally when they came together both have made 62 Type 2 - Cabins a giant leap into % nishing both the research and the design. 63 Type 3 - Omnidirectional As architecture is about form, dimensions, spaces and experiences, they require basic principles 64 Conclusions that go much further than a global program and activity schedule. A principle that only came about 66 " ought for architectural consideration whilst working on both the design and research at the same time, in a fashion to combine them and 67 Literature make them communicate. Early design can be seen as spatial research that has further advanced the 69 Appendix A : Around the world in 90 minutes focussing of the research. 72 Appendix B : Two week itinerary " e project is % nished under supervision of Robert Nottrot (main mentor), Suzanne Groenewold- Stengs (Building technology mentor) and John Heintz (Research mentor) with earlier support of Nimish Biloria and Huib Plomp, who I all have to thank for their guidance during the entire project. - Koen Hoofd Introduction (2) Stanford-Torus and (3) two O’Neill Cylinders. In the early 90’s NASA Ames Research Center redesigned the O’Neill cylinder to house 3000 Fictional space habitation history inhabitants, the cylinder, called the Lewis One, with a diameter of 500 m and a length of 325 m would be just enough to overcome problems that occur with pseudo gravity. Smaller cylinders are researched and found to be disorienting as they spin with roughly 3 rpm. In recent years, with new material developments the radius of possible ring worlds have expanded within the possible range, especially featuring the Bishop-ring. An enlarged O’Neill ring worlds built Space travel has eluded mankind ever since the ! rst mentioning of travelling to space by Jonathan of Bucky-! bres (carbon nano tubes) to expand the size to a 2000 km diameter. # e inner part of this Swi" in his book Gulliver’s travels (1726), in which he describes a levitating habitat called Laputa. theoretical ring is composed of 200 km of Atmosphere and 1600 km of space before reaching the # e $ ying world levitates by magnetic force and has a diameter of 6km. # e most notable next step other side of the ring’s atmosphere. All atmosphere is kept in place by the pseudo gravity generated in ! ctional space exploration and space habitation is in the book From Earth to the Moon (1864) by the rings rotation. by Jules Verne. For the ! rst time he actually wrote about the technical di% culties of space travel Another design that uses nano-tubes is known as the McKendree Cylinder, the design based on the in relation to vacuum of space and the absence of gravity. He therefore settled on a lunar $ y-by, Island # ree model of O’Neill has roughly 20x the length and radius of it’s predecessor. shot from a canon of the Earth’s surface, as this would most notably be the most feasible ! rst step in space travel. Shortly a" er, in 1869, Edwad Everett Hale describes the ! rst manned space station 2000 when he envisioned a ‘brick-moon’ which would be used as a naval beacon but as it was launched Even now the ideas of spinning space habitats is being seen as the most productive way of settling took people with it by accident. in space. As referring to the Kaplana-1 (2007) by Bryan Versteeg, based heavily on the Lewis One NASA concept of the early nineties. 1900 # e space wheel has made it’s into modern science-! ction with an appearance in the recently (2013) One of the ! rst to seriously consider space habitation was Konstantin Tsiolkovksy, a Russian rocket produced ! lm Elysium, where the space wheel is habited by the rich and planet Earth by the poor. scientist, who is mostly known for his book Beyond the Planet Earth also known as Outside the # e o+ -Earth world is a modern reiteration of the space wheel design by O’Neill and his team in Earth (1920). In his view man would ! rst have to inhabit space just outside of the Earth before going their Island-Two rendition. to the moon and Mars.