The Case Heerlen Smeets
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Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER What opportunities is shrinkage offering for sustainability? the case Heerlen Smeets, D.M.L. Award date: 2012 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain What opportunities is shrinkage offering for sustainability? The case Heerlen Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Construction Management & Engineering by D. (Daniëlle) M.L. Smeets BSc. March 20, 2012 Graduation Committee: Prof. dr. ir. W.F. Schaefer (TU/e) Ir. B. van Weenen (TU/e) Ing. S. Göttgens (Gemeente Heerlen) 2 Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................. 9 Management Summary ...................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Problem Definition ................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Research Question ................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Sub-Questions ....................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Field of Research ................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Relevance of the Research .................................................................................... 14 1.6 Expected Result .................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Research Boundaries ............................................................................................. 14 1.8 Organization of This Thesis.................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Research Design ................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Research Design .................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Research Methodology ......................................................................................... 18 PART A: Literature Research ............................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Contextual Orientation ..................................................................................... 21 3.1 Exploration of the Definitions................................................................................ 21 3.1.1 What is Shrinkage/ Population Decline? ......................................................... 21 3.1.2 What is Growth? ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Shrinkage versus Growth ............................................................................... 23 3.2 Context: Trends and Developments ...................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Causes of Shrinkage ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Effects of Shrinkage ....................................................................................... 27 3.3 Geographical Orientation of Shrinkage.................................................................. 29 3.3.1 The Netherlands ............................................................................................ 29 3.3.2 What is the Case in Other Countries? ............................................................. 30 3.4 Shrinkage in a Historical Perspective for The Netherlands ..................................... 30 3.4.1 Population Growth ......................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Shrinkage is Not New ..................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 Last 30 Years .................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Shrinkage demands for a Custom-Made Approach ................................................ 32 3.6 Four Shrinkage Policies: ‘Bagatelliseren’, ‘Bestrijden’, ‘Begeleiden’, ‘Benutten’ .... 32 3.6.1 ‘Bagatelliseren’ (Deny): It is not so bad … ....................................................... 32 3 3.6.2 ‘Bestrijden’ (fight): Our city has to grow! ....................................................... 33 3.6.3 ‘Begeleiden’ (guide): We are learning to deal with it. ..................................... 33 3.6.4 ‘Benutten’ (exploit): Shrinkage offers plenty of opportunities!....................... 33 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 4: Parkstad Limburg – Heerlen .............................................................................. 35 4.1 Regional Level: Parkstad Limburg .......................................................................... 35 4.2 Local Level: Heerlen .............................................................................................. 36 4.2.1 Municipality of Heerlen .................................................................................. 36 4.2.2 Geographical Orientation of Heerlen ............................................................. 36 4.2.3 History of Heerlen .......................................................................................... 36 4.2.4 Current Issues in Heerlen ............................................................................... 37 4.2.5 Future Vision of Heerlen ................................................................................ 39 4.3 Shrinkage Issue in Parkstad Limburg & Heerlen ..................................................... 41 4.3.1 Population Development ............................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Effects of Shrinkage in Heerlen ...................................................................... 41 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 5: Sustainability and the Approach in Heerlen ...................................................... 45 5.1 Sustainability Integration at the Municipality of Heerlen ....................................... 45 5.2 DPL: ‘DuurzaamheidsProfiel van een Locatie’ ........................................................ 46 5.3 DPL as a Basis for Further Research ....................................................................... 48 PART B: Shrinkage & Sustainability .................................................................................... 49 Chapter 6: Sustainable Redevelopment of Shrinkage Districts ........................................... 51 6.1 Interaction between Shrinkage and Sustainability ................................................. 51 6.2 Shrinkage and Sustainability according to Policymakers ........................................ 53 6.2.1 Shrinkage and Sustainability as judged by Policymakers - Survey ................... 53 6.2.2 Ranking of Sustainability Aspects in Relation to Shrinkage according to Policymakers................................................................................................................. 59 6.3 Comparison between My Opinion and Policymakers’ Opinions ............................. 59 6.3.1 Similarities ..................................................................................................... 59 6.3.2 Differences .................................................................................................... 59 6.4 Case Studies: Sustainability Approach in Shrinkage Districts in Heerlen................. 60 6.4.1 MSP: Meezenbroek-Schaesbergerveld-Palemig (Heerlen-Stad) ...................... 61 6.4.2 Aldenhof – De Dem (Hoensbroek) .................................................................. 61 6.4.3 Vrieheide-De Stack (Heerlerheide) ................................................................. 62 6.4.4 Comparison between MSP, Aldenhof and Vrieheide-De Stack ....................... 64 6.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 66 4 Chapter 7: Advice ............................................................................................................... 67 7.1 The Recipient of the Advice ..................................................................................