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A37^ X O 0 3 I Certify That I Have Read This Thesis and I Have Found That It Is Fully Adequate, in Scope

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A37^ X O 0 3 I Certify That I Have Read This Thesis and I Have Found That It Is Fully Adequate, in Scope rURKEY’S MII JTARY EFFORTS FOR PEACE ÎN THE BALKANS A Master’s fhesis MUSTAFA AKSAÇ Department of international Relatioas Bilkent University Ankara August 2003 liA g \0 ■A37^ X O 0 3 I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. Asst. Prof. Hasan t\nal Thesis Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. Asst. Prof. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. i ' ) /1 Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Kiir§at Aydogan Director TURKEY’S MILITARY EFFORTS FOR PEACE IN THE BALKANS The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MUSTAFA AKSAÇ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS m THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BiLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2003 ÜA ^10 j2û03 6 07ί!)β4 ABSTRACT TURKEY’S MILITRY EFFORTS FOR PEACE IN THE BALKANS AKSAÇ, MUSTAFA M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor; Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal August 2003 This thesis analyzes Turkey’s military efforts for peace in the Balkans. With the end of Cold War, there have been remarkable changes in Turkey’s immediate environment. In the periphery of Turkey, including the Balkans, Caucasus and Middle East have emerged instabilities and uncertainties due to disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, failed state structure in Iraq, and historic grievances in these regions. Under these circumstances, Turkey, considering that her security rests on the promotion and insurance of the peace and stability in her region, increased her contribution to promote regional peace and stability in return to consolidate her security. With this policy vision, in the Balkans, Turkey has made remarkable contribution to the promotion of regional peace and stability. This thesis examines Turkey’s peace efforts in the Balkans but the scope of the study is restricted to military efforts. In the study, Turkey’s military efforts for peace are examined in the bilateral and regional as well as international framework. As a conclusion, Turkey’s stabilizing role and significance of her contribution to peace and stability in the Balkans is clarified. Keywords: Military efforts, Turkey’s Balkan policy, the Balkans, military relations, Turkey’s contributions, peace operations, regional peace and security. Ill ÖZET TÜRKİYE’NİN BALKANLARDA BARIŞ İÇİN ASKERİ GİRİŞİMLERİ AKSAÇ, MUSTAFA Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Haşan ÜNAL Temmuz 2003 Bu tezde Türkiye’nin Balkanlarda barışa katkıda bulunmak için gerçekleştirmiş olduğu askeri girişimler incelendi. Soğuk savaşın bitmesiyle birlikte, Türkiye’nin çevresinde olağanüstü gelişmeler yaşandı. Türkiye’nin çok yakın çevre bölgelerinde. Balkanlar, Kafkaslar, ve Ortadoğu’da, Sovyetler Birliği ve Yugoslavya’nın dağılmasından. Kuzey Iraktaki otorite boşluğundan, ve bu bölgelerde tarihten gelen çatışmalardan dolayı istikrarsızlıklar ve belirsizlikler ortaya çıktı. Bu şartlar altında, Türkiye kendi güvenliğinin bölgesindeki barış ve istikrarın pekişmesi ve kalıcı hale getirilmesine bağlı olduğunu düşünerek, bölgesel barış ve istikrarın sağlanmasına katkısini, dolaylı olarak da kendi güvenliğini, artırdı. Bu politika vizyonu ile, Türkiye Balkanlardaki bölgesel barış ve istikrarın gelişimine dikkate değer katkılarda bulundu. Tezde, Türkiye’nin Balkanlardaki barış ve istikrara katkılarından askeri kapsama giren barış gayretleri incelendi. Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Balkanlarda barış için yaptığı askeri girişimler, ikili ilişkiler, bölgesel ve uluslar arası kapsamlarda ayrı ayrı incelendi. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’nin bölgesel istikrardaki rolü ve bölgesel barış ve istikrara katkılarının önemi ortaya kondu. Anahtar Kelime: Askeri girişimler, Türkiye’nin Balkan politikası. Balkanlar, askeri ilişkiler, Türkiye’nin katkılar, barış operasyonları, bölgesel barış ve güvenlik. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I am very grateful to the academic staff of the University of Bilkent and especially to the Department of International Relations, not only for sharing their knowledge and views in and out of the courses, but also for their receptiveness and forthcoming attitude. In this respect, I am equally thankful to my classmates who made a great contribution to my intellectual buildup. Particularly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal, whose immense scope of knowledge and experience had a substantial contribution in the completion of this study. She not only helped me to determine and limit the scope of the study but also encouraged and guided me during the conduct of the thesis. It would have been equally impossible for me to finish this work if it had not been for the sustained patience and support of my wife. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my mother and father for their support and encouragement throughout my education life. Thank you aU. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................Üİ ÖZET...................................................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................. x INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I: TURKEY AND THE BALKANS 1.1 The Geopolitics of the Balkans............................................................4 1.2 Turkey’s Balkan Policy.........................................................................7 1.2.1 The Establishment of the Republic and The Interwar Period (1923-1939).......7 1.2.2 World War II Period (1939- 1945)................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 The Cold War Period (1945-1990).................................................................... 14 1.2.4 From the End of the Cold War to the Present (1990- )................................... 16 CHAPTER II: TURKEY’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEACE OPERATIONS IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND ALBANIA 2.1 Peace Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina...............................................................................................................20 2.1.1 Descriptions of Events..................................................................................... 20 2.1.2 The UN Response........................................................................................... 21 VI 2.1.3 Turkey’s Perspective......................................................................................23 2.1.4 Contributions to UNPROFOR.................................................................... 26 2.1.5 Involvement of NATO in Bosnia Crisis.......................................................29 2.1.6 Turkey’s contributions to NATO-Led Operations....................................31 2.1.6.1 IFOR (The Peace Implementation Force...............................................31 2.1.6.1.1 Mandate................................................................................32 2.1.6.1.2 Composition and Deployment.............................................. 33 2.1.6.2 SFOR (The Stabilization Force)............................................................ 33 2.1.6.2.1 Mandate.................................................................................. 34 2.1.6.2.2 Composition and Deployment............................................... 35 2.1.6.3 Activities................................................................................................. 35 2.1.6.4 Operation Sharp Guard...........................................................................40 2.1.6.5 Operation Deny Flight............................................................................42 2.2 Peace Operations to Solve the Kosovo Crisis....................................43 2.2.1 Description of Events............................................................................................ 44 2.2.2 The UN Response.................................................................................................44 2.2.3 Turkey’s Perspective...........................................................................................45 2.2.4 Turkey’s Contributions to NATO-Led Operations........................................49 2.2.4.1 Operation Allied Force..................................................................................49 2.2.4.2 KFOR (Kosovo Force)....................................................................................50 2.2.4.2.1 Mandate............................................................................................. 51 2.2.4.2.2 Composition
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