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JANUARY 2004 Sipanews Sipanews VOLUME XVII No COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS | JANUARY 2004 SIPAnews SIPAnews VOLUME XVII No. 1 JANUARY 2004 Published biannually by Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs From the Dean p.15 ith this issue of SIPA News we introduce the colleagues at the UN but to students, to their citizens living in p. 2 p. 32 second installment of our effort to create an the New York area (and there are always many, many of Why Reform the UN A Marathon a Day: informative and entertaining magazine of those!), and to the American public. This year, the Earth Security Council? An Iranian’s Quest this publication, once simply our alumni Institute joined us in issuing invitations to the heads of state of By Edward C. Luck p. 17 Becomes Source of newsletter. In doing so we have incorporated several countries in which they have major research projects, The Other Side of Rio Global Inspiration Wthe student magazine, known as Slant, and devoted a special while our own Center for International Conflict Resolution By Celeste Tarricone By Ladane Nasseri section to student writing. This ensures that our student writ- organized a day-long conference on Afghanistan, which p.4 ers get more exposure and that our readers get more interest- included not only President Hamid Karzai but many of the The Battle for ing (and eloquent) stories, but it also means that writers and international and American policymakers with whom his gov- the Soul of the p. 21 p. 34 contents readers alike should understand the ground rules. Within con- ernment routinely interacts. Although all the activity—the United Nations Afghan Journalism 101 Inside SIPA: ventional limits of civility, timeliness, and grammatical usage, motorcades, the Secret Service, the closed streets, the security By Dirk Salomons By Rachel Martin Faculty and we do not authorize, approve, censor, or otherwise comment screening of the audiences, the video feeds for overflow School News on the content of these articles, and we do not accept respon- crowds—taxed the resources of Columbia’s always patient and Student Voices from sibility for the views expressed there. We inaugurate a column cordial security staff, the opportunity to see and hear some of Around the World p. 25 of letters to the editor in this issue as well, however, and hope the world’s most important figures talk about their hopes for p. 40 that some of you will be moved to express any disagreement, the world was a memorable way to start the academic year. The Chechen Dilemma By Marisa Robertson-Textor puzzlement, or admiration these articles may provoke. And it was a memorable year to start: this is the beginning p. 8 Letter to the Editor As you will see, this semester got off to a very busy and of Columbia’s 250th anniversary, and, as alumni around the The UN and Its high profile start, as the University once again hosted a num- world are well aware, the University is celebrating its remark- University for Peace p. 29 ber of world leaders on the occasion of the annual meeting of able history in style. Books and videos, conferences on campus, in Costa Rica p. 42 the UN General Assembly in September. For decades SIPA has and alumni club festivities around the world are all planned to By J. Paul Martin The Amazon School: Development News been the fortunate beneficiary of our proximity to the United mark the occasion. It is a fitting moment for President Lee Promoting Human Nations headquarters, and not only because students found Bollinger to launch a consideration of the role of Columbia in Rights and the Environment academic year internships and faculty served as formal and the new era of globalization in the twenty-first century. p. 10 By Ama Marston p. 46 informal advisers to everyone from the secretary general to the We at SIPA are excited by the prospect of these discus- World Leaders Class Notes heads of specialized agencies. Each fall we have welcomed vis- sions, and you, our readers, will be seeing some of their results at Columbia iting heads of state and foreign ministers to the campus, pro- in the coming years. viding an opportunity for them to speak not just to their Whatever neoconservative columnists THE UN and some Washington officials might prefer, there is no evidence of the Security Council’s fading SECURITY from relevance. Indeed, the actions of the Bush administration suggest WHYWHY REFORM REFORM COUNCIL? the opposite. either doable or desirable. The main stumbling agenda is to expand the size of the Council table wider range of military options than the others, blocks to the last reform drive in the mid- so that they can sit there more often. This is advo- the benefits of Security Council authorization 1990s—which states should be anointed perma- cated in the name of equity, representativeness, may seem of decreasing value, particularly if they nent members from Europe, Asia, Africa, and and democracy, the last a term never used in the sense that others are seeking to use their numbers Latin America—have not been resolved. The Charter. But the assumption that larger regional in the Council to counterbalance U.S. military splits within the regions, if anything, look deep- powers represent the security interests of their superiority with diplomacy maneuvering. The er today. A chorus of cries for change hardly con- weaker neighbors gains little nourishment from political problems caused by these power asym- stitutes a consensus on what a reformed Council history or the nature of geopolitics, particularly if metries are exacerbated by asymmetrical percep- should look like. Indeed, the very political crisis they are to be given vetoes over international tions of the urgency of preempting the possible that spurred these renewed calls for structural enforcement action in their neighborhoods. Has use of weapons of mass destruction by terrorists reform will prove to be the undoing of the effort. the expansion of the UN’s Economic and Social and of the utility of military means of doing so. It is a little like deciding to remodel your house Council (ECOSOC) twice, from eighteen to Until the Council provides more effective multi- because it is on fire. A better course would be twenty-seven to fifty-four, endowed it with lateral alternatives for counterterrorism and for first to conduct a sober diagnosis of what sparked greater relevance? If size were the prime criterion stalling the spread of weapons of mass destruc- the conflagration and then to launch a concerted for relevance, then the General Assembly would tion, it will be in a poor position to reclaim the effort to address its roots. The starting point, be the most relevant of all. mantle of leadership in the pursuit of interna- then, is to recognize that the Council is afflicted Adding more members will not heal the polit- tional peace and security. by a political, not institutional, malaise. ical and conceptual split among the current ones. The end of the Cold War has left the Security A radical overhaul of the Council’s composi- They cannot agree on whether the Council’s pri- Council with a confusing, even paradoxical, set tion could well exacerbate its political troubles. mary purpose should be to sit back and judge of political legacies. On the one hand, there is a While a modest expansion of membership to ease whether the use of force by member states is jus- prevalent desire to replace the rigidities of the the North-South imbalance is overdue, giving tified or to organize effective and collective bipolar system with a more flexible and partici- any new permanent members a veto over enforcement action, whether through economic patory multipolar one, in which multilateral deci- by Edward C. Luck Council action and expanding membership from sanctions or military intervention. Was the cen- sion-making processes through instruments like fifteen to twenty-five or more would simply terpiece of the Charter, in other words, to be the Security Council play a more central role. On hese are uncertain times for the UN prompted three basic responses: (1) that it has Ironically, on that front other member states sud- make it that much more difficult for the Council Article 2(4)’s caution against unilateral military the other hand, the demise of the Soviet Union Security Council. Its prewar debate on become irrelevant; (2) that it needs radical denly lost their enthusiasm for multilateralism, to act in a timely and decisive manner in crisis sit- action or Chapter VII’s unprecedented enforce- and a decreasing willingness on the part of the use of force in Iraq was bitter, divi- reform; and (3) that its place as the final arbiter preferring to keep the Council out of the diplo- uations. The unspoken agenda of some would-be ment machinery? No doubt the founders recog- America’s European partners to shoulder a sub- sive, and ultimately indecisive. As a on the use of force by member states calls for matic fray. On the war on terrorism, Washington reformers—seeking to dilute U.S. influence with- nized that a workable multilateral system for the stantial military burden have made the world result, neither the supporters nor the fresh thinking and debate. The first conclusion is continues to value the work of the Council’s in the Council—would make the body even less maintenance of international peace and security increasingly unipolar, at least in military terms. Topponents of the war found much sustenance in wrong, the second misguided, and the third right Counter-Terrorism Committee in seeking to reflective of the balance of power and capacity would require both individual restraint and col- Until these conflicting geopolitical dynamics are the Council’s performance.
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