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Balancing Equations

When balancing chemical equations, it is important to remember that no matter is created or destroyed.

Law of : Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

Chemical equations are written with the reactants on the left side of the equation (reaction arrow) and products on the right side of the equation (reaction arrow).

HCl +KOH H2O + KCl

Reactant: A substance that undergoes change in a and is written on the left side of the reaction arrow in a chemical equation.

Product: A substance that is formed in a chemical reaction and is written on the right side of the reaction arrow in a chemical equation.

The bonds between atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form new compounds in chemical reactions, but none of the atoms disappear and no new ones are formed. As a consequence, chemical equations must be balanced, meaning that the number and kinds of atoms must be the same on both sides of the reaction arrow.

The numbers placed in front of formulas to balance equations are called coefficients, and they multiply

all the atoms in a formula. Thus, the symbol “2 NaHCO3” indicates two units of bicarbonate, which contain 2 Na atoms, 2 H atoms, 2 C atoms, and 6 O atoms (2 X 3= 6, the coefficient times the subscript for O). Count the numbers of atoms on the right side of the equation to convince yourself that it is indeed balanced.

2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Balanced Equation: A chemical equation in which the numbers and kinds of atoms are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow.

Coefficient: A number placed in front of a formula to balance a chemical equation.

The Four Steps of Balancing Equations:

1. Write an unbalanced equation, using the correct formulas for all reactants and products. Remember that the scripts in chemical formulas cannot be changed in balancing an equation because doing so would change the identity of the substances in the reaction. 2. Add appropriate coefficients to balance the number of atoms of each element. 3. Check the equation to make sure the numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation are the same. 4. Make sure the coefficients are reduced to their lowest whole-number values

2 H2SO4 + 4 NaOH 2Na2SO4 + 4 H2O reduces to H2SO4 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + 2 H2O Balancing Chemical Reactions

Elements combine in whole number, that we know to be true. Thus, we need to have the smallest whole number ratio of the coefficients used to balance the equation. To balance an equation initially, you may use a fraction, but then you must modify the coefficients to make them whole numbers. Below is an example.

Reaction: C3H6O2 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O Hint: Wait to balance last since placing a coefficient in front of elemental oxygen (O2) will not change any other elements.

Initial balancing: C3H6O2 + ?O2 --> 3CO2 + 3H2O

The carbons and have been balanced. All that is left are the . There are a total of 9 oxygens of the product side (right of the arrow). Notice that 2 oxygens exist in the compound on the reactant side. Thus, to balance out the oxygens, an equation can be set up.

2 + x = 9 --> x = 7 --> Seven oxygens are required to balance the reaction, so this dictates that we use a coefficient in front of oxygen (O2) that will produce 7 oxygens. This will cause a coefficient of 3.5 to be used. This is not a whole number, but we can deal with that later.

Almost balanced: C3H6O2 + 3.5O2 --> 3CO2 + 3H2O

Having a fraction as a coefficient is not allowed, thus we must convert 3.5 to a whole number. To accomplish this, we will multiply 3.5 by 2. Just like in algebra, if something is done to one number, we must do the same thing to all of the numbers. Thus, all coefficients will be multiplied by 2. Doing this keeps the equation balanced.

Almost, nearly balanced: 2(C3H6O2 + 3.5O2 --> 3CO2 + 3H2O)

BALANCED!! 2C3H6O2 + 7O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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