Dipartimento Di Scienze Politiche Cattedra Di Istituzioni E Storia Dei Paesi Islamici

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Dipartimento Di Scienze Politiche Cattedra Di Istituzioni E Storia Dei Paesi Islamici Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Cattedra di Istituzioni e Storia dei Paesi islamici Jihad “liquido”: L’evoluzione storico-sociologica del concetto di “guerra santa” dalle origini alla post-modernità RELATORE Prof. Soravia Graziosi Bruna CANDIDATO Garofano Dino Rodinò Matr. 621082 CORRELATORE Prof. De Blasio Emiliana ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014/2015 Sommario Introduzione ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Modernità a-moderna nell’universo musulmano ................................................................................. 4 Chiavi di lettura ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Islamizzare la modernità? ........................................................................................................................ 11 ‹‹Globalità›› islamica ................................................................................................................................ 16 Tra utopia e distopia .................................................................................................................................. 21 Il passato è sempre ‹‹presente›› .............................................................................................................. 25 Capitolo uno ............................................................................................................................................. 30 La politicizzazione dell’islam ................................................................................................................. 30 “Dio non è morto” ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Jihad: tra definizione classica e modernità, concezioni a confronto ............................................ 62 Jihad: le origini ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Definizione del martire ............................................................................................................................. 77 Jihad, ideologia in evoluzione ................................................................................................................ 80 Il jihad di Sayyid Qutb .............................................................................................................................. 85 Capitolo due ............................................................................................................................................. 90 Al Qaeda ....................................................................................................................................................... 90 Azzam e il Jihad globale .......................................................................................................................... 90 Che cos’è Al Qaeda? ................................................................................................................................. 97 Fase uno: la fondazione di Al Qaeda (Agosto 1988 – Febbraio 1989) ...................................... 102 Fase due: nuovi obiettivi (Febbraio 1989 – Novembre 1989) ..................................................... 109 Fase tre: lo sceicco ritorna in Arabia saudita (Novembre 1989 – Gennaio 1991) .................. 111 Fase quattro: Gli anni in Sudan (1992 – 1996) ................................................................................ 112 Fase cinque: il ritorno in Afghanistan e la dichiarazione di guerra (Estate 1996 – 2001) ... 119 Capitolo tre ............................................................................................................................................. 146 Jihad liquido............................................................................................................................................... 146 Lo scenario ................................................................................................................................................. 146 2 L’acceleratore ............................................................................................................................................ 154 Jihad liquido nella fase liquida ............................................................................................................. 159 Attivazione terrorismo “homegrown” e politiche di contrasto .................................................... 175 Riferimenti bibliografici .................................................................................................................. 189 3 Introduzione Modernità a-moderna nell’universo musulmano Chiavi di lettura ‹‹Al fine di indagare tutto quanto riguarda questa scienza con la stessa libertà d’animo con la quale usiamo accostarci alle scienze matematiche, ho messo tutto il mio impegno nel comprendere le azioni umane, invece di deriderle, compiangerle, maledirle››1. ‹‹Le differenze nascono quando la ragione non è completamente sveglia o torna ad assopirsi; […] Noi, esseri umani, siamo dotati di tutto quanto ci occorre per scegliere la strada giusta; la strada che, una volta scelta, sarà la stessa per tutti noi. Il soggetto di Descartes e l’Uomo di Kant, armati della ragione, non avrebbero deviato dalla retta via del raziocinio, a meno che non vi fossero stati indotti o tentati. Scelte diverse sono il sedimento degli incespicamenti della storia, il risultato di un danno cerebrale variamente definito pregiudizio, superstizione o falsa coscienza. A differenza dei verdetti eindeutig della ragione che è proprietà di ciascun singolo essere umano, le differenze di giudizio hanno origini collettive; gli “idoli” di Francesco Bacone risiedono laddove le persone si accalcano e si spintonano: a teatro, in un mercato, nelle feste tribali. Liberare la forza della ragione umana significò liberare l’individuo da tutto ciò››2. Nell’era della post-modernità, o quella che Bauman definirebbe Modernità Liquida, l’incontro/scontro tra il mondo islamico e il mondo occidentale3 - forse meglio definibili 1 Baruch Spinoza, Trattato politico, I, 4. Cit. in Gilles Kepel, Il profeta e il faraone, Bari, 2006, p. XVII. 2 Zygmunt Bauman, Modernità Liquida, Bari, 2011, p. 196. 3 Olivier Roy ci mette in guardia su problemi che non riguardano esclusivamente l’ermeneutica, bensì, sono paradigmatici della confusione su tali tematiche: ‹‹Questa riformulazione della religione come “semplice” religione pone il problema della costante confusione fra religione e cultura, che si ritrova nell’espressione assurda di mondo “arabo-musulmano”. Quest’ultima da un lato esclude sia i cristiani arabi sia gli ebrei arabofoni, dall’altro separa gli arabi (qualunque sia la loro religione) dagli altri musulmani, impedendo in 4 come “universi” data la loro complessità intrinseca - si colloca su presupposti nuovi, su scenari e contesti in continuo mutamento. In questo senso, come sottolinea Giovanni Ricci: ‹‹Il confuso dibattito sui rapporti fra Occidente e Islam suscitato dal terrorismo lascia poco sperare per il momento, mentre le contraddizioni non governate chiedono solo di esplodere››4. Diventa quindi necessario, innanzitutto, mettere un po’ di ordine e collocare nella loro giusta dimensione spazio-temporale i vari macrofenomeni antropologici, sociali, religiosi, e politici che riguardano e sottendono il terrorismo di matrice islamica. Pure, prima ancora, bisogna utilizzare lenti adatte per osservare un rapporto millenario tra due civiltà, evitando la “tentazione universalista”5 di stampo europeo come metro di riferimento nell’interpretazione di realtà che non sono equiparabili. In altre parole, parliamo di quell’approccio laico o secolare europeo che pretende di assurgere a modello assoluto, il quale promuove una visione univoca della realtà declinata ai parametri culturali e politici propri dell’esperienza europea. In tale residuo di eurocentrismo culturale, nonostante il modello laico di stampo francese riscontri discreto successo sul piano astratto e simbolico, tuttavia, tale schema non è generalizzato in tutto l’Occidente6. Andare oltre la prospettiva universalista ci permette di evitare non solo ossimori come “Islam laico” ma anche di dare eccessivo peso alla religione (nei rapporti a livello di individuo, società, politica) nelle società musulmane. Coerentemente a quanto detto, John L. Esposito, esperto di fama entrambi i casi di definire in che cosa consisterebbe una cultura strettamente musulmana, diversa dalla cultura araba in generale. Perlopiù, quando si vuole fare un parallelo con i termini “Islam” o “musulmano” non si usa il termine “cristiano”, ma “europeo” o “occidentale”. Se l’Occidente non è il cristianesimo, perche l’Islam dovrebbe essere l’Oriente? Il paradosso è che, nel momento stesso in cui il passaggio dell’Islam all’Ovest comporta una crisi delle culture d’origine, le identità si ricompongono in Occidente in una nuova confusione fra religione ed etnicità, dove il temine “musulmano” non designa un credente, ma diventa il contrassegno di un identità neoetica (o pseudo etica) e crea delle categorie identitarie che funzionano sul mercato occidentale, per classificare appunto i discendenti dell’immigrazione. Questo mito del multiculturalismo serve spesso a ricreare una “comunità musulmana”, ma costruita dall’esterno e spesso utilizzata in caso
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