Quarter II: AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC CONTENT STANDARDS The learner demonstrates understanding of... 1. Characteristic features of Afro-Latin American music and Popular music. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learner... 1. Performs vocal and dance forms of Afro-Latin American music and selections of Popular music. LEARNING COMPETENCIES The learner... 1. Observes dance styles, instruments, and rhythms of Afro Latin American and popular music through video, movies and live DEPEDperformances. COPY 2. Describes the historical and cultural background of Afro-Latin American and popular music. 3. Listens perceptively to Afro-Latin American and popular music. 4. Dances to different selected styles of Afro-Latin American and popular music. 5. Analyzes musical characteristics of Afro-Latin American and popular music. 6. Sings selections of Afro-Latin American and popular music in appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and expression. 7. Explores ways of creating sounds on a variety of sources suitable to chosen vocal and instrumental selections. 8. Improvises simple vocal/instrumental accompaniments to selected songs. 9. Choreographs a chosen dance music. 10. Evaluates music and music performances using knowledge of musical elements and style. From the Department of Education curriculum for MUSIC Grade 10 (2014) 37 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. MUSIC Quarter II MUSIC OF AFRICA usic has always been an important part in the daily life of the African, whether for Mwork, religion, ceremonies, or even communication. Singing, dancing, hand clapping and the beating of drums are essential to many African ceremonies, including those for birth, death, initiation, marriage, and funerals. Music and dance are also important to religious expression and political events. However, because of its wide influences on global music that has permeated contemporary American, Latin American, and European styles, there has been a growing interest in its own cultural heritage and musical sources. Of particular subjects of researches are its rhythmic structures and spiritual characteristics that have led to the birth of jazz forms. African music has been a collective result from the cultural and musical diversity of the more than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this continent is a colonial legacy from European rule of the different nations up to the end of the 19th century, whose vastness has enabled it to incorporate its music with language, environment, political developments, immigration, and cultural diversity. TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA African traditional music is largely functional in nature, used primarily in ceremonial DEPEDrites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, COPY and spirit invocations. Others are work related or social in nature, while many traditional societies view their music as entertainment. It has a basically interlocking structural format, due mainly to its overlapping and dense textural characteristics as well as its rhythmic complexity. Its many sources of stylistic influence have produced varied characteristics and genres. Some Types of African Music Afrobeat Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with black American music. Apala (Akpala) Apala is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. Percussion instrumentation includes the rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo), bell (agogo), and two or three talking drums. Yoruba Apala Musicians 38 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. Afro-Latin American and Popular Music Axe Axe is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro- Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso. Jit Jit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums with guitar accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles. Jive Jive is a popular form of South African music DEPEDfeaturing a lively and uninhibited variation of theCOPY jitterbug, a form of swing dance. Juju Juju is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or squeeze drum). 39 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. MUSIC Quarter II Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa is a dance style begun in Zaire in the late 1980’s, popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the hips move back and forth while the arms move following the hips. Marabi Marabi is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African Jazz. Possessing a keyboard style combining American jazz, ragtime and blues with African roots, it is characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period of time to allow the dancers more time on the dance floor. DEPEDLATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICANCOPY MUSIC Reggae Reggae is a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums. It refers to a particular music style that was strongly influenced by traditional mento and calypso music, as well as American jazz, and rhythm and blues. The most recognizable musical elements of reggae are its offbeat rhythm and staccato chords. Salsa Salsa music is Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian dance music. It comprises various musical genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo and bolero. 40 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. Afro-Latin American and Popular Music Samba Samba is the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is a lively and rhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar, making the Samba feel like a timed dance. There is a set 4of dances—rather than a single dance—that define the Samba dancing scene in Brazil. Thus,4 no one dance can be claimed with certainty as the “original” Samba style. DEPEDSoca COPY Soca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining “soul” and “calypso” music. Were This is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African and European music styles with particular usage of the natural harmonic series. Zouk Zouk is fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creole slang word for ‘party,’ originating in the Carribean Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the 1980’s. It has a pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka and tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played on the rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat, rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard synthesizers. 41 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. MUSIC Quarter II VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC Maracatu Maracatu first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythms of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu groups were called “nacoes” (nations) who paraded with a drumming ensemble numbering up to 100, accompanied by a singer, chorus, and a coterie of dancers. Maracatu dance Musical instruments used in Maracatu The Maracatu uses mostly percussion instruments such as the alfaia, tarol and caixa-de- guerra, gongue, agbe, and miniero. The alfaia is a large wooden drum that is rope-tuned, complemented by the tarol which is a shallow snare drum and the caixa-de-guerra which is a war-like snare. Providing the DEPEDclanging sound is the gongue, a metal cowbell. The shakersCOPY are represented by the agbe, a gourd shaker covered by beads, and the miniero or ganza, a metal cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or small dried seeds called “Lagrima fre Nossa Senhora.” Alfaia Drum Tarol Agbe Sakere Caixa Miniero or Ganza Gongue 42 All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. Afro-Latin American and Popular Music Blues The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African- American communities. These communities are located in the so-called “Deep South” of the United States. The slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields. The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful sound. The feelings that are evoked are normally associated with slight degrees of misfortune, lost love, frustration, or loneliness. From ecstatic joy to deep sadness, the blues can communicate various emotions more effectively than other musical forms. Noted performers of the Rhythm and Blues genre are Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee Hooker; as well as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter. Examples of blues music are the following: Early Mornin’, A House is Not a Home and Billie’s Blues. Ray Charles Soul DEPEDSoul music was a popular music genre of theCOPY 1950’s and 1960’s. It originated in the United States.