Etnias De Guinea Ecuatorial: Los Bantu 98 2.2.1

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Etnias De Guinea Ecuatorial: Los Bantu 98 2.2.1 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE BELLAS ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE ESCULTURA TESIS DOCTORAL “Visión" y conocimiento : el arte Fang de Guinea Ecuatorial MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Víctor Borrego Nadal DIRIGIDA POR Francisco Toledo Sánchez Madrid, 2001 ISBN: 978-84-8466-163-4 ©Víctor Borrego Nadal, 1994 UI¶VERSIIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE BELLAS ARTES Departamento de Escultura BIELIOTECA U.O.M. III¡¡II 1110 III 1 III~HIIIUIBMIII 5308328784 “VISION” Y CONOCIMIENTO: EL ARTE FANG DE GUINEA ECUATORIAL U tASI Víctor Borrego Nadal Tesis doctoral dirigida por el Dr. Francisco Toledo MADRID 1994 Para Alejandra, mi tribu que en aquellos días se quedo de luz. INDICE PRESENTACION .1 O. INTRODUCCION .5 0.1. AUTOCRíTICA ¶ 0.2. PLANTEAMIENTO II ia PARTE. SI: LA TIERRA 1. LA GUINEA ESPAÑOLA 16 1.1. ESPLENDORES Y MISERIAS DE UNA COLONIA OLVIDADA. l6 1.2. IRADIER 20 1.2.1. Primer viaje 2] 1.2.2. Segundo viaje 24 1,3, SíNTESIS HISTORICA: CRONOLOGíA 28 2. EL PAíS Y SUS GENTES 50 2.1. TIERRA ECUATOGUINEANA 2.1.1 Las islas 90 2.1.2. La zona continental 54 2.1.3. El clima 55 2.1.4. La selva 96 2.2. ETNIAS DE GUINEA ECUATORIAL: LOS BANTU 98 2.2.1. Les Bubis 59 2.2.2. Annoboneses 59 2.2.3. Tribus playeras 59 2.2.4. Otras etnias 63 . 2.3. LOS FANO. 64 2.3.1. Origen 64 2,3.2. Subtribus 67 2.3.3. Particularidades raciales 68 2.3.4. Organización familiar 69 2.3.5. Economía y Medios de subsistencia 77 2.3.6. Los Jefes y la Justicia 85 20 PARTE. SO: LA LUNA 3. SABIDURIA MATERIAL DE LOS BANTU 87 3.1. ViSION DEL MUNDO. 87 3.1.1, El lenguaje de las cosas 88 3.1.2. El Orden natural 91 3.1.3. Arte y Emoción 92 3.1.4. El mundo Banti a la luz de] pensamiento Oriental 94 3.1.5. Apariencias y evidencias 97 3.1.6. Arte sagrado 99 3.1.7. Rito y Mito 101 3,2. PENSAMIENTO SIMBOLICO 103 3.3. CIENCIA BANTU: LA MIRADA COMO FORMA DE CONOCIMIENTO .... 106 3.4. ESPIRITUALIDAD FANO 109 3.4.1. Variaciones sobre el concepto de “A]ma” 109 3.4.2. Tótem o Elenga 112 3.4.3. Dios 113 3.4.4. Leyendas sobre el origen de los Tiempos 115 4. HECHICERíA FANO 117 4.1. EL ARTE Y LA MAGIA 117 4.1.1. Les objetos sagrados como generadores de Fuerza 119 4.2. BRUJOS Y CURANDEROS. 121 4.2.1. Les Beyén 125 4.2.2. El .Evú 128 4.2.3. Les Nganga 131 4.2.4. La Noche oscura’ 134 4.2.5. La vocación de Cornelio 135 . 4.2,6. Fantasías y sueños de Mamá Tiff 138 4.3. “MEDICINA” FANG • . 142 4.3.1. Eki o prohibiciones ¡43 4.3.2. Técnicas de la ‘Medicina” Fang 145 4.3.3. Amuletos fi . ¡49 4.4. SECTAS Y SOCIEDADES SECRETAS ¡54 4.4.1. Corporaciones profesionales 1% 4.4.1.1. El Mboni-nve, juglar Fang 4.4.2. Asociaciones de protección I5~ 4.4.2.1. El Só ¡6(3 4.4.2.2. Ngui [62 4.4.2.3. Digoles ¡66 4.4.2.4. Mibílí o Minzbirí 1(0 4.4.2.5. “Mademuaselle” o NJkfi¿p.nsisim (espíritu limpio) ¡68 4.4.3. Sociedades de brujos 4.5.ELMBUETJ J71 4.5.1. Origen y desarrollo del Mimen en Guinea Ecuatorial 172 4.5.2. Generalidades 174 4.5.3. Terminología ritual del Mbudñ 179 4.5.4. Doctrinas del Mbueii 183 4.5.5. El Iboga 189 4.5.6. La iniciación ¡ <>2 4.5.7. Otras ceremonias 196 4.6. ESCULTORES DE LA MATERIA DEL SUEÑO. 198 38 PARTE. SA: EL SOL 5. TECNICAS ARTESANALES FANO I<>1) 5.1. EL MUSEO DE SANTA ]SABEL ... ‘<JI> 5.2. CERAMICA 201 5.2.1. Proceso de fabricación de la olla Mvé 2(3! 5.2.2. Tipos de piezas 2<36 5.3. CESTERíA 207 5.3.1. El materia] 207 5.3.2. Proceso de fabricación de la cesta Ncué 208 5.3.3. Tipos de cestas 211 5.4. TRAMPAS 213 5.4.1. Proceso de fabricación de las trampas para pájaros: Ncuas y Mbong-ncuas 213 5.4.2. Tipos de trampas 21V 5.5. TEJIDOS 220 5.5.1. Proceso de fabricación de] tejado de nipa 221 5.6. LA FRAGUA FANG 224 5.6.1. Procedimiento tradicional para la obtención del hierro 224 5.6.2. La fundición del bronce 227 5.6.3. Tecnología y ritual 229 5.6.4. Proceso de fabricación de una punta de lanza 236 5.6.5. Tipología de la ferretería Fang 239 5.7. CARPINTERíA 242 5.8. iNSTRUMENTOS MUSICALES 244 5.8.1. La percusión 244 5.8.2. Instrumentos de cuerda y de pulsación 247 5.8.3. Instrumentos de viento 250 5.9. ARMAS 25 1 5.9.1. La ballesta Mbang 252 5.10. ARQUITEcTURA Y CONSTRUCCION 254 5.10.1. El poblado 254 5.10.2. La casa 256 5.10.3. La cocina 257 5.10.4. La “casa de la palabra” 258 5.11. JUEGOS. 260 5.11.1. Juegos de reglas sin accesorios materiales 263 5.11.2. Juegos de reglas con accesorios materiales 265 5.11.3. Juguetes 270 5.11.4. Proceso de fabricación de un camión de médula 273 6. ARTE FANG TRADICIONAL 284 6.1. LA ESTATUARIA FANO 284 6.1.1. El escultor del clan 285 6.1.2. La técnica de la Talla 287 6.2. BIERÍ Y MELIN 28’) 6.2.1. La figura del Bien 289 6.2.2. La ceremonia del Melan 295 6.2.2.1. El guardián del Bied 297 6.2.2.2. La iniciación Ku Melan 298 6.3. OTRAS MODALIDADES DE LA ESTATUARIA 3<>> 6.3.1. Máscaras 3(14 6.3.1.1. La máscara Ngon-N¡ang 6.3.2. Esculturas sobre materiales no usuales 3(s) 7. ANALISIS DE LOS BIERI DE LOS MUSEOS ESPAÑOLES 7.1. ANALISIS FORMALES 312 7.1.1. Alternativas al método de Perrois 312 7.1.2. Génesis de los estilos 317 7.1.3. Procedimiento de Análisis 320 7.1.4. Prototipo “Clásico” 328 7.2. ANALISIS SIMBOLICOS 334 7.2.1. Introducción 334 7.2.2. La proporción de un tercio 33<., 7.2.2.1. Trinidades en cl esoterismo occidental 331< 7.2.2.2. El mortero annobones 34(1 7.2.2.3. El Mbuer¡ 343 7.2.3. Tessmann y la Cosmogonía Tripartita Fang 345 7.2.3.1. La Fuerza de Organización 347 7.2.3.2. La Esencia Corporal 34$ 7.2.3.3. La Esencia Espiritual 349 7.2.4. La trinidad en la Teogonía Fang 35<.) 7.2.5. La división umbilical 35’ 7.2.6. ¿Anciano o recién nacido9 352 7.2.7. Modelo para una síntesis simbólica: El ciclo existencial 7.3. IMAGENES 3<~ ¡ 7.3.1. Piezas del Museo Etnológico de Madrid 361 7.3.2. Piezas del Museo Etnológico de BarceloJona 409 CONCLUSION EN EL PAíS DE LOS FANG 4.52 APENDICE 8. ARTE AETUAL EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL 45! 8.1 EL ULTIMO ARTE TRADICIONAL FANG. 452 8.1,1. Ndutumu Singho 455 8.2. LA ESCUELA EUROPEAII 457 8.2.1. Gené el “africano 458 8.2.1.1. PresentaciÓn 459 8.2.1.2. Biografía 459 8.2.1.3. Tras la pista de Gené 47<> 8.2.1.4. ¿Por que se mantiene oculta su obra póstuma9 473 8.2.1.5. Influencia de Cené 485 8.2.2, Eva Alcaide 48ñ 8.2.2.1. Biografía 487 8.3. ARTISTAS GUINEANOS CONTEMPORANEOS ‘19(1 8.3.1. Tradición Folk]orismo y Arte actual ‘¡9<> 8.3.2. La Tradición: Maestros y visionarios 4~0 8.3.2.2. Eclipe Osaá 49! 8.3.2.3. Manuel Michá 499 8.3.3. Artesanía y Souvenir 5(13 8.3.3.1. Artesanos de la carretera de Mbini 505 8.3.3.2. La pintura comercial 5(s) 8.3.4. Artistas profesionales 8.3.4.1. Leoncio Evita 2 8.3.4.2. Benjamín Ehang 52(> 8.3.4.3. Gutliy-Mamac: Historias de Annobon 523 8.3.4.4. Leandro Mbomio 527 8.3.4.4.1. Biograrla 528 8.3.4.4.2. Fragmo¡~íos de una entrevista 529 8.3.4.5. Otros artistas 533 84. CONCLUS ION 53<) 8.5. TRADICION Y VANGUARDIA 540 BIBLIOGRAFIA 942 PRESENTACION Una mañana de primavera en el Cabo de Gata, el punto ,nds extremo del litoral almeriense, después de un sueño largo y profundo ¿leí que despierto sin rastro de recuerdos, me he levantado, desayunado y sin premeditación alguna, me he sentado a la máquina para empezar a escribir el prólogo de un trabajo aplazado durante años inexplicablemente. Ayerpor la tarde conversaba con una vieja del lugar sobre Zas “cosas de los antiguos”... algo que dormía en las despensas de la memoria debió salir de su sueño y el mecanismo que hace avanzar las cosas se puso en marcha. La curiosidad por la tradición tropieza con el muro crecte~Uedcl olvido de las generaciones, nos asimos a los viejos como quien se encaramo a una escalera para alcanzar a ver un espectáculo ... y a medida que los años pasan los escalones se multiplican. La cadena de generaciones resulta tan abismal cuando se vuelve la vista hacia los orígenes que no deja de sorprendemos la fidelidad a sus modelos dc la mayoría de las historias de estos viejos, probablemente los últimos testigos de la antigua sabiduría.
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