A Política De Segurança Dos Estados Unidos No Pós-Guerra Fria

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A Política De Segurança Dos Estados Unidos No Pós-Guerra Fria UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A POLÍTICA DE SEGURANÇA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA ALESSANDRO SHIMABUKURO CAMPINAS ABRIL DE 2005 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A POLÍTICA DE SEGURANÇA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA Dissertação de Mestrado submetida à banca examinadora para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. ALESSANDRO SHIMABUKURO Orientador: Prof. Dr. Shiguenoli Miyamoto CAMPINAS ABRIL DE 2005 i ii “Do or do not. There is no try.” M. Y. Aos meus pais, Vera e Yosio, pelo exemplo e amor. iii iv AGRADECIMENTOS A elaboração deste trabalho não teria sido possível sem os apoios institucionais e pessoais, aos quais gostaria de agradecer. Agradeço primeiramente à CAPES, que concedeu a bolsa de Mestrado que permitiu minha dedicação integral ao curso e à dissertação. Ao meu orientador, Professor Shiguenoli Miyamoto, a quem sou grato por ter aceito minha orientação, e por ter contribuído com idéias e sugestões sem o qual a qualidade do trabalho jamais seria possível. Agradeço meus pais, Vera Lucia e Yosio Edemir, às minhas irmãs, Vanessa e Fernanda, e ao meu irmão, Leandro, pelo apoio, incentivo e amor durante esses anos. À todos os Professores do Programa San Tiago Dantas pela iniciativa, ótimo trabalho e dedicação ao estudo de Relações Internacionais no Brasil. Agradeço em especial Giovana Vieira pela paciência e excellente trabalho, sem o qual o Programa não funcionaria. Aos meus colegas do mestrado pelas ótimas discussões, momentos e amizade nos últimos dois anos e meio: Marcelle Ivie da Costa Silva, Gabriela Tedeschi Cano, Paulo José dos R. Pereira, Daniel França Oliveira, Diego Zancan Bonomo, Armando Gallo Yahn Filho, Demetrius Cesário Pereira, Feliciano de Sá Guimarães, Carolina Dolinski, Silvana Shiow Shyan Shu, Solange Dias da Silva, Fernanda de Tavares Canto, Gabriel Cepaluni e Igor Fuser. Agradeço também os alunos da turma de 2004, em especial aos “neocons” Ivy Turner, André, Ana Paula, Marcos Alan, e o Prof. Ayerbe. Aos professores Rafael Villa e Janina Onuki pelas sugestões e dicas apresentadas na banca de qualificação que foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento final do texto. Agradeço o pessoal do CAENI: Janina Onuki, Amâncio Jorge Nunes de Oliveira e João Paulo Veiga pelo apoio à minha entrada no Mestrado e pela inspiração acadêmica. v E finalmente, aos meus queridos amigos e amigas: Vanessa e Ricardo, Raquel, Eileen, Hyun e Hee, Alexandre, Paula, Daniel, Jack, Pedro, Edward, Mônica, Eli, Wander e Michelle, pela paciência, apoio e incentivo. vi RESUMO O fim da disputa bipolar com a União Soviética e o posicionamento dos Estados Unidos como única “potência global” no pós-Guerra Fria passaram a exigir uma nova definição dos interesses e das linhas de ação da política externa norte-americana na sua concepção de segurança, não mais dominada pela competição nuclear, nem definida exclusivamente por conflitos convencionais. Através da análise de documentos do governo e artigos de policymakers e acadêmicos norte-americanos, os principais interesses e a política de segurança dos Estados Unidos no novo contexto são identificados: evitar o surgimento de um rival hostil, mantendo a posição de primazia dos EUA através de capacidades militares que garantam a segurança de aliados e inibam o surgimento de rivais. Palavras chaves: Estados Unidos da América, Segurança, Pós-Guerra Fria, Relações Internacionais. vii viii ABSTRACT The end of the bipolar dispute with the Soviet Union and the United States’ positioning in the post Cold War as the only global power demanded a new definition of U.S. interests and foreign policy directives in its security definitions, no longer dominated by nuclear competition nor defined exclusively by conventional armed conflicts. Through an analysis of government documents and articles by American policymakers and academics, the United States’ main interests and security policy in the new context are identified: prevent the re-emergence of a new rival, maintaining U.S. primacy through military capabilities which guarantee allies’ security and inhibit the emergence of rivals. Keywords: United States, Security, Post Cold War, International Relations. ix x SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS.........................................................................................................v RESUMO ..................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... ix LISTA DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................xiii LISTA DE TABELAS ....................................................................................................... xv LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS .............................................................................................xvii INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1 RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS E POLÍTICA EXTERNA A SEGURANÇA COMO EIXO FUNDAMENTAL........................................................................7 O sistema internacional ...................................................................................... 9 Segurança: o interesse fundamental ................................................................ 12 A busca pelo Poder .......................................................................................... 13 O “Equilíbrio de Poder” ..................................................................................... 15 Política de segurança ....................................................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO 2 A POLÍTICA DE SEGURANÇA DOS EUA: EVOLUÇÃO ........................................................25 A evolução da política de segurança dos Estados Unidos: 1776-1947 ............ 27 O Final da Segunda Guerra Mundial e o Início da Guerra Fria......................... 32 A Disputa Bipolar .............................................................................................. 38 A questão nuclear na política de segurança dos EUA...................................... 46 xi CAPÍTULO 3 A POLÍTICA DE SEGURANÇA DOS EUA NA DÉCADA DE 1990: REDEFINIÇÕES ...................49 O Sistema Internacional do Pós-Guerra Fria .................................................... 52 Novo Conceito de Segurança? ......................................................................... 55 Os interesses dos Estados Unidos no pós-Guerra Fria.................................... 59 Análises Sistêmicas.......................................................................................... 64 “Estendendo o momento ‘unipolar’” .................................................................. 67 Consenso Político e Continuidade.................................................................... 85 CAPÍTULO 4 REFLEXO DA POLÍTICA DE SEGURANÇA DOS EUA...........................................................99 Os interesses dos EUA na Europa no pós-Guerra Fria ...................................103 Reafirmação da Aliança...................................................................................105 Manutenção do Equilíbrio de Poder Europeu ..................................................110 Expansão, ao invés de extinção ......................................................................113 Missões Extra-territoriais e Projeção de Poder................................................118 Doutrina Nuclear da OTAN ..............................................................................120 CONCLUSÃO..............................................................................................................127 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...................................................................................135 ANEXOS ....................................................................................................................151 Anexo I.............................................................................................................153 Anexo II............................................................................................................157 Anexo III...........................................................................................................169 xii LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Gastos militares dos EUA 1946-2002 p. 78 Figura 2 – Comandos Militares dos EUA (U.S. Military Commands) p. 81 Figura 3 – Fluxo Mundial de Petróleo p. 93 Figura 4 – Orçamento Militar, 2002 (Military Budget 2002) p. 94 Figura 5 – Presença Militar dos EUA no mundo, 2003 p. 96 Figura 6 – OTAN e Novos Membros, 1999 p. 117 Figura 7 – Membros da OTAN, 2004 p. 124 xiii xiv LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – U.S. Overseas/Foreign Bases by Region, 1947–1988 p. 39 Tabela 2 – Interesses, Ameaças e Presença dos EUA em Território Estrangeiro (Interests, Threats, and a U.S. Presence Overseas) p. 76 Tabela 3 – Gastos militares dos EUA 1946-2002 p. 77 Tabela 4 – Interesses dos EUA: Bob Dole e Warren Christopher p. 88 Tabela 5 – Bases Militares Norte-Americanas em Território Estrangeiro, 2003 p. 95 xv xvi LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS 1992 DPG – 1992 Defense Planning Guidance, First Draft ALCA – Área de Livre Comércio das Américas BIRD – Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento BMD – Ballistic Missile Defense CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CSCE – Commission
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