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Computer  Pc Components, Features and Control  Components of System and Its Feature  Types of Computer  Software Types  Operating System

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Contents at a Glance 1 Introduction and Development of the PC 2 Pc components, features and Control 3 Basic Electronics 4 SMPS 5 Motherboards and Add-on Cards 6 Processor Types and Specifications 7Memory 8Hard Disk Drive 9Optical Storage 10Input Devices 11 BIOS 12 Video Hardware 13 Printers and Scanners 14 Operating System 15 PC Diagnostics, Testing and Maintenance Lesson -1 Introduction and Development of the PC Characteristic and features of computer Pc components, features and Control Components of System and its feature Types of Computer Software Types Operating System Computer:- The word computer comes from the word ―compute‖, which means, ―to calculate‖. Computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. A computer is also called as data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever requires. The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing. ―Data‖ is raw material used as input and ―Information‖ is processed data obtained as output of data processing. Processing: -Manipulation of data in the computer. Manipulation means calculations, comparisons, sorting of data. Characteristic of computers:- 1. Automatic 2. Speed 3. Accuracy 4. Diligence 5. Versatility 6. Power of remembering 7. No I. Q. 8. No feelings Basic Function of Computer: - 1. Inputting: -Processing of entering of data and instructions into a computer system. 2. Storing: -Saving data and instructions to make them readily for initial or additional processing and when required. 3. Processing: -Performing arithmetic operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc) on data to convert them to useful information. 4. Outputting: -Process of producing useful information or results for a user, such as printed report or visual display. 5. Controlling: -Directing the manner and sequence in which the above operations are performed. Hardware: - Hardware is a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts of a computer. Most visible hardware part of a desktop PC consists of: - System Unit (Cabinet) Monitor Keyboard Mouse UPS Printer Inside the system unit box (Cabinet) the major hardware are: - Motherboard (Includes Chipsets and Daughter cards according to Expansion slots) Processor (CPU or Microprocessor) RAM (Primary Memory) ROM (BIOS chip) SMPS (Power supply) Hard Disk (Secondary Storage) DVD-Drive (Secondary Storage) Processor or C.P.U.(Central Processing Unit): -The two basic unit component ofC.U. (Control Unit)andA.LU. (Arithmetic and Logic Unit). C.U.: -It acts as a central nervous system for other components of a computer system. It manages and coordinates the entire computer system. A.L.U.: -Performing arithmetic operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc). MOTHER BOARD: -A Motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) it holds many of the crucial components of the system, like Chipsets, Expansion cards, RAM, ROM, while providing connection for other peripherals. Primary Memory: - It is also known as main memory of computer system. It is used to hold pieces of program instruction and data, intermediate results of processing.Example: -RAM, ROM. Secondary Memory: -It is also known as auxiliary memory. It is used to take care of limitations of primary storage. It supplements the limited storage capacity and the volatile characteristic of primary memory.Example: - Magnetic Tape, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Compact Disk, DVD, Pen Drive, Memory Chip etc. Input Device: -An input device is an electromechanical device that accepts data from outside world and translates then into from a computer can interpret. Example: - Keyboard, Point and draw device (Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Electric Pen, and Touch Screen), Data Scanning Devices (Image Scanner (Flatbed Scanner and Hand Held Scanner), Optical Character Recognition (OCR) device (Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Bar-Code Reader, Magnetic- Ink Character Recognition (MICR), Digitizer, Electronic Card Reader, Speech Recognition Device. Output Device: -An input device is an electromechanical device that accepts data from computer and translates them into a form suitable for use by users.Example: - Monitors (There are two basic types of monitors 1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) 2. Flat Panel (LCD, TFT, PLASMA, LED DISPLAY).Printers (Dot Matrix Printers, Inkjet Printers, Drum Printers, Chain/Band Printers, Laser Printers), Plotters (Drum Plotter, Flatbed Plotter), Screen Image Projector, Voice Response Systems. Classification of computers: - Analogue Computer: - Analog computers are used to process continuous data. Analog computers represent variables by physical quantities. Thus any computer which solve problem by translating physical conditions such as flow, temperature, pressure, angular position or voltage into related mechanical or electrical related circuits as an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated in general it is a computer which uses an analog quantity and produces analog values as output. Thus an analog computer measures continuously. Analog computers are very much speedy. They produce their results very fast. But their results are approximately correct. All the analog computers are special purpose computers. Digital Computer: - Digital computer represents physical quantities with the help of digits or numbers. These numbers are used to perform Arithmetic calculations and also make logical decision to reach a conclusion, depending on, the data they receive from the user. Hybrid Computer: - Various specifically designed computers are with both digital and analog characteristics combining the advantages of analog and digital computers when working as a system. Hybrid computers are being used extensively in process control system where it is necessary to have a close representation with the physical world. The hybrid system provides the good precision that can be attained with analog computers and the greater control that is possible with digital computers, plus the ability to accept the input data in either form. Type of Digital Computer: - 1. Laptop Computer:-The smallest computer in size has been developed. This type of small computers look like an office brief case and called "LAPTOP" computer. The laptops are also termed as "PORTABLE COMPUTERS." Due to the small size and light weight, they become popular among the computer users. The businessmen found laptop very useful, during traveling and when they are far away from their desktop computers. A typical laptop computer has all the facilities available in microcomputer. The smallest laptops are called "PALMTOP". 2. Micro Computer: -These are the smallest range of computers. They were introduced in the early 70‘s having less storing space and processing speed. Microcomputers of todays are equivalent to the mini computers of yesterday in terms of performing and processing. They are also called ―computer of a chip‖ because its entire circuitry is contained in one tiny chip. The micro computers have a wide range of applications including uses as portable computer that can be plugged into any wall. 3. Mini Computer:-Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and other facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other services. They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever they are needed. Their speeds are rated between one and fifty million instructions per second (MIPS). They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred megabytes range with direct access storage device. 4. Super Mini Computer: - Super mini computers is a high speed performance compared to ordinary mini computer and also has a large amount of memory compare to mini computers and also most powerful type of mini computers, capabilities more commonly associated with mainframes. 5. Mainframe Computer: - The most expensive, largest and the most quickest or speedy computer are called mainframe computers. These computers are used in large companies, factories, organizations etc. the mainframe computers are the most expensive computers; they cost more than 20 million rupees. In this computers 150 users are able to work on one C.P.U. The mainframes are able to process 1 to 8 bits at a time. They have several hundreds of megabytes of primary storage and operate at a speed measured in Nano second. 6. Super Computer: - Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the government organizations have extra ordinary demand for processing data which required tremendous processing speed, memory and other services which may not be provided with any other category to meet their needs. Therefore very large computers used are called Super Computers. These computers are extremely expensive and the speed is measured in billions of instructions per seconds. SOFTWARE The term software refers to a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documents describing the programs and how they are to be used. Program: -A sequence of instructions (command) written in a language understood by a computer is called a computer program. TYPES OF SOFTWARE: - 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: -It is set of one or more programs designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of computer system. Types of System Software: - 1. Operating System: -It is an integrated set of programs that controls the resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices,
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