Estonia and the Second World

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Estonia and the Second World 75 YEARS SINCE THE END Estonia Today - 2020 OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1. 75 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR HOW THE FOREIGN MINISTRY AND EMBASSIES WERE ELIMINATED BUT DIPLOMATS IN THE FREE WORLD PRESERVED THE CONTINUITY OF THE ESTONIAN STATE BETWEEN 1940 AND 1991 After the outbreak of the Second World War and the Soviet occupation of 1940, many Estonian diplomats working in embas- sies remained abroad, and several of the sta of the ministry headquarters managed to ee Estonia during the Second World War. Fifty-six of the diplomats working at the Ministry of Foreign Aairs between 1918 and 1940 chose a new homeland. Among those who were working for the Foreign Ministry or who returned to Estonia after the elimination of the embassies in 1940, 21 were subject to repressions from the Soviet occupying power. A total of 52 diplomats who had worked at the Foreign Ministry over two decades were arrested; 12 of them were executed and 31 died in prison camps or in exile. Most of the arrests were made in 1940 and 1941, and four after the war. Only six diplomats who were in Estonia escaped repressions. THE ELIMINATION OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY AND EMBASSIES IN 1940 At the beginning of the Second World War, following the June coup of 1940, Estonia’s merging with and incorporation into the Soviet Union began. Nigol Andresen became the Foreign Minister of the new puppet government. On 30 June, the Foreign Ministry recalled all Estonian diplomats. Most of them refused to comply and instead protested the occupation and annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union. The 23 July 1940 statement by the United Embassy building in London at Queen’s States government refused to recognise the annexation of the Baltic States, and the Gate 167, which housed the Estonian representations of these countries were allowed to continue operating. Several other states also Embassy between 1920 and 1989, and which is currently home to the Embassy continued to recognise Estonian diplomats as representatives of the Republic of Estonia. of the Sultanate of Oman On 5 August 1940, a law on punishing the traitors and their family members living abroad was published in the oicial journal of Estonia, Riigi Teataja, classifying all people refusing to return home as traitors, ordering their property to be conscated and condemning them to be shot within 24 hours of identication. A prison sentence of up to 10 years and conscation of property also awaited the family members of those refusing to return home. On 6 August 1940, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic By 25 August 1940, all foreign ambassadors posted to 'was admitted' to the Soviet Union. As early as 8 August, Estonia were ordered to leave. By the decision of the Council the government of the Estonian SSR decided to of People’s Commissars of the Estonian SSR on 11 eliminate all Estonian embassies, consulates and September 1940, the Ministry of Foreign Aairs was honorary consulates, and hand over their assets to local abolished. The Estonian SSR’s People’s Commissariat for representations of the Soviet Union. This was duly carried Foreign Aairs, essentially a front institution, began out in several countries. operating, lacking any right to conduct foreign policy and only carrying out orders from Moscow. 75 YEARS SINCE THE END Estonia Today - 2020 OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR 2. THE ESTONIAN EMBASSY IN LONDON AND CONSULATE GENERAL IN NEW YORK AS THE CARRIERS OF THE LEGAL CONTINUITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA BETWEEN 1940 AND 1991 Following the outbreak of the Second World War and the June coup in Estonia, the diplomatic representations of the Republic of Estonia continued to operate in the United States and the United Kingdom. Thanks to the activities of these foreign missions, the Foreign Ministry was the only public institution that continued to exist between 1940 and 1991, therefore preserving the continuity of Estonian statehood. The policy of non-recognition of the occupation and annexation of Estonia was practised most consistently by the United States. In 1940, the Foreign Ministry planned to reopen its embassy in Washington but Estonia was occupied again. The consulate general in New York, on the other hand, continued to work until the restoration of Estonia’s independence in 1991. It was home to Johannes Kaiv (1897-1965), the consul general carrying out the duties of an ambassador until 1965. Ernst Jaakson (1905-1998) continued his work. In 1991, Jaakson was named ambassador of the restored Republic of Estonia to the United States and permanent representative to the UN, and he was in the Estonian diplomatic service for a total of 79 years. Johannes Kaiv worked as consul general in the consulate general Ernst Jaakson as a representative of the Republic of in New York until 1965 Estonia meeting President Ronald Reagan in 1982 Ambassador August Torma with his wife Alice at the embassy in London, at Queens Gate 167. The photograph was taken in the 1960s. The British government did not recognise Estonia’s inclusion in the Soviet Union de jure and in 1940, August Torma (1895-1971) continued to work as an ambassador in London until his death in 1971. Subsequently, the British Foreign Oice accepted Ernst Sarepera, an embassy counsellor, as a chargé d'aaires, however, he died only a few months after Torma. After his death, the baton was passed on to an oicial named August Bergman, who had worked at the embassy since 1923. As it was not permitted to appoint new diplomats, the embassy was moved under the management of Ernst Jaakson at the consulate general in New York, and only the embassy secretary Anna Taru continued to work in London until 1989. 75 YEARS SINCE THE END Estonia Today - 2020 OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR 3. DIPLOMATS WHO REMAINED IN THE FREE WORLD PROTECTED ESTONIA’S INTERESTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES The diplomats who had remained in the West protected Estonia’s interests in other countries; however, their status was usually semi-oicial and more uncertain than that of their colleagues in London and New York. Here are but a few of them: In 1940, August Koern worked as a Aleksander Warma continued to In 1940, Karl Robert Pusta was a counsellor at the Estonian Embassy in carry out his duties as an ambassador special counsellor at the Estonian Copenhagen, and after the June in Helsinki until September 1944, Embassy in Paris. After France was coup, he remained in Denmark, when he was forced to leave Finland occupied, he went to the United keeping the consulate open until his at the request of the authorities. He States and lived in Washington and death in 1989; and from 1964 to then went on to become a leading New York, and organised the 1982, he was also the foreign minister gure in the organisations of expat cooperation of occupied nations. In of the government in exile. Estonians in Sweden and a member 1952, Pusta returned to Europe and of the government in exile. until his death in 1964, he was Estonia’s diplomatic representative in Spain, France and Belgium. GOVERNMENT Meeting of Estonian representatives in London on 24 April, 1966 IN EXILE From the left: Prime Minister of the Government in Exile in the duties of the President of the Republic Alexander Warma, Estonian representative in Germany Elmar Reisenberg, Estonian Ambassador to Great Britain August In 1953, the Estonian government in Torma, Consul General in Charge of exile started operating and Estonian Legation in the United States of America Ernst Jaakson, Estonian representative in diplomats played a vital part in its Spaine Villibald Raud activities. Despite their dierences, both the diplomatic representatives as well as the government in exile played an important role in preserving the continuity of Estonian statehood and organising the life of Estonians living in exile. The government in exile was never oicially recognised by any government, which is why Estonia’s diplomatic representatives kept a certain distance, and at times, relations became tense. 24.08.1991. Having returned from Finland on the evening of 23 August into what was now the independent Republic of Estonia, Foreign Minister Lennart Meri is participating in the press conference at the Ministry of Foreign Aairs on Toompea Hill with Toivo Klaar and Tiit Pruuli. Photo: Peeter Langovits In the Second World War, Estonia lost its independence, and the Foreign Ministry and embassies were eliminated. The Soviet occupation lasted for half a century, until Lennart Meri became the foreign minister in Edgar Savisaar’s government at the peak of the perestroika and the Singing Revolution in 1990. It is to him the Estonian foreign service dates the 'second coming' that led to the restoration of the Republic of Estonia and the subsequent re-establishment of the Foreign Ministry and embassies. Thanks to the work of Estonian diplomats who remained in the free world, the Foreign Ministry is the only Estonian institution that has continuously worked for 100 years and has therefore carried the continuity and spirit of the Republic of Estonia. .
Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 477–511 Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 Kaarel Piirimäe and Pertti Grönholm ABSTRACT The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of For- eign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experienc- es and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy. Keywords: historical imagination, critical junctures, foreign policy analysis, So- viet Union, Baltic states, Lennart Meri Much has been written about the Baltic states’ success in breaking away from Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their decisive “return to the West”1 via radical economic, social and politi- Research for this article was supported by the “Reimagining Futures in the European North at the End of the Cold War” project which was financed by the Academy of Finland. Funding was also obtained from the “Estonia, the Baltic states and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War” project, financed by the Estonian Research Council, and the “Myths, Cultural Tools and Functions – Historical Narratives in Constructing and Consolidating National Identity in 20th and 21st Century Estonia” project, which was financed by the Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS, University of Turku).
    [Show full text]
  • Written Evidence Submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078)
    Written evidence submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078) The East Turkistan Problem and How the UK Should Address it East Turkistan Government in Exile The East Turkistan Government in Exile (ETGE) is the democratically elected official body representing East Turkistan and its people. On September 14, 2004, the government in exile was established in Washington, DC by a coalition of Uyghur and other East Turkistani organizations. The East Turkistan Government in Exile is a democratic body with a representative Parliament. The primary leaders — President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Speaker (Chair) of Parliament, and Deputy Speaker (Chair) of Parliament — are democratically elected by the Parliament members from all over the East Turkistani diaspora in the General Assembly which takes place every four years. The East Turkistan Government in Exile is submitting this evidence and recommendation to the UK Parliament and the UK Government as it is the leading body representing the interests of not only Uyghurs but all peoples of East Turkistan including Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, and Tatars. More importantly, the ETGE has submitted the first ever legal complaint to the International Criminal Court against China and its officials for genocide and other crimes against humanity. We would like the UK Government to assist our community using all available means to seek justice and end to decades of prolonged colonization, genocide, and occupation in East Turkistan. Brief History of East Turkistan and the Uyghurs With a history of over 6000 years, according to Uyghur historians like Turghun Almas, the Uyghurs are the natives of East Turkistan. Throughout the millennia, the Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples have established and maintained numerous independent kingdoms, states, and even empires.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing the Secular: the Changing Relationship Between Religion and Politics in the Tibetan Exile Community
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 36 Number 1 Article 12 May 2016 Constructing the Secular: The Changing Relationship Between Religion and Politics in the Tibetan Exile Community Emmi Okada University of Tokyo, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Okada, Emmi. 2016. Constructing the Secular: The Changing Relationship Between Religion and Politics in the Tibetan Exile Community. HIMALAYA 36(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss1/12 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Constructing the Secular: The Changing Relationship Between Religion and Politics in the Tibetan Exile Community Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the innumerable Tibetans in Dharamsala, India, without whose assistance the present research could not have been completed. She also wishes to acknowledge Professor David Gellner who supervised her MPhil thesis which formed the basis of this article, and the Tibetan Studies staff at the Oriental Institute at the University of Oxford,
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption in Autocracies∗
    Corruption in Autocracies∗ James R. Hollyery Yale University Leonard Wantchekon Princeton University September 2011 Abstract Corruption is typically depicted as a result of one of two factors: a lack of polit- ical accountability or insufficient state capacity. Nonetheless, substantial variation in corruption levels exists even within the set of politically unaccountable high-capacity regimes. In this paper, we examine a third determinant of corruption – the ideological appeal of the government – and demonstrate that this variable can explain variation in the types and levels of corruption experienced in politically unaccountable regimes. Using a model of both moral hazard and adverse selection, we predict that (1) regimes that inspire the intense ideological loyalty of the populace are likely to enjoy low lev- els of petty corruption and that (2) autocratic regimes that enjoy such intense support from only a narrow segment of the populace will erect credible anti-corruption insti- tutions. Political corruption, by contrast, need not covary with levels of ideological support. We illustrate the mechanisms of our model through a series of case studies that demonstrate the importance of ideology in driving levels of corruption – with a particular focus on low levels of corruption in ‘developmentalist’ regimes. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings to other – democratic – political settings. ∗We would like to thank José Antonio Cheibub, Sunkyoung Park, Peter Rosendorff, Kongjoo Shin, Alberto Simpser and participants in the 2011 APSA Panel on Audits and Government Accountability in the Devel- oping World and participants in the 2011 EPSA Conference Panel on the Political Economy of Authoritarian Regimes for comments and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Academy of Sciences Yearbook 2018 XXIV
    Facta non solum verba ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES YEARBOOK FACTS AND FIGURES ANNALES ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM ESTONICAE XXIV (51) 2018 TALLINN 2019 This book was compiled by: Jaak Järv (editor-in-chief) Editorial team: Siiri Jakobson, Ebe Pilt, Marika Pärn, Tiina Rahkama, Ülle Raud, Ülle Sirk Translator: Kaija Viitpoom Layout: Erje Hakman Photos: Annika Haas p. 30, 31, 48, Reti Kokk p. 12, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, Janis Salins p. 33. The rest of the photos are from the archive of the Academy. Thanks to all authos for their contributions: Jaak Aaviksoo, Agnes Aljas, Madis Arukask, Villem Aruoja, Toomas Asser, Jüri Engelbrecht, Arvi Hamburg, Sirje Helme, Marin Jänes, Jelena Kallas, Marko Kass, Meelis Kitsing, Mati Koppel, Kerri Kotta, Urmas Kõljalg, Jakob Kübarsepp, Maris Laan, Marju Luts-Sootak, Märt Läänemets, Olga Mazina, Killu Mei, Andres Metspalu, Leo Mõtus, Peeter Müürsepp, Ülo Niine, Jüri Plado, Katre Pärn, Anu Reinart, Kaido Reivelt, Andrus Ristkok, Ave Soeorg, Tarmo Soomere, Külliki Steinberg, Evelin Tamm, Urmas Tartes, Jaana Tõnisson, Marja Unt, Tiit Vaasma, Rein Vaikmäe, Urmas Varblane, Eero Vasar Printed in Priting House Paar ISSN 1406-1503 (printed version) © EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA ISSN 2674-2446 (web version) CONTENTS FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................................5 CHRONICLE 2018 ..................................................................................................................................7 MEMBERSHIP
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights and Tibet: Leading a Government-In- Exile
    Human Rights and Tibet: Leading a Government-in- Exile CAMILO SANCHEZ: Good morning. Thank you all for being here. And welcome to a new year of human rights programming at UVA. And now, I know what you're thinking. February is almost over. Spring break is around the corner. And there is this guy still throwing out Happy New Year's wishes. Fair point, but you might not know that this weekend, this very weekend, the Tibetan community is celebrating Losar, a festival that marks the first day of the lunisolar Tibetan calendar. So in spirit of embracing multiculturalism, the UVA human rights program is kicking off its year ignoring the Gregorian calendar and partially the academic calendar. So Dr. Sangay, I apologize for the last minute request, but you will have to tell us more about the Losar celebrations. Our human rights program at the University of Virginia School of Law is proud of its mission to intentionally bridge the worlds of research, policy, and human rights practice, while maintaining a focus on rigorous and scholarly inquiry. At the top of our interests is to increase our knowledge on how scholars, activists, governments, movements, and other actors understand, conceptualize, advocate for, critique, or even reject or ignore human rights. We want to expose our community to the tensions, contradictions, contingencies, roads not taken, and dilemmas that lie at the heart of the human rights enterprise. That's why we seek to bring to campus people that from different perspectives and backgrounds reflect not only on philosophical questions, such as what are human rights? What should they be? But also on other questions shaped by human rights practice, such as what do human rights do? Why do people use human rights? Why do communities use them instead of using other political or moral frameworks? And what are the effects, implications, and drawbacks of relying on human rights in political struggles? And we couldn't think of a better person to speak to these questions than our distinguished keynote speaker, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • GREAT BRITAIN, the SOVIET UNION and the POLISH GOVERNMENT in EXILE (1939-1945) Studies in Contemporary History
    GREAT BRITAIN, THE SOVIET UNION AND THE POLISH GOVERNMENT IN EXILE (1939-1945) Studies in Contemporary History Volume 3 I. Rupieper, Hermann J. The Cuno Government and Reparations, 1922-1923: Politics and Economics. 1979, viii + 289. ISBN 90-247-2114-8. 2. Hirshfield, Claire. The Diplomacy of Partition: Britain, France and the Creation of Nigeria 1890-1898. 1979, viii + 234. ISBN 90-247-209<)-0. 3. Kacewicz, George V. Great Britain, the Soviet Vnion and the Polish Government in Exile 193~1945. 1979, xv + 252. ISBN 90-247-2096--6. G REA T BRITAIN, THE SOVIET UNION AND THE POLISH GOVERNMENT IN EXILE (1939-1945) by GEORGE V. KACEWICZ . ~ '. •. ~ . I979 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE/ BOSTON/LONDON The distribution of this book is handled by the following team of publisbers: for Ihe United Stoles "lid Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 160 Old Derby Street Hingbam, MA 0204) USA far 0/1 alher co ulllrit~ Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Di stribution Center P.O. Box)2l 3300 AH Dordrocht The Netherlands Libr ~ r y of Congress C~ l a l og in g in Publication D ata Kacewicz. George V Great Britain. the Soviet Union. and Ihe Polish Government in Exile (t939-1945) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I, World War, 1939-1945 - Go\'ernments in exile. 2. World War, 1939-1945 - Poland. 3. Poland -History - Occupation, 1939-1945. 4. Great Britain - Foreign re lations -Russia. 5. Russia _ Foreign relations - Great Britain. 6. World War. 1939-1945 - Diplomatic Hi story. I. Title. D81 0.G6K3l 1979 940.53'438 78- 31832 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-9274-0 c-ISBN-13 : 978-94-009-9272-6 001 : 10.1007/978-94-009-9272-6 Copyright 1979 by Mor linus Nijhoff Publishers br, The Hogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Written Evidence Submitted by the East Turkistan Government in Exile and East Turkistan National Awakening Movement (XIN0081)
    Written evidence submitted by the East Turkistan Government in Exile and East Turkistan National Awakening Movement (XIN0081) Who we are and our aims 1. We are the legal team acting on behalf of the East Turkistan Government in Exile (ETGE) and the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement (ETNAM). Our clients represent millions of Uyghur and other Turkic victims of the international crimes committed by Chinese state officials in East Turkistan and abroad. East Turkistan is the territory referred to as Xinjiang that is widely considered to be a colony or occupied territory. 2. Within this submission, we refer to ‘East Turkistan’ instead of ‘Xinjiang’. Using this terminology helps counter the oppression of Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples, who refer to their homeland as East Turkistan. ‘Xinjiang’ is a Chinese term meaning ‘the New Territory’. The FCDO and the UK Government are encouraged to consider using the same terminology. 3. The ETGE is the official body, registered in Washington DC, which represents East Turkistan and its people worldwide. The ETNAM is a non-profit political rights organisation whose goal is to end China’s oppressive activity within East Turkistan. 4. On 6 July 2020 the legal team acting on behalf of the ETGE and ETNAM submitted a Complaint to the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) urging her to open an investigation for the crimes that come within the ICC’s jurisdiction. The Complaint provides detailed and extensive evidence that high ranking officials of the Chinese government are committing genocide and other crimes against humanity. 5. Both our aim as the lawyers and our clients’ aim in bringing the Complaint is to give a voice to the millions of victims of Chinese state oppression.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech by President Lennart Meri
    Freedom Through Democracy, Security, and Unity in Diversity Memorable Words of Lennart Meri, President of the Republic of Estonia, From His Speeches 1992–2001 Lennart Meri Compiled and edited by M. Merrick Yamamoto Visual Tutor Company, 2016 From the President’s New Year’s Eve Message, December 31, 1999 Dear fellow countrymen! Today, we are all one big family. Today, in my mind, I shake hands with all of you, look everybody in the eye, and ask: how are you? Today’s New Year is so different from all that have been and all those still to come. It is mysterious, at least in our imagination. Round numbers have a powerful influence on our mind and on our behaviour, especially when the New Year is also connected to the beginning of a new century, a new millennium. A friend of mine even asked me for an interview concerning the third millennium. I asked him: What could a tiller or a fisherman from Rävala or Saaremaa have said about the second millennium in the year 999? On the New Year, there will be no change in the constellation of stars, in the movement of the Sun or the Earth. For an ancient Estonian, the flow of time was constant and indivisible, like the peaceful flow of a river. We toast the new millennium, fill the sky with fireworks and celebrate today, because we are part of the Christian culture. The year 2000 is a year of advent, the year of transition, taking us to the third millennium after the birth of Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • How America Can Help Baltic Independence
    762 March 29,1990 HOW AMERICA CAN HELP BALTIC INDEPENDENCE The Baltic peoples’ struggle for independence is entering its decisive ~ phase. For now, the spotlight is on Lithuania, where Mikhail Gorbachev’s 1 show of force is an attempt to frighten into submission that country’s democratically elected government. In the wings, ready to move to stage cen- ter, are the independence movements of Estonia and Latvia. The crisis in Lithuania is forcing Washington to make some hard decisions about the Baltic states. For a half-century, of course, the United States has supported the restoration of their independence.This support was largely rhetorical and cost little; it had virtually no effect. Now, the U.S. can make good on its decades of promises and declarations.This the U.S. must do - in a firm and direct, but measured way. At this critical moment in the history of the Baltic republics, George Bush should extend official recognition to the new democratic government in Lithuania and tell Gorbachev that Moscow will pay a heavy price if it uses force against Lithuania and the other two Baltic states. Illegally Annexed. The case for America supporting Baltic independence is overwhelming: America never has accepted Moscow’s rule over the Baltic states. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were independent and sovereign states after their independence was recognized by the Soviet Union in 1920 and by the international community. But as the result of a secret treaty between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin in August 1939 -the infamous “Hitler-Stalin Pact” - the Baltic states were occupied and annexed by Moscow in 1940.This.
    [Show full text]
  • As of January 2012 Estonian Archives in the US--Book Collection3.Xlsx
    Indexed by Title Estonian Archives in the US Book Collection Author Title Date Dewey # Collect Saar, J1. detsember 1924 Tallinnas 1925 901 Saa Eesti Vangistatud Vaba‐ dusvõitlejate 1. Kogud VII, 2. Kogud VIII‐XIII, 3. Kogud XIV‐XIX, 4. nd 323 Ees Abistamis‐ keskus Kogud XX‐XXV 1985‐1987 Simre, M1. praktiline inglise keele grammatika >1945 422 Sim DP Sepp, Hans 1. ülemaailmne eesti arstide päev 1972 610 Sep EKNÜRO Aktsioonikomitee 1.Tõsiolud jutustavad, nr. 1, 2. nr.2, 3. nr.3 1993 323 EKN Eesti Inseneride Liit 10 aastat eesti inseneride liitu: 1988‐1999 nd 620 Ees Reed, John 10 päeva mis vaputasid maailma 1958 923.1 Re Baltimore Eesti Selts 10. Kandlepäevad 1991 787.9 Ba Koik, Lembit 100 aastat eesti raskejõustikku (1888‐1988) 1966 791 Koi Eesti Lauljate Liit 100 aastat eesti üldlaulupidusid 1969 782 Ees Wise, W H 100 best true stories of World War II, The 1945 905 Wis Pajo, Maido 100 küsimust ja vastust maaõigusest 1999 305 Paj Pärna, Ants 100 laeva 1975 336.1 Pä Plank, U 100 Vaimulikku laulu 1945 242 Pla DP Sinimets, I 1000 fakti Nõukogude Eestist 1981 911.1 Si Eesti Lauljate Liit Põhja‐ Ameerikas 110.a. juubeli laulupeo laulud 1979 780 Ees 12 märtsi radadel 1935 053 Kak Tihase, K12 motiivi eesti taluehitistest 1974 721.1 Ti Kunst 12 reproduktsiooni eesti graafikast 1972 741.1 K Laarman, Märt 12 reproduktsiooni eesti graafikast 1973 741.1 La 12. märts 1934 1984 053 Kak 12. märts. Aasta riiklikku ülesehitustööd; 12. märts 1934 ‐ 12, 1935 053 Kak märts. 1935 Eesti Lauljate Liit Põhja‐ Ameerikas 120.a.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project MILDRED A. PATTERSON Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: May 6, 2003 Copyright 2004 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in ansas City, Missouri University of Pennsylvania Entered Foreign Service - 1976 Copenhagen, Denmark - Rotation Officer 1976-197, Environment -ermany State Department - Operations Center 1979-19,. Iran hostage crisis Tripoli em0assy Crisis handling State Department - Staff Secretariat - 1ine Officer 19,.-19,1 Transition 2administration3 State Department - EUR - Hungary and Baltic States 4 Desk Officer 19,1-19,3 Baltic diplomats Ethnic communities Hungary politics Orientation trip 2Hungary3 Soviet ties Relations Brussels, Belgium - Consular Officer 2Tandem Assignment3 19,3-19,6 6isas and passports State Department - Personnel - Assignments Officer 19,6-19,, European Bureau Assignment process 1 8ational 9ar College 19,,-19,9 Usefulness Ankara, Turkey - -eneral Services Officer 2Tandem Assignment3 19,9-1992 Armenia Relations Pollution Ira: 2possi0le hostages3 President Bush;s visit urdish refugees State Department - Consular Bureau - Emergency Center 1992-1993 U.S. citizens a0road Prisoner exchange Destitute Americans State Department - I8R - Armenia and -eorgia Analyst 1993-1994 Armenia -eorgian civil war Russians State Department - FSI - Turkish 1anguage Training 1994-199A Ankara, Turkey - 9ife of Am0assador 21eave 9ithout Pay3 199A-1997 Environment Military wives Relations -reece urds Headscarves issue Status of women State Department - Consular Affairs - 6isa Office - Director 1997-2... Immigration and Naturalization Service BI8SC Servicing China Congress Personnel State Department - Consular Affairs - Deputy Executive Director 2...-2..2 Mary Ryan Congressional relations CIA 2 Retirement 8ovem0er 3., 2..2 INTERVIEW Q: Today is May 6th, 2003.
    [Show full text]