DOCSLIB.ORG

Great Britain 0 0 ­

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Great Britain 0 0 ­ THE CONSCRIPTION CONTROVERSY IN GREAT BRITAIN 0 0 ­ R.J.Q. ADAMS & PHILIP P POIRIER Despite the efforts of Lord Roberts's National Service League-and the covert support of the army-mandatory service was considered an extremist's nostrum in the years before August 1914. With the unpre­ cedented manpower demands of the First World War, a bitter conflict erupted between voluntarists and conscriptionists among British statesmen-settled only after the collapse of voluntary recruiting and the passage of the National Service Acts in 1916. For the remainder of the conflict Britain's leaders struggled with the question of how best to use these broad new powers both to send enough men to the trenches and to keep enough back to make munitions and necessary consumer goods. By 1918 Britain stared into the bottom of the manpower barrel. For a note on the authors, please see the back flap THE CONSCRIPTION CONTROVERSY IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1900-18 Also by R. J. Q. Adams ARMS AND THE WIZARD: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions, 1915-16 Also by Philip P. Poirier THE ADVENT OF THE LABOUR PARTY LEONARD HOBHOUSE'S THE LABOUR MOVEMENT (editor) The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-18 R. J. Q. Adams and Philip P Poirier OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS © R. J. Q. Adams 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published in the United Kingdom by The Macmillan Press Ltd. Published in the United States and Canada by the Ohio State University Press Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adams, R. J. Q. (Ralph James Q.), 1943­ The conscription controversy in Great Britain, 1900-18. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Military service, Compulsory—Great Britain— History—20th century. I. Poirier, Philip P., 1920- II. Title. UB345.G7A65 1987 355.2'2363'0941 86-16181 ISBN 0-8142-0430-9 To Susan and Carole Contents Preface and Acknowledgements ix Bibliographical Note xv 1 Victorian Legacy 1 2 Conscription Controversy 16 3 The Invasion Debate 33 4 The Lamps Go Out 49 5 The Politics of Coalition 71 6 Choosing Sides 93 7 Lord Derby Shows the Way 119 8 Does Anyone Suppose You Are 144 Going to Stop Here? 9 The Search for a System 171 10 Passchendaele 196 11 The Bottom of the Barrel 225 12 Epilogomena 245 Notes and References 253 Index 286 vu Preface and Acknowledgements The inhabitants of medieval Britain, like their continental neigh­ bours, were not strangers to enforced military service. The strength of feudal loyalties and oaths, at least for men above the class of serfs, frequently received their ultimate test in battle. The Anglo-Saxon Fyrd which fell at Hastings was composed largely of citizen-warriors, whose duty it was to defend the community in time of war. Once settled in their new home, the Norman rulers of England developed a hybrid form of feudalism, which stipulated that military service was owed by each freeman to his lord. The greatest lord of all, the King, held the power to enforce the ultimate demand for such service. The centralizing monarchs of the latter Middle Ages institutionalized a more comprehensive form of conscription, following the lead of Henry II. This clever and ruthless father of the Angevin line showed the way in the twelfth century with his Assize of Arms, which defined what was expected in time of war of each class of men.1 Modern times saw the tradition continued. The Civil War, for so long pictured rather romantically as the struggle between tyrannical monarchy and representative institutions, was, at least in part, a war fought between impressed armies. A portion of the men who fought on sea and land during the great imperialist wars with France of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were also conscripted into service. From the mid-eighteenth century through the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the nation raised her armies through periodic militia ballots, which entailed the drawing of lots among the eligible male citizenry of each county to decide who would make up the shire quota. In the years immediately preceding the First World War, conscription enthusiasts never tired of reminding their fellow Britons that both Trafalgar and Waterloo were victories of conscript forces. The century after the defeat of Napoleon witnessed no general wars, and no large conscript armies were needed. There was little enthusiasm for compulsory service in the Victorian Britain of Peace, Retrenchment and Reform, and these years regularly witnessed the annual suspension of the Militia Ballot Act. The little wars of the last century were fought with small professional armies and large econo- IX x Preface and Acknowledgements mical navies, also manned by long-service volunteers. Compulsion simply ceased to be an issue of consequence in the time of Gladstone, Disraeli or Salisbury. Not until the early years of the twentieth century did a small and dedicated party of compulsory-service zealots, supported to a degree by other enthusiasts of other 'modern' ideas, again raise the issue. It is their history which is the initial subject of this book. The Great War, as it was termed by an entire generation, changed the lives of millions of men and women alive at that time. Its long-term effects, direct and otherwise, have altered the face of the earth and all its people. Among the many ways in which it altered political and social life in Britain during the 1914-18 period was that it thrust the once-obscure issue of conscription into the centre of political decision-making. For a time, compulsory service became the most crucial issue to be debated by Parliament, the press and the electorate. An examination of how that debate was conducted and concluded provides the subject of the second portion of this book. Once conscription became law in 1916, however, it was discovered that the complex issues of manpower provision and control were not settled. Because of the enormous demands for men both to fight a war of attrition and to work in the factories, mines and farms, it was necessary to learn how best to establish priorities and appropriately allocate the shrinking manpower pool. All the while, of course, the leaders of the British democracy were required to keep in mind the limits of tolerance of the electorate. Consideration of these questions occupies the final portion of this book. The Conscription Controversy came to be written under unusual circumstances. It is a kind of collaborative effort on the part of two men who never met - at the same time it is a tribute by one of the authors, myself, to the other, Philip P. Poirier. Dr Poirier died tragically prematurely in 1979, at the age of 59. He had been for twenty-seven years a member of the Department of History at the Ohio State University. A student of British politics and society in the early years of the twentieth century, he was the author of many books, articles and papers. In 1958 he published The Advent of the Labour Party, which was honoured with the Triennial Prize of the North American Conference on British Studies. More recently he edited a new edition of the long-out-of-print The Labour Movement by L. T. Hobhouse. A painstaking mentor, he would no doubt be pleased to be remembered as the teacher of a large and admiring Preface and Acknowledgements xi cadre of research students; many of these men and women have gone on to make their own marks in the historical profession. More than ten years ago, Philip Poirier became interested in the question of state control in Britain and planned a book examining the conscription issue in the period of the First World War. Taking issue with the pathfinding work of A. J. P. Taylor and Alfred M. Gollin, among others, he had concluded that the Freedom or Control thesis exaggerated the ideological importance of war socialism. He wrote in 1975: I believe I can show convincingly that the pressure of circumstan­ ces and the economics of scarcity made some men collectivists out of grim necessity but that the portrayal of Lloyd George and other ministers of state as interventionists in any ideological sense is almost wholly without merit. Even before publishing, in 1978, a study of Lloyd George and the evolution of Government control during his time at the Ministry of Munitions, I began work on a research project examining the question of state intervention during the early twentieth century, including an examination of the development of manpower policy under the three successive wartime cabinets. After Dr Poirier's death, I was asked by his literary executors, Dr Carole Rogel Poirier and Dr Richard Poirier, to take temporary possession of the large corpus of documentary materials, notes and papers he had collected and complete without restriction a broad work dealing with the conscription and manpower issues. An indefatigable and gifted researcher, he had gathered a monumental collection of data. This book is the result of combining the products of Dr Poirier's re­ searches with my own. The arguments and conclusions of Conscription Controversy - warts and all - are my own, and I accept full responsibility for them. Yet for reasons which must be obvious to all those who read these words, and despite the fact that he might have taken issue with some of the judgements reached herein, this book belongs as much to Philip Poirier as to me.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- the PREDICAMENT of the BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-3000 HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Gerald Clarence Heberle 1968 THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gerald c / Heberle, B.A., M.A, ******* The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by B k f y f ’ P c M k ^ . f Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Philip P. Poirier of the Department of History, The Ohio State University, Dr. Poirier*s invaluable advice, his unfailing patience, and his timely encouragement were of immense assistance to me in the production of this dissertation, I must acknowledge the splendid service of the staff of the British Museum Manuscripts Room, The Librarian and staff of the University of Birmingham Library made the Chamberlain Papers available to me and were most friendly and helpful. His Lordship, Viscount Chilston, and Dr, Felix Hull, Kent County Archivist, very kindly permitted me to see the Chilston Papers, I received permission to see the Asquith Papers from Mr, Mark Bonham Carter, and the Papers were made available to me by the staff of the Bodleian Library, Oxford University, To all of these people I am indebted, I am especially grateful to Mr, Geoffrey D,M, Block and to Miss Anne Allason of the Conservative Research Department Library, Their cooperation made possible my work in the Conservative Party's publications, and their extreme kindness made it most enjoyable.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Silver Squelchers & Their Interesting Associates
    #6 SILVER SQUELCHERS & THEIR INTERESTING ASSOCIATES Presented Mid November 2014 by Charles Savoie The Pilgrims Society Representing The London & New York Financial Communities Is The Entity Controlling The Bank Of England & The Federal Reserve, The Bank For International Settlements, The International Monetary Fund And The Group Of 30 Central Banks In D.C., Headed By Paul Volcker, Who Took 60MOZ Silver From The Hunts By 1986 And Has Been A Pilgrims Society Member Since At Least The 1980 Roster---The Last One Located Of This Shadow Organization. I won’t devote this installment of “Silver Squelchers” towards proving the claim I made in the text box, though we’ve seen some proof in previous Silver Squelchers editions (last time we noticed Charles Augustus Stone was a N.Y. Fed Bank director) and we’ll see more items along these lines in following Silver Squelchers editions, including Bank of England examples. For fairly extensive proof (110 page report) refer to “Who Controls The gold Stealing New York Fed Bank” presented in February 2014. This edition will be concerned with Pilgrims Society members from the leaked 1949 New York and London rosters. We mentioned members of the Grenfell family associated with the Bank of England in numbers 4 and 5 of this series. Basil Blackett of the BOE was mentioned in #3; the Cecils (not very well known outside the “right” circles) association with the BOE in #2 Silver Squelchers and others will be described as we progress. 1) Cordell Hull (1871-1955, Pilgrims 1933 and later lists), was Secretary of State
    [Show full text]
  • Britain's Transition from Rail to Road-Based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA
    ‘Food Miles’: Britain’s Transition from Rail to Road-based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA Doctor of Philosophy University of York Railway Studies September 2016 Abstract Britain’s railways were essential for the development of the British economy throughout the nineteenth century; however, by 1919 their seemingly unassailable position as goods carriers was about to be eroded by the lorry. The railway strike of September 1919 had presented traders with an opportunity to observe the capabilities of road haulage, but there is no study which focuses on the process of modal shift in goods distribution from the trader’s perspective. This thesis therefore marks an important departure from the existing literature by placing goods transport into its working context. The importance of food as an everyday essential commodity adds a further dimension to the status of goods transport within Britain’s supply chain, particularly when the fragility of food products means that minimising the impact of distance, time and spoilage before consumption is vital in ensuring effective and practical logistical solutions. These are considered in a series of four case studies on specific food commodities and retail distribution, which also hypothesise that the modal shift from rail to road reflected the changing character of transport demand between 1919 and 1975. Consequently, this thesis explores the notion that the centre of governance over the supply chain transferred between food producers, manufacturers, government and chain retailer, thereby driving changes in transport technology and practice. This thesis uses archival material to provide a qualitative study into the food industry’s relationship with transport where the case studies incorporate supply chain analyses to permit an exploration of how changes in structure might have influenced the modal shift from rail to road distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • General Sir William Birdwood and the AIF,L914-1918
    A study in the limitations of command: General Sir William Birdwood and the A.I.F.,l914-1918 Prepared and submitted by JOHN DERMOT MILLAR for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales 31 January 1993 I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of advanced learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. John Dermot Millar 31 January 1993 ABSTRACT Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experience brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Bird wood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Bird wood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Front the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Westernthe Front
    Ed 2 June 2015 2 June Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Western Front The Western Creative Media Design ADR003970 Edition 2 June 2015 The Somme Battlefield: Newfoundland Memorial Park at Beaumont Hamel Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The Somme Battlefield: Lochnagar Crater. It was blown at 0728 hours on 1 July 1916. Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front 2nd Edition June 2015 ii | THE WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ISBN: 978-1-874346-45-6 First published in August 2014 by Creative Media Design, Army Headquarters, Andover. Printed by Earle & Ludlow through Williams Lea Ltd, Norwich. Revised and expanded second edition published in June 2015. Text Copyright © Mungo Melvin, Editor, and the Authors listed in the List of Contributors, 2014 & 2015. Sketch Maps Crown Copyright © UK MOD, 2014 & 2015. Images Copyright © Imperial War Museum (IWM), National Army Museum (NAM), Mike St. Maur Sheil/Fields of Battle 14-18, Barbara Taylor and others so captioned. No part of this publication, except for short quotations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Editor and SO1 Commemoration, Army Headquarters, IDL 26, Blenheim Building, Marlborough Lines, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 8HJ. The First World War sketch maps have been produced by the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), Joint Force Intelligence Group (JFIG), Ministry of Defence, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 7AH. United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberals and Ireland 1912–16 Liberal Ministers Had to Deal with More Than the Great War During the Period 1914–18
    The Liberals and Ireland 1912–16 Liberal ministers had to deal with more than the Great War during the period 1914–18. Dr Jeremy Smith examines the Liberal record on the Irish Question during this critical period. On Friday February a lb bomb exploded in Canary effort and requested a unified Irish Brigade, as had been granted Wharf, ending an eighteen-month IRA ceasefire. Writing three to the Ulstermen; both were repudiated. This pointless effrontery days later the Sinn Fein president, Gerry Adams, declared that the to Redmond was compounded during the Cabinet reshuffle of resumption of violence was the ‘total responsibility’ of the British , when Sir Edward Carson was made Attorney-General. Yet government who ‘had been guilty of criminal neglect’ (The more disastrously, the Home Rule Bill that the Nationalists had Guardian, February , p.). At one level these were simply won constitutionally for Ireland was suspended for the duration the words of a politician apportioning blame. Yet they carried a of the war, a postponement that allowed physical force elements deeper resonance. For by linking physical force Republicanism in Ireland to gain influence and eventually seize the initiative firmly to British procrastination, Adams was positioning himself from the constitutional parties. By failing to provide any obvious inside a long-established tradition of Irish Nationalist legitimation recompense for the Nationalist party’s loyalty to the British war (the acknowledged corollaries to this legitimation being that a effort, government prevarication provided a golden opportunity British government would only take notice of violence, and when for more extreme Nationalists and Republicans, which they took it did take notice it was inclined to over-react).
    [Show full text]
  • The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 11, 1916
    The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 11, 1916 Table of Contents OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES .......................................................................................5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-SEVENTH TO THIRTY-NINTH MEETINGS .............................................................................................7 PAPERS EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF THE REVEREND JOSEPH WILLARD, PRESIDENT OF HARVARD COLLEGE, AND OF SOME OF HIS CHILDREN, 1794-1830 . ..........................................................11 ​ By his Grand-daughter, SUSANNA WILLARD EXCERPTS FROM THE DIARY OF TIMOTHY FULLER, JR., AN UNDERGRADUATE IN HARVARD COLLEGE, 1798- 1801 ..............................................................................................................33 ​ By his Grand-daughter, EDITH DAVENPORT FULLER BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF MRS. RICHARD HENRY DANA ....................................................................................................................53 ​ By MRS. MARY ISABELLA GOZZALDI EARLY CAMBRIDGE DIARIES…....................................................................................57 ​ By MRS. HARRIETTE M. FORBES ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER ........................................................................84 NECROLOGY ..............................................................................................................86 MEMBERSHIP .............................................................................................................89 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
    [Show full text]
  • Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
    Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes.
    [Show full text]
  • David Lloyd George and Temperance Reform Philip A
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 1980 The ac use of sobriety : David Lloyd George and temperance reform Philip A. Krinsky Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Recommended Citation Krinsky, Philip A., "The cause of sobriety : David Lloyd George and temperance reform" (1980). Honors Theses. Paper 594. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND LIBRARIES llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll/11111 3 3082 01 028 9899 - The Cause of Sobriety: David Lloyd George and Temperance Reform Philip A. Krinsky Contents I. Introduction: 1890 l II. Attack on Misery: 1890-1905 6 III. Effective Legislation: 1906-1918 16 IV. The Aftermath: 1918 to Present 34 Notes 40 Bibliographical Essay 47 Temperance was a major British issue until after World War I. Excessive drunkenness, not alcoholism per se, was the primary concern of the two parliamentary parties. When Lloyd George entered Parliament the two major parties were the Liberals and the Conservatives. Temperance was neither a problem that Parliament sought to~;;lv~~ nor the single issue of Lloyd George's public career. Rather, temperance remained within a flux of political squabbling between the two parties and even among the respective blocs within each Party. Inevitably, compromises had to be made between the dissenting factions. The major temperance controversy in Parliament was the issue of compensation. Both Parties agreed that the problem of excessive drunkenness was rooted in the excessive number of public houses throughout Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Table
    Chronological Table 1895 25 June Salisbury's third administration 29 December Jameson raid 1896 3 January Kaiser's telegram to Kruger 1898 17 January Salisbury's unsuccessful overture to Russia for co-operation in China 25 March Cabinet decides to lease Wei-hai-wei from China 29 March Chamberlain's bid for Anglo-German al- liance 10 April Reichstag ratifies First Naval Law 4 May Salisbury's 'dying nations' speech 13 May Chamberlain's bid for friendship of U.S.A. and Germany (Birmingham speech) 14 June Anglo-French convention over West Africa 30 August Anglo-German agreement over Portuguese colonies 2 September Battle of Omdurman 18 September- December Anglo-French crisis over Fashoda 1899 21 March Anglo-French convention over Central Af­ rica: France excluded from Valley of Nile 18 May- 29 June First Hague Peace Conference 12 October Boer War begins 14 November Anglo-German agreement over Samoa 30 November Chamberlain proposes Triple Alliance (Leicester speech) 10-15 December 'Black Week' in Boer War I goo January Bundesrath affair 27-28 February Formation of London Representation Com­ mittee 17 May Relief of Mafeking CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 259 13 June- 14 August Boxer rising in China 14 June Second German Naval Law 16 October Anglo-German agreement over China (Yangtze) November Salisbury relinquishes Foreign Office to Lansdowne 1901 22 January Death of Victoria; accession of Edward VII 12 March Lansdowne's draft alliance for German co­ operation in Far East 15 March Bulow denies China agreement's application to Manchuria March-May Anglo-German discussions continue 29 May Salisbury's objections to a German alliance 25 October Chamberlain's Edinburgh speech defending British policy in South Africa 16 December U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy, 1895-1903
    Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy, 1895-1903. Dominic Michel Bray This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Phd) at The University of East Anglia. School of History. September 2015 ©”This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis investigates Joseph Chamberlain’s conceptualisations of foreign policy while colonial secretary, 1895 to 1903. While Chamberlain’s influential position has been noted in the historiography it has not been central to any study. Therefore Chamberlain’s motivation and aims are not clearly understood. Most often his ideas are contrasted with Salisbury’s, who currently enjoys a very high reputation as a realpolitck Foreign Secretary, with a clear sense of perspective and direction. This study will therefore reconsider how Chamberlain’s opinions interacted with Salisbury’s. The current debate also under-represents Balfour’s own dissention from Salisbury and his own bid to control or influence British foreign policy. Therefore, this study sits firmly within the debate on British Isolation while acknowledging the Decline debate. Chamberlain was motivated to solve the problem of defending British interests, formal and informal, while Britain suffered from over-extension. His interest in a German alliance was heightened by events in China but was not limited to them; hence he was not content with the security afforded by the Anglo-Japanese alliance.
    [Show full text]