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Exploring Recipes for Higher Female Labour Force

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Exploring Recipes for Higher Female Labour Force A. ONUR KUTLU A. ONUR EXPLORING RECIPES FOR HIGHER FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION EXPLORING RECIPES FOR HIGHER FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION FORCE RECIPESFEMALE LABOUR PARTICIPATION FOREXPLORING HIGHER IN TURKEY: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTHERN EUROPE WITH A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH A QUALITATIVE A ANALYSIS COMPARATIVE WITH A Ph.D. Dissertation INSIGHTS FROM EUROPE SOUTHERN INSIGHTS by IN TURKEY: TURKEY: IN A. ONUR KUTLU Department of Political Science and Public Administration İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara Bilkent 2019 University March 2019 To my daughter EXPLORING RECIPES FOR HIGHER FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TURKEY: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTHERN EUROPE WITH A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by A. ONUR KUTLU In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA March 2019 ABSTRACT EXPLORING RECIPES FOR HIGHER FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN TURKEY: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTHERN EUROPE WITH A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Kutlu, A. Onur Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Tolga Bölükbaşı March 2019 Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece achieved remarkable increases in their FLFP rates as of the 1980s. Turkey, however, experienced constant decline for decades, and is still featuring sluggish rates. With such sluggish rates, Turkey has by far the lowest FLFP level for a very long time in Europe. Hence, with a configurational comparative analysis and comparative-historical case analysis, I aim to derive lessons for Turkey from other South European countries for the achievement of higher FLFP levels. I do so by relying on traditional common traits shared by these five countries of Southern Europe. Owing to the comparative advantage of exploring multiple configurational causation based on small-n comparison with the suitably comparable cases, this dissertation, consequently, unravels the South European pathways for a steeper FLFP rise. Such exploration relies on the application of the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as a method in this study. Following the analysis, I show that there exist two causal pathways to rising FLFP in Southern Europe. Either strong left party rule (Pathway I) or increasing childcare enrolment and university education among women and an expanding service sector i (Pathway II) can bring about steeper rise of FLFP in Turkey. This study shows the role of left parties in rising FLFP in Southern Europe, which has been rarely featured in the literature. Additionally, this research, relying an analysis on complex causal conjunctures, also shows the necessity of presence of conditions existing together to pull more women in the labour force. Keywords: Female Labour Force Participation, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Service Sector Employment, Social Care, Tertiary Education ii ÖZET TÜRKİYE’DE DAHA FAZLA KADIN İŞGÜCÜ KATILIMINA YÖNELİK ÇÖZÜMLERİ KEŞFETMEK: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI NİTEL ANALİZ İLE GÜNEY AVRUPA’DAN DERSLER Kutlu, A. Onur Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi H.Tolga Bölükbaşı Mart 2019 Portekiz, İspanya, İtalya ve Yunanistan, 1980'lerden itibaren kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarında kayda değer artışlar sağlamıştır. Ancak Türkiye, on yıllar boyunca sürekli bir düşüş yaşamıştır ve halihazırda ağır ilerleyen oranlar göstermektedir. Söz konusu düşük oranlar ile Türkiye, Avrupa'da çok uzun bir süredir en düşük kadın işgücüne katılım seviyesine sahiptir. Bu nedenle, nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz (QCA) ve karşılaştırmalı tarihsel analiz ile Türkiye’de daha yüksek kadın işgücüne katılım seviyelerinin elde edilmesi için diğer Güney Avrupa ülkelerinden ders çıkarmayı hedeflemekteyim. Bunu, bu beş Güney Avrupa ülkesi tarafından paylaşılan ortak özelliklere dayanarak yapmaktayım. Uygun şekilde karşılaştırılabilir durumlarla az sayıda örnekle yapılan karşılaştırmaya dayanan çoklu konfigürasyon nedenselliklerinin araştırılmasının karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğü nedeniyle, bu tez, sonuç olarak, daha dik bir kadın işgücüne katılım oranı artışına yönelik Güney Avrupa’nın izlediği yolları ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tür araştırma, nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz (QCA) uygulamasının bu çalışmada bir yöntem olarak uygulanmasına dayanmaktadır. Analizin ardından, Güney Avrupa'da yükselen kadın işgücüne katılım oranında iki nedensel yol olduğunu göstermektedir. Ya güçlü sol parti varlığı (Yol I) ya da erken dönem çocuk bakım kaydının artması ve kadınların üniversite eğitiminde artış ve iii genişleyen bir hizmet sektörü (Yol II), Türkiye'de kadın işgücüne katılım oranının daha da artmasını sağlayabilir. Bu çalışma, literatürde yeterince bahsedilmeyen sol partilerin Güney Avrupa’da kadın işgücüne katılımını artırmadaki rolünü göstermektedir. Ek olarak, karmaşık nedensel konjonktürler üzerine yapılan bir analize dayanan bu araştırma, aynı zamanda işgücüne daha fazla kadın çekmek için koşulların bir arada varolmasının gerekliliğini de göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hizmet Sektörü İstihdamı, Kadınların İşgücüne Katılım Oranı, Nitel Karşılaştırmalı Analiz (QCA), Sosyal Bakım, Yükseköğretim iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I truly believe that the greatest advantage that I had in the Ph.D. Program at Bilkent was to have Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Tolga Bolukbasi as my thesis supervisor. He has always been more than a supervisor throughout this journey, and I sincerely believe that his continuous support has made this thesis possible. His influence in my thinking, reading and writing will be my greatest asset, and this influence will definitely manifest in all of my future work. I would also like to thank my committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Saime Ozcurumez and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cagla Okten. They both provided guidance I needed in our committee meetings, and contributed to the advancement of this thesis with their valuable contributions. I would also like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the financial support they provided under 2211-A National Doctoral Fellowship Programme (BIDEB 2211) for my study. I also relied very much on my family’s support throughout this tough journey. My wife, Öznur Kutlu, has always been with me, and has always had the patience to listen each detail that I shared in this process. My mother and father, Nursel Kutlu and Tuncay Kutlu, my grandmother, Nilifer Kutlu, and my other beloved family members..They accompanied me in each phase of this journey and shared my stress, fatigue and excitement. I am grateful for their patience and support. Lastly, my daughter, who is not born yet… Thank you for the joy and happiness you already brought in to our lives during the final challenging phases of my Ph.D. study. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. i ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Emergence of ‘New Welfare States’ ............................................................................. 2 1.2. FLFP in Context: The ‘Middle-Income Trap’ .............................................................. 3 1.3. Constructing the Puzzle ................................................................................................ 4 1.4. From a Puzzle to Research Questions ........................................................................... 7 1.5. Methodology, Case Selection and Timeframe .............................................................. 8 1.6. Potentials (and Pitfalls) of QCA ................................................................................. 10 1.7. Contributions of This Dissertation .............................................................................. 12 1.8. Structure of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 CONDITIONS FOR HIGH FLFP: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART ................... 18 2.1. Streamlining Gender in Comparative Welfare State Regimes .................................... 20 2.1.1. Welfare State Regimes Debate and Its Critique ................................................... 20 2.1.2. From Regime Diversity to Conditions I and II: Political Party Configuration and Political Party Commitment ........................................................................................... 24 2.1.3. From Defamilisation Research to Condition III: Take-up of Childcare Facilities 30 2.2. From Literature on FLFP Drivers to Conditions IV and V: Level of Tertiary Education among Women and Share of Service Sector Employment ............................... 45
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