WORLDWIDE STRATEGIES for COUNTER-TERRORISM Anne Aldis and Graeme P
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THE IDEOLOGICAL WAR ON TERROR This volume is the fi rst to examine current attempts to counter ideological support for terrorism (CIST) worldwide. While terrorist groups legitimize and justify their use of violence and terror and gain new recruits and supporters through the use of ideology, the book asks and strives to answer the following questions: to what extent do existing CT strategies de-legitimize ideological support for terrorists? What further measures might be undertaken? How might we understand and measure sucess and, on the basis of the case studies, what policy recommendations can be made? To answer these questions and to assess CIST activities objectively the editors have put together a wealth of case studies covering Europe and Eurasia, the Middle East, the Asia Pacifi c region, South Africa and South and Latin America. Examining the relationship between terrorists, political extremists and ideology, each chapter highlights effective policies to counter that support and suggests how CIST might be located more closely within a counter-terrorism strategy. This volume thus re-examines terrorists’ strategic goals and sources of legitimacy and the nature of their ideological support, examines current US and regional CT strategies and assesses their success in de-legitimizing terrorists and undermining their support, and fi nally provides a strategic synthesis and policy recommendations in light of the research fi ndings. This book will be of much interest to students and analysts of political violence and terrorism, security studies and politics in general. Anne Aldis is Head of the UK Defence Academy’s Confl ict Studies Research Centre. She is co-editor of Russian Regions and Regionalism (2003), Russian Military Reform 1992–2002 (2003) and Soft Security Threats and European Security (2005). Graeme P. Herd is a Faculty Member at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Switzerland, where he directs the International Training Course in Security Policy, and an Associate Fellow of Chatham House. He is co-editor of Russian Regions and Regionalism (2003), Security Dynamics in the Former Soviet Bloc (2003), Soft Security Threats and European Security (2005) and co-author of Divided West: European Security and the Transatlantic Relationship (2006). CASS SERIES: POLITICAL VIOLENCE Series Editors: Paul Wilkinson and David Rapoport TERRORISM VERSUS DEMOCRACY: THE LIBERAL STATE RESPONSE Paul Wilkinson AVIATION TERRORISM AND SECURITY Paul Wilkinson and Brian M. Jenkins (eds) COUNTER-TERRORIST LAW AND EMERGENCY POWERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1922–2000 Laura K. Donohue THE DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE David C. Rapoport and Leonard Weinberg (eds) INSIDE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS David C. Rapoport (ed.) THE FUTURE OF TERRORISM Max Taylor and John Horgan (eds) THE IRA, 1968–2000: AN ANALYSIS OF A SECRET ARMY J. Bowyer Bell MILLENNIAL VIOLENCE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.) RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Peter H. Merkl and Leonard Weinberg (eds) TERRORISM TODAY Christopher C. Harmon THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM John Horgan RESEARCH ON TERRORISM: TRENDS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES Andrew Silke (ed.) A WAR OF WORDS: POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND PUBLIC DEBATE IN ISRAEL Gerald Cromer ROOT CAUSES OF SUICIDE TERRORISM: GLOBALIZATION OF MARTYRDOM Ami Pedahzur (ed.) TERRORISM VERSUS DEMOCRACY: THE LIBERAL STATE RESPONSE, 2ND EDITION Paul Wilkinson COUNTERING TERRORISM AND WMD: CREATING A GLOBAL COUNTER-TERRORISM NETWORK Peter Katona, Michael Intriligator and John Sullivan (eds) MAPPING TERRORISM RESEARCH: STATE OF THE ART, GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTION Magnus Ranstorp (ed.) THE IDEOLOGICAL WAR ON TERROR: WORLDWIDE STRATEGIES FOR COUNTER-TERRORISM Anne Aldis and Graeme P. Herd (eds) THE IDEOLOGICAL WAR ON TERROR Worldwide strategies for counter-terrorism Edited by Anne Aldis and Graeme P. Herd First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Anne Aldis and Graeme P. Herd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The ideological war on terror : worldwide strategies for counter-terrorism / edited by Anne Aldis and Graeme P. Herd. p. cm. – (Political violence series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. War on Terrorism, 2001–2. Terrorism–prevention. 3. Ideology. 4. Terorism–Religious aspects–Islam. 5. East and West. I. Aldis, Anne, 1953–. II Herd, Graeme P. III. Political violence. HV6431.I34 2006 363.325’16–dc22 2006014025 ISBN 0-203-96842-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–40073–2 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–40074–0 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–96842–5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40073–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40074–9 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–96842–0 (ebk) CONTENTS Contributors x Preface xvii PART I Introduction 1 1 Approaches to countering terrorism and CIST 3 MAGNUS RANSTORP AND GRAEME P. HERD 2 Ideology in terrorism and counter terrorism: lessons from al Qaeda 21 ROHAN GUNARATNA PART II The Greater Middle East 35 3 Saudi Arabia’s conundrum and the al Qaeda insurgency 37 RICHARD L. RUSSELL 4 Countering terrorism: Hizbullah’s appeal 53 FARIBORZ MOKHTARI 5 Countering Arab television? Assessing the effect of Alhurra 68 ANNE MARIE BAYLOUNY 6 Islamic radicalism in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan 81 ROUBEN AZIZIAN vii CONTENTS 7 Countering ideological support: the case of the Ferghana Valley 96 EHSAN AHRARI PART III Southeast Asia 111 8 Combating al Jama’ah al Islamiyyah in southeast Asia 113 ROHAN GUNARATNA 9 It’s the story, stupid: neutralizing radical Islamism in the southeast Asia theatre 128 KUMAR RAMAKRISHNA 10 Counter-ideological work: Singapore experience 143 MUHAMMAD HANIFF HASSAN PART IV Latin and South America 161 11 Terrorism in the Southern Cone 163 SALVADOR RAZA 12 Confronting terrorism in Latin America: building cooperation in the Andean Ridge 179 BORIS SAAVEDRA 13 Countering ideological support for terrorism in the Circum- Caribbean 194 JOHN T. FISHEL AND MARY GRIZZARD PART V Europe and Africa 211 14 Countering Islamist radicals in eastern Europe 213 GYÖRGY LEDERER 15 Countering ideological support for terrorism: a South African case study 228 DAVID AFRICA viii CONTENTS PART VI Conclusions and policy recommendations 243 16 Synthesizing worldwide experiences in countering ideological support for terrorism (CIST) 245 GRAEME P. HERD AND ANNE ALDIS Selected bibliography 253 Index 277 ix CONTRIBUTORS David Africa is an independent researcher based in South Africa, and adjunct- professor on the Programme on Terrorism and Security Studies at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Germany. Mr Africa has conducted research into terrorist fi nancing and counter-terrorism models in developing countries. Prior to this he served as an intelligence offi cer specialising in counter-terrorism in South Africa. From 1995 to 2001 he was actively involved in the development of counter-terrorism capabilities in the post-apartheid South African government. He is currently involved in a joint US-Russia-China project on Transnational Security Threats in the Twenty- fi rst Century. Mr Africa has completed postgraduate courses in International Relations and is currently engaged in a Master’s Degree in International Policy and Diplomacy. His current research interests include the role of intelligence in counter-terrorism and countering ideological support for terrorism. Dr Ehsan Ahrari is an Independent Strategic Analyst residing in Alexandria, VA. Until April 15, 2005, he served as Professor of National Security and Strategy at the National Defense University’s Joint Forces Staff College in Norfolk, VA. Prior to that (July 1990 to March 1994), he served as Professor of West Asian Studies at the US Air War College, Maxwell AFB, AL. As a CENTCOM specialist, Dr Ahrari has travelled extensively in the Middle East and South Asia, and has lectured at a number of leading think tanks in the region, including the NATO School in Oberammergau, Germany, and the Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Civil–Military Relations. Dr Ahrari’s functional expertise includes information warfare, radical Islam, nuclear and missile proliferation in Southern Asia (China, India, and Pakistan), and counter terrorism. He is the author or editor of nine books and monographs and over 300 essays, OpEds, and book reviews. Anne Aldis MA is Director of the Confl ict Studies Research Centre, UK Defence Academy. Since she joined the Centre in the mid-1980s she has participated in many international security, confl ict resolution and defence diplomacy projects, primarily in southern and eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. She is Adviser to the Security and Organizational Reform Team for the Academy’s Advanced Research and Assessment Group. Under her oversight x CONTRIBUTORS CSRC has published several hundred research papers and monographs. Among other commercial publications, she has recently co-edited: Russian Regions and Regionalism (Routledge 2003, with Graeme P. Herd), Russian Military Reform 1992–2002 (Cass 2003, with Roger McDermott), and Soft Security Threats and European Security (Routledge 2005, with Professor Herd). Dr Rouben Azizian, prior to becoming a full-time academic, had an extensive career in the Soviet and later Russian Foreign Service. He came to the Asia- Pacifi c Center for Security Studies in January 2002 from the Department of Political Studies of the University of Auckland, New Zealand where he taught from 1994–2001.