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Rafael Delcourt De Seixas Ferreira Rafael Delcourt de Seixas Ferreira EVOLUÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE CERATOSAURIA E TYRANNOSAUROIDEA (DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA) São Paulo 2016 Rafael Delcourt de Seixas Ferreira EVOLUÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE CERATOSAURIA E TYRANNOSAUROIDEA (DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA) Tese (Doutorado) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hussam Zaher Coorientadora: Profa. Dra. Erika Hingst Zaher São Paulo 2016 i Não autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico. I do not authorize the reproduction and dissemination of this work in part or entirely by any means eletronic or conventional. ii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Ferreira, Rafael Delcourt de Seixas Evolução morfológica de Ceratosauria e Tyrannosauroidea (Dinosauria: theropoda) / Rafael Delcourt de Seixas Ferreira; orientador Hussam Zaher; coorientadora Erika Hingst-Zaher. – São Paulo: 2016. 227 fls. Tese (Doutorado) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Evolução - Theropoda. 2. Theropoda - morphology. 3. Theropoda - Evolução. I. Zaher, Hussam. II. Hingst-Zaher, Erika. III. Título. Banca examinadora Prof. Dr.______________________ Instituição: ___________________ Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.______________________ Instituição: ___________________ Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.______________________ Instituição: ___________________ Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.______________________ Instituição: ___________________ iii Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr. Hussam Zaher (Orientador) Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dra. Erika Hingst-Zaher (Coorientadora) Julgamento: ___________________ Assinatura: ___________________ iv Este trabalho é dedicado a todas as pessoas que buscam se guiar pelas evidências e encontrar a verdade. Também é dedicado a todas as crianças que com sua imaginação e criatividade fazem os dinossauros voltarem à vida. Para Gabriel Henrique Ferreira Damasio (nascido em 07/05/2016) v Agradecimentos Nesses próximos parágrafos gostaria de fazer os devidos agradecimentos a todos àqueles que contribuíram de alguma forma para o desenvolvimento desta tese. Muitos dos que serão citados não contribuíram de forma acadêmica, mas seu apoio foi essencial para que eu pudesse realizar essa pesquisa, pois me apoiaram de diversas formas e fizeram parte importante do desenvolvimento de um caráter questionador. Primeiramente gostaria de agradecer aos meus orientadores Hussam El Dine Zaher e Erika Hingst-Zaher por me orientarem e ajudarem no desenvolvimento dessa tese. Seu apoio e orientação foram extremamente necessários, seja de forma moral, seja de forma acadêmica. Muito obrigado por me apoiarem e terem a paciência necessária para que eu pudesse escrever e realizar esta pesquisa. Um agradecimento especial ao meu orientador informal Fabio Machado que me norteou com as metodologias empregadas na tese. A Alberto Carvalho toda minha gratidão, pois sempre foi um companheiro e sempre fez comentários pertinentes à tese. Também sou muito grato ao meu amigo Paulo Nascimento (Pirula) por ter tirado fotos do Daspletosaurus no Tyrrell Museum e a Bruno Augusta por ter me ajudado com as metodologias empregadas. Ambos também fizeram comentários muito pertinentes à minha tese. Gostaria de agradecer a toda minha família que sempre esteve ao meu lado pela realização dos meus sonhos e conquistas. Aos meus pais Maurílio Ferreira e Constança Ferreira toda minha gratidão e amor, pois foi graças a eles que pude almejar o caminho da Ciência. Eles me ajudaram a formar meu caráter como pessoa e como profissional. Sempre estiveram ao meu lado, mesmo quando os caminhos trilhados por mim eram ambíguos e duvidosos. Meu pai sempre me incentivou a seguir o caminho das Ciências Biológicas. Agradeço também a minha querida irmã Patricia Ferreira que também sempre me apoiou e foi minha amiga, e a seu marido Vitor Damasio que sempre demonstrou curiosidade pela minha pesquisa e gastávamos muito tempo conversando. A todos meus familiares... tios, primos, avós, todos sempre me incentivaram de alguma forma e sempre tive seu apoio. Gostaria de fazer um agradecimento especial a meu grande querido amigo e parceiro Felipe Melo, que no período final dessa caminhada, em meio a tanta mudança em minha vida, foi um grande suporte e incentivo. Seu apoio moral e companheirismo foram essenciais para a conclusão dessa tese. Não posso deixar de agradecer também o apoio moral, também nessa fase, dos meus queridos amigos Pedro Busana e Alberto Carvalho. Eles gastaram muito tempo conversando e me orientando em meio à turbulência. Também lhes devo a conclusão da tese. Agradeço muito a vi Larissa Ribeiro e Letícia Velasco por me incentivarem e cobrarem o andamento da tese. As duas foram como minhas irmãs mais novas que me apoiavam. O meu muito obrigado! Agradeço a meus amigos e colegas do Museu de Zoologia da USP (MZUSP). À equipe de nosso Laboratório de Paleontologia sempre foi muito unida, seja academicamente, seja fraternalmente. Muito obrigado a todos, pelos comentários, sugestões, discussões e aprendizado. Obrigado Alberto Carvalho, Paulo Nascimento, Rosely Rodrigues, Melissa Padilha, Ana Bottallo, Bruno Augusta, Bruno Navarro, Natan Brilhante, Wellton Araújo, André Cattaruzzi, Lucas Piazentin. Às amigas Mariana Galera, Gabriela Sanches, Natália Rizzo e Paola Sanches e à equipe do MSZUP que sempre esteve disponível para ajudar e orientar: Felipe Elias, Dione Seripierri, Marta Zamana, Marta Grobel, Omair Tizzot, Sonia Araujo, Ageu Francisco, Valter Saraiva, Altair Casemiro, Eliseu Pereira, Sérgio Torres e Vanderlei dos Santos, muito obrigado. Um agradecimento especial à minha querida amiga Liza Forancelli que sempre me apoiou e abriu caminhos para novas oportunidades. Nossa amizade se estende além da vida acadêmica. Os meus agradecimentos a ela. Gostaria de agradecer também aos meus amigos do Museu Nacional que me incentivaram a iniciar o doutorado em outra instituição que não aquela onde realizei meu mestrado. A Sergio Alex, Luciana Carvalho, Orlando Grillo, Deise Henriques, Fernanda Oliveira, Natan Brilhante e Bárbara Maciel deixo meus sinceros agradecimentos. Agradeço aos meus amigos e professores da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, onde me formei, com os quais até hoje mantenho uma relação de amizade e profissionalismo. O meu muito obrigado a Heitor Fischer e Vilma Palazetti que me iniciaram na vida acadêmica. Quero agradecer aos meus amigos “leigos” na Ciência, mas que sempre me apoiaram e quiseram ver o desenvolvimento de minha pesquisa e meu crescimento pessoal. Muito obrigado a Vanessa Keese que me ajudou desde o tempo da graduação até o último ano do doutorado; a Elielson e Vanessa Lauriano que sempre foram meus grandes amigos para todas as horas; a Tiago e Malena Leister também meus queridos amigos do coração. Todos eles contribuíram com sua amizade e apoio. Deixo minha gratidão. Passo agora a agradecer aos pesquisadores, curadores e gerentes das coleções que contribuíram para que eu pudesse examinar os materiais fósseis dentre as diversas instituições visitadas. Sua permissão e auxílio foram imprescindíveis para a obtenção dos dados para a tese. Os agradecimentos serão listados abaixo de acordo com as instituições visitadas: vii Museu Nacional: Sergio Alex, Luciana Carvalho e Deise Henriques. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia: Alejandro Kramarz e Federico Agnolín. Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue: Juan Porfiri, Domênica Santos e Flávia Coelho. Museo de La Plata: Marcelo Reguero. Museo Municipal Carmen Fuñes: Rodolfo Coria. Museo Paleontológico Egídio Feruglio: Eduardo Ruigómez. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino: Ruben Barbieri. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas (J.C. Moyano) de Mendoza: Guillermo Campos e Clara Abal. Museo Municipal Ernesto Bachmann: Juan Canale. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco: Rubén Martínez. American Museum of Natural History: Mark Norell e Carl Mehling. Field Museum of Natural History: Bill Simpson. University of Chicago: Paul Sereno e Bob Masek. Burpee Museum of Natural History: Scott Willians National Museum of Natural History: David Bohaska Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology: Xu Xing e Zheng Fang Mongolian Paleontological Center: Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar, Ulziitseren Sanjaadash e a simpática e prestativa secretária de Tsogtbaatar, que infelizmente não pude lembrar seu nome por claras dificuldades linguísticas. Agradeço também a Thomas Carr pelos seus comentários a respeito do desenvolvimento ontogenético dos Tyrannosauridae e a Diego Pol pelos comentários e orientações acerca da morfologia de Abelisauridae. Agradeço a Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) por terem fomentado essa pesquisa. Por fim, gostaria de desagradecer ao governador do estado de São Paulo, Geraldo Alckmin, por prestar um desfavor à educação e ao pensamento crítico dos alunos do estado a partir do fechamento de escolas, redução das merendas, críticas às pesquisas de base e opressão aos alunos por meio de força policial. O retrocesso educacional é a marca de sua gestão. viii
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