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Terrorism in the Middle East: Implications on Egyptian Travel and Tourism International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 6 Issue 3 Article 7 2018 Terrorism in the Middle East: Implications on Egyptian Travel and Tourism Tamer Z.F Mohamed Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, [email protected] Tamer S. Elseyoufi Helwan University, Egypt, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Emergency and Disaster Management Commons, International Relations Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Public Policy Commons, Strategic Management Policy Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Recommended Citation Mohamed, Tamer Z.F and Elseyoufi, amerT S. (2018) "Terrorism in the Middle East: Implications on Egyptian Travel and Tourism," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 6: Iss. 3, Article 7. Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol6/iss3/7 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 6(iii) 2018 Evolution and Impact of Terrorism in the Middle East: Implications for Egyptian Travel and Tourism Tamer Z.F Mohamed PhD student, Southern Taiwan University of Science & Technology, Taiwan. [email protected] Tamer S. Alseyoufi PhD, Helwan University, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Egypt [email protected] This paper attempts to shed the light on challenging issues affecting travel and tourism industry especially in the Middle East such as political, socio-economic and security instability. Due to its geopolitical and historical importance, the paper focuses on the situation in Egypt as a descriptive case study. The methodology relies on historical review and impact assessment to understand the roots and extended branches of instability in the Middle East that led to the Arab Spring, by focusing on the Egyptian case in the last half century. The assessment explains the negative effect of Western and Egyptian policy on extending the contemporary Middle East crisis by using militarization over sustainability. The assessment not only shows the consequences and risks for the local population and visitors, but also suggests potential corrective actions. Key Words: peace-building, de-radicalization, sustainable tourism security, religious tourism, risk assessment, war on terror, Islam, neoliberalism Redefining Sustainable Tourism Security in only loss of lives and instability but also hindering Post Arab Spring Context: socio-economic sustainability and political development, that can negatively affect the travel and Tourism Security and the Arab Spring: Background tourism sectors, especially in the Middle East region First of all, tourism has a great effect on the cultural, after the 9\11 terrorist attack (al-Marri, 1999; social, economic, developmental and environmental Althnayan, 2012; Baker, 2014; Elena, 2016; Haddad & aspects of society as it contributes to the advancement Hakim, 2008; Lutz & Lutz, 2015; Pizam & Smith, of dialogue among people and civilisations in addition 2000; S. Sönmez, Apostolopoulos, & Tarlow, 1999; to promoting business and industries. Moreover it helps Yap & Saha, 2013). The 9\11 terrorist attack affected to preserve relics, monuments, historical treasures, global tourism negatively, impacting both Eastern and heritage, traditions and folklore as well as the Western tourists, and created not only economic loss environment (i.e. ecotourism). Because security is a by the huge drop of Middle Eastern tourists visiting prerequisite for steady tourism growth, countries are Western countries and vice versa, but also the culture keen to achieve comprehensive security in general and of fear the clash of civilization that it prompted - which tourism security in particular (Al-alkamy, 2012). in turn hindered global peace (Steiner, 2010:12). The problems that tourists usually experience include According to 2014 data, the total number of tourists in theft in hotels and airports, food poisoning, natural and the world was 1.2 billion, among whom only 250 industrial disasters, violent crimes and aggression, million are involved in the Middle East. The World biological hazards, wars and terrorist incidents; all Bank reported that tourism revenue in 2010 in Tunisia, influenced and moderated by media, which risks Egypt, Yemen, Libya and Syria was about $24.5 threatening the tourism image. Since tourism has billion, among which Egypt had the largest share at unique properties associated with the broader security about $13.6 billion. At the same time, Syria had $6.3 system, more attention should be given to all political, billion with 12% contribution to the national income of socio-economic and techno-scientific considerations. the country from the tourism sector, providing job In this context, the Middle East region has suffered opportunities to more than 14% of the workforce. from serious problems related to security, including Tunisia holds third place in revenue, with about $3.4 colonialism, corruption, and instability (Shobr, 2007). billion while Libya had the lowest revenue of only 170 Several studies and articles emphasise the role of million dollars. Due to the recent political and security terrorism as a major global security threat causing not instability in the aftermath of Arab Spring, terrorist ~ 86 ~ Tamer & Tamer Evolution and Impact of Terrorism in the Middle East: Implications for Egyptian Travel and Tourism attacks caused tourism income to drop by more than well as implications for travel and tourism, it is 41% in Tunisia and 43% in Morocco. As a result, in important to first understand security in the context of 2014 tourism revenues in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen sustainable travel and tourism. have fallen by 55% ($24.5 billion in 2010 to $11 billion in 2014) (Rowayeh, 2015). Redefining Security for Sustainable Travel and Tourism There are a few studies referring to the impact of Basically, safety refers to protection from threatening security and political instabilities on the travel and random unwanted incidents occurring by coincidence tourism industry in the Middle East after the Arab and out of a person’ control, such as natural and human Spring. These refer to sustainability issues that need to -made disasters; while security can be defined as be solved through proactive risk management if protection from threatening intended incidents due to stability is to be restored in the region (Abd El-Jalil, deliberate and planned human acts such as crimes and 2013; Abeyratne, 2011; Avraham, 2015; Hanna, 2013; terrorism (Idsø & Jakobsen, 2000). The basic Lafferty & Youssef, 2015; Nasr, 2016; Perles-Ribes et definition for security is ‘The state of being free from al., 2016). However, this paper discusses the recent danger or threat’ (Oxford Dictionary, 2017); while the evolution of political and security instabilities in Egypt concept of comprehensive security can be defined as: with special reference to terrorism and its impact on the wellbeing of people aside from the threats the travel and tourism industry. disturbing or restricting their rights, freedoms, convenience, spiritual and social needs, through a In recent decades, numerous events and crises in the system of socioeconomic justice (Al-alkamy, 2012). Middle East have caused serious risk and threatened the political, economic and social stability of several Tourism security is classified under the category of Arab countries including Tunisia, Yemen, Algeria, economic security, which is part of comprehensive Iraq, Egypt, Arabian Gulf, Jordan and Syria. security in a country or destination. Thus, tourism Consequently these countries were affected security’s objectives and efforts should provide all the dramatically, especially their tourism sectors, one of necessary conditions and recreational needs for tourists their major income sources (Rushby, 2015). Egypt, to feel safe and happy. The concept of tourism security Tunisia and Turkey were favourite destinations for involves: the availability of security and safety in many tourists coming from Europe looking for exotic various tourism facilities including criminal security; a and cheap recreational experience, but those countries culture of warm reception and hospitality; professional were hit by the strongest wave of security and political tourism regulation (i.e. security rules for tourism instabilities sweeping the Middle East. The failure to companies) and; tourism related environmental stabilise security, especially in the travel and tourism security (Al-alkamy, 2012). sectors was due to expanding terrorism, Arab Spring’ political instabilities, conflicts, and the effect of Post-9\11 tourism security is typically extended refugees. Such factors and issues require deep beyond the traditional criminal concept - terrorism is examination and root solutions to recover peace and normally politically driven, unlike other criminal acts security in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions that are mainly economically driven. Many countries (Dewan, 2016). and their tourism destinations now suffer from terrorism due to growing political instabilities The
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