Mips 16 bit instruction set

Continue Instruction set architecture MIPSDesignerMIPS Technologies, Imagination TechnologiesBits64-bit (32 → 64)Introduced1985; 35 years ago (1985)VersionMIPS32/64 Issue 6 (2014)DesignRISCTypeRegister-RegisterEncodingFixedBranchingCompare and branchEndiannessBiPage size4 KBExtensionsMDMX, MIPS-3DOpenPartly. The R12000 has been on the market for more than 20 years and therefore cannot be subject to patent claims. Thus, the R12000 and old processors are completely open. RegistersGeneral Target32Floating Point32 MIPS (Microprocessor without interconnected stages) is a reduced setting of the Computer Set (RISC) Instruction Set Architecture (ISA):A-3:19, developed by MIPS Computer Systems, currently based in the United States. There are several versions of MIPS: including MIPS I, II, III, IV and V; and five MIPS32/64 releases (for 32- and 64-bit sales, respectively). The early MIPS architectures were only 32-bit; The 64-bit versions were developed later. As of April 2017, the current version of MIPS is MIPS32/64 Release 6. MiPS32/64 differs primarily from MIPS I-V, defining the system Control Coprocessor kernel preferred mode in addition to the user mode architecture. The MIPS architecture has several additional extensions. MIPS-3D, which is a simple set of floating-point SIMD instructions dedicated to common 3D tasks, MDMX (MaDMaX), which is a more extensive set of SIMD instructions using 64-bit floating current registers, MIPS16e, which adds compression to flow instructions to make programs that take up less space, and MIPS MT, which adds layered potential. Computer architecture courses in universities and technical schools often study MIPS architecture. Architecture has had a major impact on later RISC architectures such as Alpha. History This section needs to be expanded. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) See also: MIPS Technologies The first version of miPS architecture was developed by MIPS Computer Systems for its microprocessor, the first implementation of MIPS. Both MIPS and R2000 were introduced together in 1985. When MIPS II was introduced, MIPS was renamed MIPS I to distinguish it from the new version. The (1989) MIPS Computer Systems (1989) was the first miPS II. R6000, designed for servers, was manufactured and sold by Bipolar Integrated Technology, but was a commercial glitch. In the mid-1990s, many of the new 32-bit MIPS processors for built-in systems were MIPS II implementations, because the introduction of the 64-bit MIPS III architecture in 1991 left MIPS II as the newest 32-bit MIPS architecture before MIPS32 was introduced in 1999.A'3:19 MIPS computer systems microprocessor (1991) was the first implementation of MIPS III. for use in personal, workstations and servers MIPS Computer Systems actively promoted the MIPS and R4000 architecture by creating the Advanced Computing Environment (ACE) consortium to promote its Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) standard, which aims to create MIPS as the dominant personal computer platform. ARC has not found much success in personal computers, but the R4000 (and R4400 derivative) has been widely used in workstations and server computers, especially its largest user, Silicon Graphics. Other uses of the R4000 included high-quality built-in systems and . MIPS III was eventually implemented by a number of embedded microprocessors. The (1993) and its quantum effect derivatives were widely used in high-quality built-in systems and low-level workstations and servers. MIPS Technologies' (1994) was designed for built-in systems, laptops and personal computers. The derivative, the R4300i, manufactured by NEC Electronics, was used in the game console. The Nintendo 64, along with the PlayStation, were among the highest-volume users of MIPS architecture processors in the mid-1990s. The first implementation of MIPS IV was the MIPS Technologies microprocessor chipset (1994). The R8000 was built at Silicon Graphics, Inc., and was only used in high-quality workstations and servers for science and technology applications, where high performance on large floating point loads was important. Later realizations were MIPS Technologies (1996) and quantum effects devices (1996) and RM7000 (1998). The R10000, manufactured and sold by NEC Electronics and , and its derivatives were used by NEC, Pyramid Technology, Silicon Graphics, Inc. and Tandem Computers (among others) on workstations, servers and supercomputers. The R5000 and R7000 are used in high-quality built-in systems, personal computers and low-level workstations and servers. The derivative of Toshiba's R5000, R5900, was used by Sony Computer Entertainment's , which powered its PlayStation 2 gaming console. Announced on October 21, 1996 at the Microprocessor Forum 1996 along with the expansion of MIPS Digital Media Extensions (MDMX), MIPS V was designed to enhance the performance of 3D graphic transformations. In the mid-1990s, the main use of non-embedded MIPS microprocessors was SGI graphics workstations. The MIPS V was completed by the only INtegrator extension of MDMX to provide a complete system to improve the performance of 3D graphics applications. MiPS V implementations were never presented. On May 12, 1997, SGI announced the H1 (Beast) and H2 microprocessors (Captain). The first was to be the first introduction of MIPS V and was to be introduced in the first half of 1999 The H1 and H2 projects were later merged and eventually cancelled in 1998. Although there were no miPS V, V, Issue 1 (1999) was based on MIPS V and retains all its features as an additional Coprocessor 1 (FPU) feature called Paired-Single. When MIPS Technologies was spun off from Silicon Graphics in 1998, it refocused on the built-in market. Unlike the MIPS V, each subsequent version was a strict supernet of the previous version, but this property was recognized as a problem, and the definition of architecture was changed to define the 32-bit and 64-bit architecture: MIPS32 and MIPS64. Both were introduced in 1999. MIPS32 is based on MIPS II with some additional features from MIPS III, MIPS IV and MIPS V; MIPS64 based on MIPS V., Toshiba and SiByte (later acquired by Broadcom) received licenses for MIPS64 immediately after it was announced. Since then, they have been joined by Philips, LSI Logic, IDT, Raza Microelectronics, Inc., Cavium, Technology and . MIPS32/MIPS64 Issue 5 was announced on December 6, 2012. Issue 4 was missed because number four is perceived as unsuccessful in many Asian cultures. In December 2018, Wave Computing, the new owner of MIPS architecture, announced that MIPS ISA would be open source in a program called MIPS Open. The program was designed to open access to the latest versions of both 32-bit and 64-bit designs, making them available without any licensing or royalties, as well as granting participants licenses for existing MIPS patents. In March 2019, one version of the architecture was available under a free license, but later that year the program was closed again. The design of this section needs to be expanded. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) MIPS presents it with a modular architecture that supports up to four coprocessors (CP0/1/2/3). In MIPS C0 terminology, it is a system control coprocessor (an integral part of the MIPS I-V implementation processor), CP1 is an additional floating point unit (FPU), and CP2/3 are additional implementation coprocessors (MIPS III deleted CP3 and reused its opcodes for other purposes). For example, the PlayStation CP2 game console is a geometry conversion engine (GTE) that speeds up geometry processing in 3D . MiPS I MIPS versions are load/shop architecture (also known as register-register architecture); with the exception of the download/storage instructions used to access memory, all instructions work on registers. The MIPS I Registers has thirty-two 32-bit general purpose registers (GPR). Register $0 wired to zero and writes it discarded. Registration $31 is a link register. A pair of 32-bit registers, HI and LO, are provided for multiplication and separation instructions that work asynchronously from other instructions. a small set of instructions for copying data between common common and HI/LO registers. The program counter has 32 bits. Two low-order bats always contain zero, as MIPS I instructions are 32 bits long and correspond to their natural word boundaries. Instructions are divided into three types: R, I, and J. Each instruction starts with a 6-bit opcode. In addition to the opcode, the R-type instructions define three registers, a shift margin, and a field of function; I-type instructions define two registers and a 16-bit immediate value; The J-type instructions follow the opcode with a 26-bit jump target. A-174 The following three formats used for the main set of instructions: Type -31- format (bit) -0- R opcode (6) rs (5) rt (5) rd (5) shamt (5) funct (5) 6) I opcode (6) rs (5) rt (5) immediately (16) J opcode (6) address (26) instructions on MIPS I have instructions, that load and store 8-bit bytes, 16-bit half-words, and 32-bit words. Only one address mode is supported: basic movement. Because MIPS I is a 32-bit architecture, loading volumes of less than 32 bits requires that the datum be either signed or expanded to 32 bits. Load instructions, suffixed unsigned, perform zero extension; otherwise, the sign is being extended. Instructions for downloading the source of the base from GPR content (rs) and write the result to another GPR (rt). Instructions for storing the source of the database from GPR (rs) and store data from another GPR (rt). All download and storage instructions calculate the memory address, summing up the base with a 16-bit sign immediately. MIPS I requires that all memory accesses be aligned with their natural word boundaries, otherwise an exception is signaled. To support effective unapprecoded memory access, there are instructions for downloading/storing words, suffixed left or right. All download instructions follow the load delay slot. The instruction in the load delay slot cannot use data downloaded by the load instruction. The load delay slot can be filled with an instruction that does not depend on the load; nop is replaced if such an instruction cannot be found. MIPS I have instructions to perform the addition and subtraction. These instructions source their operands of two GPRs (RS and rt), and write the result on the third GPR (rd). In addition, the addition can source one of the operands of the 16-bit immediately (which sign extended to 32 bits). There are two options for adding and subtracting: by default, the exception is signaled if the result is overflowing; instructions with an unsigned suffix do not signal an exception. The overflow check interprets the result as a 32-bit two integer supplement. MIPS I have instructions to perform bitwise logical I, OR, XOR, and NOR. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs and write to the third GPR. Instructions AND, OR and XOR can as an alternative get one of the operas from the 16-bit immediate (which with zero extended to 32 bits). Write one or zero to the destination register if the relationship is true or false. These instructions source their operands of two GPRs or one GPR and 16-bit immediately (which mark extended to 32 bits), and write the result to the third GPR. By default, operands are interpreted as signed integrators. There are variations of these instructions, which are suffixed with unsigned operands as unsigned integers (even those that source operand from the 16-bit extended sign immediately). The immediate top instruction load copies the 16-bit immediately in high-order 16 bit GPR. It is used in conjunction with the Or Immediate instruction to load a 32-bit instant into the register. MIPS I has instructions for performing left and right logical shifts and correct arithmetic shifts. Operand is derived from GPR (rt), and the result is recorded on another GPR (rd). The change distance comes either from GPR (rs) or from a 5-bit interchangeable amount (field sa). MIPS I have instructions for signed and unsigned multiplication and division. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs and write their results on a pair of 32-bit registers called HI and LO, as they can perform separately from (and simultaneously with) other CPU instructions. To multiply the halves of the 64-bit high-and-low-order product are written on HI and LO (respectively). To separate the coefficient is written BY LO, and the rest is HI. To access the results, a pair of instructions (Move from HI and Move from LO) are provided to copy HI or LO content in GPR. These instructions are interconnected: reads HI and LO do not pass by the unfinished arithmetic instructions that will be written in HI and LO. Another pair of instructions (Move to HI or Move to LO) copies the content of GPR in HI and LO. These instructions are used to restore HI and LO to their original state after the exceptions have been processed. Instructions that HI or LO read should be separated by two instructions that are not written in HI or LO. All MIPS I instructions for thread management follow the branch delay slot. If the branch latency slot is not filled with instructions, but the nop is replaced. The MIPS I branch instructions compare GPR (rs) content with zero or other GPR (rt) as signed integers and branch if the specified condition is correct. Management is transferred to an address calculated by transferring a 16-bit offset left by two bits, extending the 18-bit result mark, and adding a 32-bit result, an extended sign, to the program counter amount (instruction address) and 810. Jumps have two versions: absolute and register-indirect. Absolute jumps (Jump and and Link) calculate the control address is transmitted by moving the 26-bit instr_index left on two bits and consta for a 28-bit result with four bits of high-order address instruction in the branch delay slot. Register-indirect jumps transfer control instructions to the address believed as a result of GPR (rs). The address original from GPR must be aligned by word, otherwise the exception is signaled after the instruction is performed in the branch latency slot. Branch and Jump instructions (with the exception of Jump and Link Register) save the GPR 31 return address. The Jump and Link Register allows you to save the return address for any wringing GPR. MIPS I has two instructions for the software to signal an exception: System Call and Breakpoint. System call is used by user mode software for kernel calls; and Breakpoint is used to transfer control to the back of the kernel. Both instructions have a 20-bit code field that may contain information about the work environment for the exception handler. MIPS has 32 registers of floating current tones. Two registers in pairs for double exact numbers. Odd 20-hour registers cannot be used for arithmetic or branching, only as part of a double-precision register pair, resulting in 16 usable registers for most instructions (movements/copies and loads/shops were not affected). One accuracy is indicated by the .s suffix, while the dual accuracy is indicated by the suffix .d. MIPS II MIPS II removed the load delay slot and added several sets of instructions. Instructions for synchronizing shared memory, downloading a related word, and instructions on the store's conditional word were added for multi-processing of the shared memory. A set of Trap on Conditions instructions was added. These instructions caused an exception if the condition assessed is correct. All existing branch instructions were given versions with the probability of branches that performed instructions in the branch latency slot only if the branch was taken. These instructions improve performance in some cases, allowing useful instructions to fill the branch latency slot. INSTRUCTIONS were added for cop1-3 loading and storage. In accordance with other instructions for access to memory, these loads and stores required that the double word be naturally aligned. The instructions for the floating point coprocessor also had several instructions added to it. Added an instruction on the square root IEEE 754 with a floating point. She supported both one- and two-precise operas. A set of instructions was added that converted the one- and two-point number of floating tones tone into 32-bit words. They supplemented existing conversion instructions by allowing IEEE rounding mode to be specified instead of register floating point and status. MIPS III MIPS III is a reverse-enabled MIPS MIPS extension that added support for 64-bit memory of targeted and integrative operations. The 64-bit data type is called the double word, and MIPS III has expanded general-purpose registers, HI/LO registers and the program against 64 bits to support it. New instructions have been added to download and store double words, to perform additional functions, subtract, multiply, divide, and change operations on them, and to move the double word between GPRs and HI/LO registers. Existing instructions, originally set to work on 32-bit words, have been revised where it is necessary to sign-extend 32-bit results to allow words and double words to be considered equally by most instructions. Among these instructions, the word load was revised. In MIPS III he signs words to 64 bits. In addition to Load Word, a zero-extension version has been added. The inability of the R instruction format to specify the full shift distance for 64-bit shifts (its 5-bit shift box is too narrow to specify the shift distance for double words) required MIPS III to provide three 64-bit versions of each MIPS I shift instruction. The second version is similar to the first, but adds 3210 value to the shear amount field, so that a constant shear distance of 32-64 bits can be specified. The third version gets a shift distance from six bits of low-order GPR. MIPS III has added a level of leader privilege between existing core levels and user privileges. This function only affected the implementation-defined system control processor (Coprocessor 0). MIPS III has removed Coprocessor 3 (CP3) support instructions and reusable opcodes for new double word instructions. The remaining coprocessors received instructions on how to move double words between coprocessor registers and GPRs. Floating Common Registers (FGR) were extended to 64 bits, and the requirement for instructions on the use of even a read register was removed. This is incompatible with earlier versions of the architecture; A little in the floating control point/register status is used to operate miPS III floating block point (FPU) in MIPS I- and II-compatible mode. Floating point control registers have not been expanded for compatibility. The only new floating point instructions added were those to copy the double words between the processor and the FPU to convert single- and double-precision floating point numbers into double-headed integers and vice versa. MIPS IV MIPS IV is the fourth version of the architecture. It is a MIPS III superset and is compatible with all existing versions of MIPS. MIPS IV was developed mainly to improve floating point (FP) performance. To improve access to operandas, an additional address mode (basic index, both according to GPRs) and for FP loads and stores, as well as prefet prefets to perform pre- strained memory and provide cache hints (they supported both basic and basic index targeting modes). MIPS IV has added several features to improve concurrency at the instructions level. To ease the bottleneck caused by a single bit of state, seven bits of state code were added to the floating point and status control register, bringing the total to eight. FP comparisons and branch instructions have been revised so they can indicate which condition bit has been written or read (respectively); and the latency slot between the FP branch that read the bit of state written by the previous FP comparison was removed. Support for a partial predicate in the form of conditional relocation instructions for both GPO and FPRs has been added; and implementation can choose between having accurate or inaccurate exceptions for IEEE 754 traps. MIPS IV has added several new FP arithmetic instructions for both single- and two-way FFP: fused multiplication add or subtract, reciprocal and reciprocal square roots. FP addition or subtraction instructions perform one or two roundings (defined by implementation) to exceed or meet IEEE 754's accuracy requirements (respectively). The FP square root's reciprocal and reciprocal instructions do not meet the IEEE 754 accuracy requirements and produce results that differ from the required accuracy by one or two units of the last place (the implementation is determined). These instructions serve applications where delaying instructions is more important than accuracy. MIPS V MIPS V added a new type of data, Paired Single (PS), which consisted of two single-track (32-bit) floating point numbers stored in the existing 64-bit floating point registers. Options for existing floating point instructions for arithmetic, comparison, and conditional movement have been added to work on this type of data in SIMD fashion. Added new instructions for downloading, rearranging, and converting PS data. This was the first set of instructions for using a floating-point SIMD with existing resources. MIPS32/MIPS64 The first edition of MIPS32, based on MIPS II, added conditional moves, forerunner instructions and other features from the R4000 and R5000 64-bit processors. The first release of MIPS64 adds MIPS32 mode to run 32- bit code. MUL and MADD (multiplication-addendations) instructions previously available in some implementations have been added to the MIPS32 and MIPS64 specifications, as well as cache control instructions. MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 6 in 2014 added: 22 a new family of branches without delay: unconditional branches (BC) and branch and link (BALC) with 26-bit compensation, conditional branch at zero/non-zero level with 21-bit bias, full set of signed and unsigned conditional branches is compared between two registers (e.g. BGTUC) or register vs. zero (e.g. BG-C), full set that compare the register with zero (e.g. BGTAALK). The instruction on the index jump without delay slot is designed to support large absolute addresses. instructions for loading 16-bit blinks in a bit position of 16, 32 or 48, making it easy to generate large constants. Instructions for downloading pCs, as well as generating addresses with large (PC-relative) biases. instructions for the bit-reversal and series (previously only available with the DSP extension). multiply and divide the instructions revised so that they use a single register for their result). instructions generating the values of truth now generate all zeros or all of them, not just clearing/installing 0-bit, instructions using the meaning of truth now only to interpret all zeros as false, rather than just looking at 0-bits. Rarely used instructions are removed: some conditional moves of the branch of probable instructions (withered in previous releases). Integer overflow capture instructions with 16-bit immediate integer battery instructions (together HI/LO registers, moved to DSP Applications-Specific Extension) Uncoherated Load Instructions (LWL and LWR), (requiring that most of the usual loads and support stores of uncoordinated access, possibly through capture and with the addition of new instructions (BALIGN)) ) reorganized the instructions of microMIPS Architecture microMIPS32/64 are supernets of MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures The downside of MIPS16e is that it requires a switch mode before any of its 16-bit instructions can be processed. microMIPS adds versions of the most commonly used 32-bit instructions, which are encoded as 16-bit instructions. This allows programs to mix 16- and 32-bit instructions without switching modes. microMIPS was introduced along with MIPS32/64 Release 3, and each subsequent release of MIPS32/64 has an appropriate version of microMIPS32/64. The processor can implement microMIPS32/64 or microMIPS32/64 or the corresponding subset of MIPS32/64. Beginning with MIPS32/64 Release 6, MIPS16e support is over, and microMIPS is the only form of code compression in MIPS. Specific expansions of the MIPS32 and MIPS64 base can be complemented by a number of additional architectural extensions, which are collectively called application-specific extensions (ASEs). These ASEs provide features that improve the efficiency and performance of some workloads, such as digital signal processing. MIPS MCU improvements for applications. MCU ASE (specific app extension) was designed to increase support for the interrupt controller, reduce interruption delay, and enhance the i/O peripheral control function typically required when the system is designed Separate priority and vector generation supports up to 256 interruptions in EIC EIC Interrupt Controller mode) and eight hardware contact interruptions provides a 16-bit shift vector of the Address Pre-removal Vector Of Automated Interruption Prologue - adds hardware to save and update the state of the system before interrupting the processing routine of the Automated Epilogue interruption - restores the state of the system previously stored in the stack to return from interruption. Interrupt Chaining - Supports the waiting interruption service without having to get out of the original interruption routine, while saving the cycles needed to store and recover multiple active interruptions supports speculative pre-extraction of the interruption vector address. Reduces the number of service interruption cycles by blocking access to memory using pipeline flushes and prioritizing exceptions includes a set of atoms/clear instructions that allow bits in the VI-O registry, which are commonly used to monitor or control external peripheral functions that need to be modified without interruption, providing a safe action. MIPS16 MIPS16 is a special extension for MIPS I to V, developed by LSI Logic and MIPS Technologies, announced on October 21, 1996 along with its first implementation, the LSI Logic TinyRISC processor. MIPS16 was subsequently licensed by NEC Electronics, Philips Semiconductors and Toshiba (among others); and implemented as an extension of MIPS I, II, III. MIPS16 reduces the size of the application by up to 40%, using 16-bit instructions instead of 32-bit instructions, as well as increasing energy efficiency, cache speed and the equivalent of basic architecture performance. It is supported by hardware and software tools from MIPS Technologies and other vendors. MIPS16e is an improved version of MIPS16, first supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 Release 1. MIPS16e2 is an improved version of MIPS16, which is supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 (until release 5). Issue 6 replaced it with microMIPS. MIPS DSP DSP ASE is an additional extension of MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 2 and newer sets of instructions that can be used to accelerate a wide range of media computing, particularly audio and video. The DSP module consists of a set of instructions and status in the integer pipeline and requires minimal additional logic for implementation in the cores of MIPS processors. The revision of 2 ACE was introduced in the second half of 2006. This revision adds additional instructions to the original ASE, but otherwise the back is compatible with it. Unlike the core of the MIPS architecture, this is a fairly irregular set of operations, many of which are selected for a special relationship to some key algorithm. Its main new features (compared to the original MIPS32): saturating arithmetic (when the calculation is crowded, deliver the number closest to the not overflowing answer). Fixed arithmetic on the signed 32-32- 16-bit fixed-point fractions with a range of -1 to 1 (they are commonly referred to as 31 and No15). Existing multiplication and multiplication instructions that deliver results in two battery sizes (called hi/lo and 64 bits on MIPS32 processors). DSP ASE adds three more batteries, and some different flavors multiply-accumulate. SIMD instructions running at 4 x unsigned bytes or 2 x 16-bit values, packaged in a 32-bit register (64-bit version of DSP ASE also supports larger vectors). SIMD operations are the main arithmetic, shifts and some multiplication operations. MIPS SIMD Architecture Instruction is a set of extensions designed to accelerate multimedia. 32 vector registers 16 x 8-bit, 8 x 16-bit, 4 x 32-bit and 2 x 64 bit vector elements Effective vector parallel arithmetic operations on the integrator, Fixed Point And Floating Point Data Operations at the absolute value of operands Rounding and saturation options are available Full precision multiply and multiply-add conversions between whole, floating points, and fixed data points Full set of vector-level comparison and branch instructions without state flag Vector (1D) and array (2D) shuffling operations Typed load and store instructions for endian-independent operation The compatible element of the exact floating point of exclusion signaling Pre- defined scalable extensions for chips with a large number of gates/transistors accelerates computational intensive applications combined with the use of a common compiler to support software-programmable solutions for consumer electronics applications or features Not covered by dedicated Emerging data mining equipment, the function of extracting, processing images and video, as well as human and computer interaction applications High Performance Scientific Computing MIPS Virtualization Equipment is supported by virtualization technology. MIPS Multi-dark Every multi-thousand core MIPS can support up to two VPP (Virtual Processing Elements) that separate one pipeline as well as other hardware resources. However, since each VPE includes a full copy of the CPU state, as seen in the software system, each VPE is displayed as a complete standalone processor for the SMP operating system. For finer flow processing applications, each VPE is able to support up to nine TCs allocated in two VPs. TC have a common execution unit, but each one has its own program counter and basic register files, so that everyone can process the flow from the software. MiPS MT architecture also allows the distribution of processor cycles by flow and sets relative priorities with an additional unit of quality managers (AIA). This allows the use of two prioritization mechanisms that determine the flow of information through the bus. The first mechanism allows the user to prioritize one thread over another. Teh Teh the mechanism is used to highlight a certain ratio of cycles to certain threads over time. The combined use of both mechanisms allows for the efficient distribution of bandwidth to a set of threads, as well as better control of latencies. In real-time systems, systemic determinism is very important, and the AIA block improves system predictability. Advanced systems hardware designers can replace the standard AIA unit provided by MIPS Technologies with a unit specifically configured for their use. SmartMIPS SmartMIPS is a special app extension (ASE) developed by Gemplus International and MIPS Technologies to improve performance and reduce memory consumption for smart card software. It is only supported by MIPS32, as smart cards do not require miPS64 processor capabilities. Few smart cards use SmartMIPS. MDMX MIPS-3D Calling MiPS conventions had several call conventions, especially on the 32-bit platform. The O32 ABI is the most commonly used ABI due to its status as the original V ABI system for MIPS. It is strictly stack-based, and only four registers are available $a 0-$a 3 for pass arguments. The space in the stack is reserved if the caller needs to keep their arguments, but the registers are not stored there by the caller. The return value is stored in the $v 0 register; The second return value can be stored in $v 1. This perceived slowness, along with the ancient floating point model with only 16 registers, has contributed to the dissemination of many other draft conventions. ABI was established in 1990 and has never been updated since 1994. It is defined only for 32-bit MIPS, but the GCC has created a 64-bit version called O64. For 64-bit, the N64 ABI from Silicon Graphics is most commonly used. The most important improvement is that eight registers are now available for argument; it also increases the number of registers floating then such then such points to 32. There is also a version of ILP32 called N32, which uses 32-bit pointers for smaller code, similar to the x32 ABI. Both work in 64-bit CPU mode. N32 and N64 ABIs transmit the first eight function arguments in registers $a 0-$a 7; subsequent arguments are passed on the stack. The return value (or pointer) is stored in registers $v 0; The second return value can be stored in $v 1. In both N32 and N64 ABIs, all registers are considered 64 bits wide. Several attempts have been made to replace the O32 32-bit ABI, which resembles the N32 more. In 1995, the conference came with MIPS EABI, for which the 32-bit version was very similar. EABI inspired MIPS Technologies to offer more radical ABI ABI to further reuse argument registers for Cost. MIPS EABI is supported by GCC, but not LLVM, and none of them support NUBI. For all O32 and N32/N64, the return address is stored in the $ra register. It's This. set using JAL (jump and link) or JALR (jump and link register) instructions. The PROLOGUE function of the MIPS routine (not the sheet) pushes the return address (in $ra) into the stack. On both the O32 and N32/N64, the stack is rising downwards, but the N32/N64 ABIs require 64-bit alignment for all stack records. The frame pointer ($30) is optional and is rarely used in practice, except when the distribution of the stack in the function is determined during execution, for example by calling alloca. For the N32 and N64, the return address is usually stored 8 bytes to the stack pointer, although this may not be optional. For B32 and N64 ABIs, the feature must save registers $S 0-$s 7, global pointer ($gp or $28), stack pointer ($sp or $29) and frame pointer ($30). The ABI O32 is the same, except for the call function required to save $gp register instead of the function being called. For multi-dark code, the local thread storage index is usually stored in a special $29 hardware register and is available using the mfhw instruction (transition from hardware). It is known that at least one vendor stores this information in the $k 0 register, which is usually reserved for core use, but this is not the standard. Registers $k 0 and $k 1 ($26-$27) are reserved for core use and should not be used by applications, as these registers can be changed at any time by the kernel due to interruption, context switching, or other events. Registers for the O32 call convention Name number use Callee should keep? $zero $0 Permanent 0 N/A $at $1 Picker Temporary No. $v 0-$v 1 $2-$3 Value for Feature Returns and Valuing Expression No. $a 0-$a 3 $4-$7 feature arguments No $t 0-$t 7 $8-$15 Temporary No $s 0-$s 7 $16-$23 saved time $t 8-8-8 $t 9 $24-$25 Temporary No. $k 0-$k 1 $26-$27 reserved for Core OS N/A $gp $28 Global Yes Index (except PIC code) $sp $29 stack pointer Yes $fp $30 frame pointer Yes $ra $31 return address N/A Registers for N32 and N64 Call Conventions 34 name use number Callee should save? $zero $ 0 постоянных 0 N / A $at $ 1 сборщик временный No $v 0-$v 1 $ 2 - $ 3 значения для функции возвращается и выражение оценки No $a 0-$a 7 $ 4 -$11 функция аргументы No $t 4-$t 7 $12-$15 временные No $s 0-$s 7 $16-$23 сэкономили временные Да $t 8 -$t 9 $24-$25 временные No $k 0-$k 1 $26-$27 зарезервированы для ядра OS N/A $gp $28 глобальный указатель Да $sp $2 Указатель стека Да $s 8 $30 указатель кадра Да $ra $31 обратный адрес N/A Регистры, которые сохраняются через вызов, являются регистрами, которые (по конвенции) не будут изменены системным вызовом или процедурой (функцией) вызова. For example, $s registers should be stored in the stack using a procedure that should use them, and $sp and $fp are always increments of constants, and decremented back after the procedure is done with (and the memory they indicate). Unlike $ra, $ra, automatically by any normal function call (those that use jal) and $t registers must be saved by the program until any call of the procedure (if the program needs values within them after the call). The custom space call convention position of independent code on Linux additionally requires that when a function is called $t 9 register should contain the address of that function. This convention dates back to the System V ABI supplement for MIPS. Uses this section needs to be expanded. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) Parts of this article (those related to the 2010s) should be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) MIPS processors are used in built-in systems such as residential gateways and routers. MiPS was originally designed for general purpose calculations. In the 1980s and 1990s, MIPS processors for personal, work and server computers were used by many companies, such as Digital Equipment Corporation, MIPS Computer Systems, NEC, Pyramid Technology, SiCortex, Siemens Nixdorf, Silicon Graphics and Tandem Computers. Historically, game consoles such as Nintendo 64, Sony PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable have used MIPS processors. MIPS processors were also popular with supercomputers in the 1990s, but all such systems fell out of the TOP500 list. These uses were supplemented by built-in applications at first, but during the 1990s, MIPS became a major presence in the built-in processor market, and by the 2000s, most MIPS processors were for these applications. In the mid-to-late 1990s, it is estimated that one in three RISC microprocessors produced was an MIPS processor. By the end of the 2010s, MIPS machines were still widely used in embedded markets, including automotive, wireless router, LTE modems (mainly through MediaTek) and (e.g. PIC32M). They have mostly disappeared from personal, server and application space. Simulators Open Virtual Platforms (OVP) includes a free-for-for-profit OVPsim simulator, a library of processor models, peripherals and platforms, and an API that allows users to develop their own models. Models in the library are open source, written on C, and include MIPS 4K, 24K, 34K, 74K, 1004K, 1074K, M14K, microAptiv, interAptiv, proAptiv 32-bit cores and MIPS 64-bit 5K range. These models are created and maintained by Imperas and in partnership with MIPS Technologies have been tested and assigned to the MIPS- Verified mark. Examples of MIPS-based platforms include both bare metal environments and platforms for downloading unaltended Linux binary images. These emulator platforms are available in source or melons and fast, free for non-commercial use, and easy to use. OVPsim is designed and maintained by Imperas and fast (hundreds of millions of instructions per second), and built to handle multi-core homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures and systems. There is a freely available MIPS32 simulator (earlier versions modeled only R2000/) called SPIM for use in education. EduMIPS64 is a graphic cross-platform simulator written in Java/Swing. It supports a wide subset of ISA MIPS64 and allows the user to graphically see what's going on in the pipeline when the build program is controlled by the processor. MARS is another GUIS-based MIPS emulator designed for use in education specifically for use in computer organization and Hennessy design. WebMIPS is a browser-based MIPS simulator with a visual representation of a universal conveyor processor. This simulator is very useful for tracking registers during step-by-step execution. More advanced free emulators are available in GXemul (formerly known as the mips64emul project) and ZEMU. They emulate the various microprocessors MIPS III and IV in addition to the entire computer systems that use them. Commercial simulators are available specifically for built-in MIPS processors, such as Wind River Simics (MIPS 4Kc and 5Kc, PMC RM9000, ED RM7000, Broadcom/Netlogic ec4400, Cavium Octeon I), Imperas (all cores MIPS32 and MIPS64), VaST Systems (R3000, R4000) and CoWare (MIPS4KE, MIPS24K, MIPS25Kf and MIPS34K). WepSIM is a browser-based simulator where a subset of MIPS instructions is programmed. This simulator is very useful for learning how the processor works (computer programming, MIPS procedures, traps, breaks, system calls, etc.). See also the DLX List of MIPS Processor Architecture MIPS Pipeline Processor Architecture (Computing) Links - Patterson, David (2014). Computer organization and design. 20perspectives/section_4.16.pdf: Elevier. 4.16-4. ISBN 978-0-12-407726-3.CS1 maint: location (link) - b Price, Charles (September 1995). MIPS IV Instruction Set (Revision 3.2), MIPS Technologies, Inc. - b d e f g Sweetman, Dominic (1999). See MIPS Run. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-55860-410-3. MIPS32 Architecture. Mips. Received on March 20, 2020. MIPS64 Architecture. Mips. Received on March 20, 2020. MIPS-3D ASE. Imagination technology. Archive from the original on January 3, 2014. Received on January 4, 2014. MIPS16e. Mips. Received on March 20, 2020. MIPS Multi-reading. Mips. Received on March 20, 2020. University of California, Davis. ECS 142 (Compilers) Links to the Tool Page. Archive from the original on March 21, 2011. Received on May 28, 2009. Silicon Graphics presents the expanded miPS architecture to lead the interactive digital revolution. Schedule, Inc. october 21, 1996. Archive from the original july 10, 2012. a b b Linley (November 18, 1996). Digital, MIPS Add Multimedia Extensions (PDF). Microprocessor report. 10 (15): 24–28. Archive (PDF) from the original dated July 20, 2011. Silicon Graphics Previews the new High Performance MIPS Microprocessor Roadmap (Press Release). May 12, 1997. a b c d e MIPS Technologies, Inc. improves architecture to support the growing need for IP reuse and integration (press release). The Wire Business. May 3, 1999. The latest release of the MIPS architecture includes virtualization and SIMD key functionality for incorporating the next generation of MIPS products (press release). MIPS TECHNOLOGY. December 6, 2012. Archive from the original on December 13, 2012. MIPS misses Issue 4 amid bidding war. EE Times. December 10, 2012. Archive from the original on April 17, 2014. Wave calculations expand ai lead by targeting the edge of the cloud by acquiring MIPS. June 15, 2018. Wave Computing® launches MIPS Open Initiative to accelerate innovation for the famous MIPS® Architecture. December 17, 2018. MIPS ISA processor will be open source in 2019 - Phoronix. Yesida, Junko (December 17, 2018). MIPS is open source. EE Times. MIPS R6 ARCHITECTURE is now available for public use. March 28, 2019. Wave Computing closes its open MIPS initiative with immediate effect, zero warning. November 15, 2019. MIPS is the market-leading RISC CPU IP processor solution. imgtec.com archive from the original dated March 9, 2016. Received on February 11, 2016. Silicon Graphics introduces compact MIPS RISC microprocessor code for high performance at a low price (press release). October 21, 1996. Sweetman, Dominic (2007). Watch MIPS Run (2nd San Francisco, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 425-427. ISBN 978-0-12-088421-6. Using the GNU (GCC) compiler collection: built-in MIPS DSP features. gcc.gnu.org archive from the original dated April 20, 2017. The architecture of the set of instructions is LinuxMIPS. www.linux-mips.org archive from the original dated April 20, 2017. Sweetman, Dominic. See MIPS Run, 2nd edition. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 0-12088-421-6. MIPS32 Instructions Set a Fast Link. b HISTORY MIPS ABI. Eric Christopher (June 11, 2003). mips eabi documentation. [email protected] (Mailing List). Received on June 19, 2020. NO THEY DO. Karen Miller. Conventions on the use of the MIPS register. 2006. - Hal Perkins. MIPS Calling Convention. 2006 - MIPSpro N32 ABI (PDF). Silicon graphics. RCD PIC - LinuxMIPS. www.linux-mips.org. Received on September 21, 2018. System V Application Binary Interface MIPS RISC Processor Supplement, 3rd Edition (PDF). 3-12. Rubio, Victor. Implementation of the MIPS RISC FPGA processor for computer education architecture (PDF). New Mexico. Archive (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2012. Received on December 22, 2011. ^ ^ Fast simulation, free open source models. Virtual software development platforms. Ovpworld.org archive from the original on June 8, 2012. Received on May 30, 2012. The Imperials. The Imperials. March 3, 2008. Archive from the original on June 14, 2012. Received on May 30, 2012. EduMIPS64. Edumips.org archive from the original on May 7, 2012. Received on May 30, 2012. MARS MIPS Simulator - University of Missouri. Courses.missouristate.edu archive from the original dated May 2, 2012. Received on May 30, 2012. WebMIPS - MIPS CPU PIPLINED SIMULATION on Line. Archive from the original on December 31, 2012. Received on January 13, 2012. (online demonstration) Archive copy. Archive from the original on October 10, 2011. Received January 13, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (source) - WepSim. (Web version with examples). Archive from the original on October 1, 2017. Received on October 21, 2019. WepSim. (GitHub website with source). Archive from the original on January 3, 2018. Received on October 21, 2019. Further reading Of Farquhar, Erin; Philip Bunce (1994). MIPS Programmer's Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-297-6. David A Patterson; John L. Hennessy. Computer organization and design: Hardware/software interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-604-1. Sweetman, Dominic (1999). See MIPS Run. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-410-3. Sweetman, Dominic (2007). See MIPS Run, 2nd edition. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 978-0-12-088421-6. External Links Wikibooks has a book on the topic: MIPS Assembly Of Commons has media related to MIPS microprocessors. MIPS Processors Prpl Foundation (a non-profit foundation founded by Imagination Technologies to support the MIPS platform) MIPS Architecture History Charts on Wayback Machines (archive 2013-05-30) Internet MIPS Emulator MIPS Instructions - MIPS Instructions Set extracted from

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