Cofo Sans Bold Cofo Sans Black Cofo Sans Regular Cofo Sans Medium Cofo Sans Bold Cofo Sans Black

CoFo Sans

DESIGNER: Maria Doreuli DESCRIPTION: ENG → RUS →

TEAM: Liza Rasskazova, Irina Smirnova CoFo Sans is a clean sans serif with a soul. This Лаконичный и простой, CoFo Sans совсем не по- RELEASED: 2018 is not just another neutral sans. Simplicity in type хож на другие нейтральные гротески. Очень мно- design is the most difficult task, and yet there are so гие из них позиционируются как нейтральные VERSION: 2.0 many sans serifs that are promoted as completely и универсальные, хотя на самом деле, добиться STYLES: Regular neutral and perfectly universal. CoFo Sans is based простоты в шрифтовом дизайне—одна из самых Regular Italic on the idea of harmony between rationality and сложных задач. Medium emotion, and between Latin and Cyrillic. It is our per- В основе CoFo Sans—идея гармонии Medium Italic ception of a perfect balance between simplicity and между рациональностью и выразительностью, Bold personality. It’s not purely geometric, or even based между латиницей и кириллицей. Это наше виде- Bold Italic on a specific model. ние идеального баланса простоты и индивиду- Black It’s a subtle mix of ideas, creating a solid base альности. В этот шрифт не заложено нарочитой Black Italic for a workhorse sans, without stripping away the геометричности или любой другой конкретной character. It’s simple and pure, and at the same time, модели в первозданном виде. Но те несколько you cannot escape the designer’s personal view. задумок, которые в нем объединились, создают The strong squareness of the shapes and a trace of прочную базу и при этом не лишают его сильно- industrial functionality are mixed in the designer’s го характера. intuition, to make CoFo Sans unique. Simplicity CoFo Sans—простой и понятный, и в то doesn’t need dozens of weights, widths and styles, же время в нем четко ощущается авторская so CoFo Sans comes in 4 individual and carefully позиция и интуиция. Сквадраченность форм, drawn weights: Regular, Medium, Bold and Black. It минимальный контраст, функциональная is a typeface perfect for designers and brands that лаконичность—всё это является секретом уни- are looking for clarity and adaptability, without sacri- кальности шрифта. ficing the identity. Там, где есть простота, нет необходимо- сти в большом разнообразии насыщенностей, ширин и начертаний. Поэтому мы выбрали все- го четыре: Regular, Medium, Bold and Black. Этот шрифт идеально подойдет дизайнерам и брен- дам, которые стремятся к ясности и гибкости, но не хотят жертвовать индивидуальностью.

1 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM STYLES: REGULAR, MEDIUM, BOLD, BLACK, REGULAR ITALIC, MEDIUM ITALIC, BOLD ITALIC, BLACK ITALIC COFO SANS CoFo Sans Regular CoFo Sans Medium CoFo Sans Bold CoFo Sans Black CoFo Sans Regular CoFo Sans Medium CoFo Sans Bold CoFo Sans Black

2 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM SAMPLES ↓ STYLES: BLACK, BLACK ITALIC SIZES: 179, 120, 107, 90, 67, 48 PT ↓ COFO SANS ABACUS ONE-TO-ONE ТРАНЗИСТОР INDUSTRIALIZED ЛОГОРИФМИЧЕСКИЕ HYDROPOWERED MECHANICAL

3 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM SAMPLES ↓ STYLES: REGULAR, BLACK, REGULAR ITALIC, BLACK ITALIC SIZES: 121, 68, 53, 34.5, 28, 24, 21, 10, 8 PT ↓ COFO SANS The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, ENIAC was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. most calculations were done by humans. ENIACIt was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve “a large class of numerical problems” through reprogramming Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were called “calculating machines”, POLYMATH called by proprietary names, or referred A polymath is a person whose expertise spans a significant number to as calculators. The machine operator of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems was called the computer.

Вычислительная техника является важнейшим компонентом процесса вычислений и обработки данных. Первыми приспособлениями для вычислений были, вероят- но, всем известные счётные палочки, которые и сегодня используются в началь- АППАРАТУРА ных классах многих школ для обучения счёту. Развиваясь, эти приспособления становились более сложными, например, такими как финикийские глиняные фи- гурки, также предназначаемые для наглядного представления количества счи- WILHELM SCHICKARD таемых предметов. Такими приспособлениями, похоже, пользовались торговцы и счетоводы того времени. Постепенно из простейших приспособлений для счёта BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM рождались всё более и более сложные устройства: абак (счёты), логарифмическая линейка, арифмометр, компьютер. Несмотря на простоту ранних вычислитель- ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАШИНЫ ных устройств, опытный счетовод может получить результат при помощи простых ¶ COMPUTING HARDWARE IS A PLATFORM FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING. Several analog computers were constructed in an- es invented by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (c. AD 1000); cient and medieval times to perform astronomical the equatorium and universal latitude-independent ¶ GERMAN PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND ASTRONOMY WHO BECAME FA- calculations. These included the south-pointing astrolabe by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (c. AD MOUS IN THE SECOND PART OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ¶ EARLY MECHANICAL chariot (c. 1050–771 BC) from ancient China, and 1015); the astronomical analog computers of other TOOLS TO HELP HUMANS WITH DIGITAL CALCULATIONS, SUCH AS THE ABA- the astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism from the medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers; and Hellenistic world (c. 150–100 BC). In Roman Egypt, the astronomical clock tower of Su Song (1094) CUS, WERE CALLED “CALCULATING MACHINES”. ¶ IN MATHEMATICS AND DIG- Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) made mechanical during the Song dynasty. The castle clock, a hydro- ITAL ELECTRONICS, A BINARY NUMBER IS A NUMBER EXPRESSED IN THE BASE- devices including automata and a programmable powered mechanical astronomical clock invented by cart. Other early mechanical devices used to per- Ismail al-Jazari in 1206, was the first programmable 2 NUMERAL SYSTEM OR BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM, WHICH USES ONLY TWO form one or another type of calculations include the analog computer. Ramon Llull invented the Lullian SYMBOLS: TYPICALLY 0 (ZERO) AND 1 (ONE) planisphere and other mechanical computing devic- Circle: a notional machine for calculating answers

4 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM SAMPLES ↓ STYLES: BOLD, BOLD ITALIC SIZES: 233, 130, 96, 79, 72, 56 PT ↓ COFO SANS RELAY АЛГОРИТМ VACUUM TUBES МАШИНА-ЭНИГМА CRYPTOLOGIC BOMB ENTSCHEIDUNGSPROBLEM

Принцип современного компьютера был впервые описан специалистом по ком- пьютерам Аланом Тьюрингом, который изложил эту идею в своей основополага- ющей работе 1936 года «О вычислимых числах». Тьюринг переформулировал результаты Курта Геде 1931 года о гра- ницах доказательства и вычислений, за- менив универсальный арифметический The Z2 was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer формальный язык Гёделя формальными He also introduced the notion of a “Universal Machine” (now known as a Uni- versal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of com- Z2 puting anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern com- The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, puters are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm SSEMwas the world’s first stored-program computer execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. Эра современных вычислений началась вакуумные лампы. Z2 был одним из самых с бурного развития до и во время Второй ми- ранних примеров электромеханического ре- ровой войны. Большинство цифровых ком- лейного компьютера, и был создан немецким пьютеров, построенных в этот период, были инженером Конрадом Цузе в 1940 году. Это электромеханическими—электрические было улучшение по сравнению с его ранним выключатели приводили в действие механи- Z1; Хотя он использовал ту же механическую ческие реле для выполнения расчетов. Эти память, он заменил арифметическую и управ- Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer. His greatest устройства имели низкую рабочую скорость ляющую логику электрическими цепями реле. K.ZUSEachievement was the world’s first programmable computer; the functional program-con- и в конечном итоге были заменены намного В том же году британские криптологи создали trolled Turing-complete Z3 became operational in May 1941. Thanks to this machine and более быстрыми полностью электрически- электромеханические устройства, называе- its predecessors, Zuse has often been regarded as the inventor of the modern computer ми компьютерами, первоначально используя мые бомбами, чтобы помочь расшифровать

NCR«МОДЕЛЬ-K» SHIFT REGISTERS ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ СХЕМА

Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. Machines such as the first IBM N530 electronic accounting machine (US 2,580,740), the NCR electronic calculating machine (US 2,595,045), the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the Co- George Robert Stibitz was a Bell Labs researcher internationally recognized STIBITZas one of the fathers of the modern first digital computer lossus computers, and the ENIAC were В НОЯБРЕ 1937 ГОДА ДЖОРДЖ СТИБИЦ, РАБОТАВШИЙ В BELL LABS, ЗАВЕР- В США в период с лета 1937 года по осень 1939 года Артур Дикинсон (IBM) изо- ШИЛ РЕЛЕЙНЫЙ КАЛЬКУЛЯТОР, КОТОРЫЙ ОН ВПОСЛЕДСТВИИ НАЗВАЛ брел первый цифровой электронный компьютер. Это вычислительное устрой- «МОДЕЛЬ K» (ДЛЯ «КУХОННОГО СТОЛА», НА КОТОРОМ ОН ЕЕ СОБИРАЛ), КО- ство было полностью с электронным управлением, расчетами и выводом (пер- ТОРЫЙ РАССЧИТЫВАЛСЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ДВОИЧНОГО СЛОЖЕНИЯ. вый электронный дисплей). Джон Винсент Атанасофф и Клиффорд Э. Берри из КОПИИ «МОДЕЛИ K» ТЕПЕРЬ ХРАНЯТСЯ В МУЗЕЕ ИСТОРИИ КОМПЬЮТЕРОВ, Университета штата Айова разработали Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) в 1942 СМИТСОНОВСКОМ ИНСТИТУТЕ, БИБЛИОТЕКЕ УИЛЬЯМА ГОВАРДА ДОАНА году, первое двоичное электронное цифровое вычислительное устройство. Эта В УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ ДЕНИСОНА И В АМЕРИКАНСКОМ МУЗЕЕ КОМПЬЮТЕРОВ конструкция была полуэлектронной (электромеханическое управление и элек- В БОЗМАНЕ, ШТАТ МОНТАНА, ГДЕ ВРУЧАЮТСЯ НАГРАДЫ ИМЕНИ ПИОНЕРА тронные вычисления) и использовала около 300 вакуумных трубок с конден- В ОБЛАСТИ КОМПЬЮТЕРОВ И КОММУНИКАЦИЙ ДЖОРДЖА Р. СТИБИЦА. саторами, закрепленными в механически вращающемся барабане для памяти.

During World War II, the British at Bletchley tions, termed “Tunny” by the British. The Park (40 miles north of London) achieved a first intercepts of Lorenz messages began number of successes at breaking encrypted in 1941. As part of an attack on Tunny, Max German military communications. The Ger- Newman and his colleagues helped specify man encryption machine, Enigma, was first the Colossus. Tommy Flowers, still a senior attacked with the help of the electro-me- engineer at the Post Office Research Sta- BOOLEANBoolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables chanical bombes. They ruled out possible tion was recommended to Max Newman by are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively Enigma settings by performing chains of Alan Turing and spent eleven months from logical deductions implemented electrically. Most possibilities led to a contradiction, and early February 1943 designing and building the few remaining could be tested by hand. the first Colossus. After a functional test in The Germans also developed a series of tele- December 1943, Colossus was shipped to printer encryption systems, quite different Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 LOGICIs an idealized or physical device implementing GATES a Boolean function; that is, it performs from Enigma. The Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine January 1944 and attacked its first message a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output was used for high-level Army communica- on 5 February.

8 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM SAMPLES ↓ STYLES: REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC SIZES: 197, 132, 92, 85, 46, 40 PT ↓ COFO SANS ARRAYS STEEL TAPE ИНТЕРПОЛЯЦИЯ PUNCHED CARDS ГЕНЕРАТОР ВАКУУМНЫХ ЛАМП PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ранние вычислительные машины имели фиксированные програм- мы. Например, настольный каль- кулятор является стационарным программным компьютером. Он может выполнять базовую матема- THE HERTZ IS THE DERIVED UNIT OF FREQUENCY IN THE INTERNATION- MHZAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) AND IS DEFINED AS ONE CYCLE PER SECOND. IT тику, но не может использоваться IS NAMED FOR HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ, THE FIRST PERSON TO PROVIDE CONCLUSIVE PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES в качестве текстового процессора The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer had been composed by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Phys- ical Laboratory and began his work on developing an electronic stored-pro- JOHN VON gram digital computer. His 1945 report “Proposed Electronic Calculator” was the first specification for such a device. Meanwhile, John von Neumann at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylva- nia, circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945. Although NEUMANN substantially similar to Turing’s design and containing comparatively little ПЕРВЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ОТЧЕТА ПО EDVAC engineering detail, the computer architecture it outlined became known as INCOMPLETE 101-PAGE DOCUMENT WRITTEN BY JOHN VON NEUMANN The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental though the computer was considered “small AND DISTRIBUTED ON JUNE 30, 1945 BY HERMAN GOLDSTINE, SECU- Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world’s and primitive” by the standards of its time, it RITY OFFICER ON THE CLASSIFIED ENIAC PROJECT. IT CONTAINS THE first stored-program computer. It was built was the first working machine to contain all of FIRST PUBLISHED DESCRIPTION OF THE LOGICAL DESIGN OF A COM- at the Victoria University of Manchester by the elements essential to a modern electronic PUTER USING THE STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT, WHICH HAS CONTRO- Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff computer. As soon as the SSEM had demon- VERSIALLY COME TO BE KNOWN AS THE VON NEUMANN ARCHITEC- Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June strated the feasibility of its design, a project TURE. VON NEUMANN DESCRIBES A DETAILED DESIGN OF A “VERY HIGH 1948. The machine was not intended to be a was initiated at the university to develop it SPEED AUTOMATIC DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEM.” HE DIVIDES IT INTO practical computer but was instead designed into a more usable computer, the Manchester SIX MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS: A CENTRAL ARITHMETIC PART, CA, A CEN- as a testbed for the Williams tube, the first Mark 1. The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the TRAL CONTROL PART, CC, MEMORY, M, INPUT, I, OUTPUT, O, AND (SLOW) random-access digital storage device. In- prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world’s EXTERNAL MEMORY, R, SUCH AS PUNCHED CARDS, TELETYPE TAPE, OR vented by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn first commercially available general-purpose MAGNETIC WIRE OR STEEL TAPE. THE CA WILL PERFORM ADDITION, at the University of Manchester in 1946 and computer. The SSEM had a 32-bit word length SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION AND SQUARE ROOT. OTHER 1947, it was a cathode ray tube that used an and a memory of 32 words. As it was designed MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS, SUCH AS LOGARITHMS AND TRIGONO- effect called secondary emission to temporar- to be the simplest possible stored-program METRIC FUNCTIONS ARE TO BE DONE WITH TABLE LOOK UP AND INTER- ily store electronic binary data, and was used computer, the only arithmetic operations im- POLATION, POSSIBLY BIQUADRATIC successfully in several early computers. Al- plemented in hardware were subtraction and

10 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM SAMPLES ↓ STYLES: BLACK, BLACK ITALIC SIZES: 131, 122, 65, 60, 59, 48, 40, 33 PT ↓ COFO SANS FLIP-FLOPS WHIRLWIND МАГНИТНАЯ ДИСКЕТА MICROPROGRAMMING ТРИГГЕРНАЯ СИСТЕМА IBM SOLID LOGIC TECHNOLOGY ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ УРАВНЕНИЯ GERMANIUM POINT-CONTACT TRANSISTORS

Первым коммерческим компьюте- ром был Ferranti Mark 1, построен- ный Ferranti и поставленный в Манче- стерский университет в феврале 1951 года. Он был основан на Manchester THE LEO 1 (LYONS ELECTRONIC OFFICE I) WAS THE FIRST COMPUTER USED Mark 1. Основные улучшения по срав- LEO1FOR COMMERCIAL BUSINESS APPLICATIONS нению с Manchester Mark 1 заключа- лись в размере основного хранилища (с использованием трубок Вильям- са с произвольным доступом), вто- ричного хранилища (с использова- МАРК1THE FERRANTI MARK 1, ALSO KNOWN AS THE MANCHESTER ELEC- TRONIC COMPUTER IN ITS SALES LITERATURE, AND THUS SOMETIMES нием магнитного барабана), более CALLED THE MANCHESTER FERRANTI, WAS THE WORLD’S FIRST COM- MERCIALLY AVAILABLE GENERAL-PURPOSE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER быстрого множителя и дополнитель- In October 1947, the directors of J. Lyons & Company, a British cater- ing company famous for its teashops but with strong interests in new office management techniques, decided to take an active role in pro- moting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 and ran the world’s first regular rou- tine office computer job. On 17 November 1951, the J. Lyons company IBM650 began weekly operation of a bakery valuations job on the LEO (Lyons Electronic Office). This was the first business application to go live on МЭЙНФРЕЙМ a stored program computer. ¶ The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is one of IBM’s early com- In June 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Auto- vacuum tubes and consumed 125 kW of power. puters, and the world’s first mass-produced computer. It was announced in 1953 matic Computer) was delivered to the U.S. Cen- Its primary storage was serial-access mercu- and in 1956 enhanced as the IBM 650 RAMAC with the addition of up to four disk sus Bureau. Remington Rand eventually sold ry delay lines capable of storing 1,000 words of storage units. ¶ Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by large orga- 46 machines at more than US$1 million each 11 decimal digits plus sign (72-bit words). IBM nizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry ($9.43 million as of 2018). UNIVAC was the introduced a smaller, more affordable computer and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing first “mass produced” computer. It used 5,200 in 1954 that proved very popular. The IBM 650

12 / 19 COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM ↓ A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC) is a small computer on a single An integrated circuit or → integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, monolithic integrated cir- a system on a chip or SoC; an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its compo- cuit is a set of electronic MCUcircuits on one small flat nents. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with mem- piece of semiconductor ory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferro- material, normally silicon electric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.

Random-access memory is a form of computer → data storage ↓ that stores data and machine code currently being used. A ran- Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology dom-access memory device allows data items to be read or writ- consisting of computer components ten in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the phys- and recording media that are used ical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental compo- direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, nent of computers. DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. RAM COPYRIGHT © 2021, CONTRASTFOUNDRY.COM 13 / 19 LANGUAGE SAMPLES: LATIN LANGUAGE SAMPLES: LATIN COFO SANS

ENGLISH → The history of computing hardware covers the developments FRENCH → L’histoire des ordinateurs commence au milieu du xxe siècle. from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before Si les premiers ordinateurs ont été réalisés après la seconde Guerre mondiale, the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical leur conception héritait de diverses expériences comme l’Harvard Mark I tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were et le Z3, machines électromécaniques programmables commencées en called “calculating machines”, called by proprietary names, or referred to as 1939, et surtout de deux calculateurs électroniques : le Colossus du service

GERMAN → Die Computertechnologie entwickelte sich im Vergleich zu ITALIAN → La storia del computer è la storia dell’apparecchio elettronico anderen Elektrogeräten sehr schnell. Die Geschichte der Entwicklung des destinato alla elaborazione dei dati, privo di capacità decisionale o discre- Computers reicht zurück bis in die Antike und ist damit wesentlich länger als zionale, che compie determinate operazioni secondo procedure prestabilite die Geschichte der modernen Computertechnologien und mechanischen bzw. o programmi. Risalgono alla preistoria i primi ritrovamenti archeologici che elektrischen Hilfsmitteln (Rechenmaschinen oder Hardware). Sie umfasst dimostrano come l’uomo avesse rudimentali conoscenze matematiche

SPANISH → El hardware ha sido un componente importante del proceso de FINNISH → Tietokonetekniikan historia käsittää niin tietokoneen, tietotek- cálculo y almacenamiento de datos desde que se volvió útil para que los valo- niikka, automaation kuin laskennan ja ihmisen ajattelun samanaikaisen kehit- res numéricos fueran procesados y compartidos. El hardware de computador tymisen näiden suhteen. Nykyaikaisen tietokoneen kehitys alkoi sähköisistä más primitivo fue probablemente el palillo de cuenta; después grabado per- laskentalaitteista ja kehitys on kulkenut rele- ja putkikoneista transistoritie- mitía recordar cierta cantidad de elementos, probablemente ganado o granos tokoneiden kautta mikrokontrollereihin ja mikroprosessoreihin. Ensimmäiset

SWEDISH → Datorns historia sträcker sig över den tid då människan konstru- TURKISH → Bilgisayarın tarihçesi, bilgiyi hesaplamak, düzenlemek ve de- erat maskiner för att göra beräkningar och bearbeta data. Räknemaskiner har ğiştirmek için kullanılan yazılım ve donanımların tarihsel gelişiminden bahset- funnits i flera hundra år, men det var först på 1900-talet som de blev elektris- mektedir. Bilgisayar, en basit bakış açısıyla bir matematiksel işlemci, yani bir ka. Det vi kallar datorer omfattar egentligen många helt skilda koncept: dels hesap aracıdır ve veri işler. Bazı kaynaklarda basit hesap makinesi olan abaküs, utrustning avsedd att underlätta beräkningar (därav den engelska terme ilk bilgisayar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bilgisayarın geçmişi yaklaşık 2000 yıl

HUNGARIAN → A számítógép története lényegében az első számítógépek kiala- CZECH → Dějiny počítačů zahrnují vývoj jak samotného hardware, tak jeho kításával kezdődik és a számítógép gyorsabbá, olcsóbbá, elérhetőbbé téte- architektury a mají přímý vliv na vývoj softwaru. První číslicové počítače byly lének folyamatát rögzíti. A számítógépek a kézzel működtetett eszközökből vyrobeny ve 30. letech 20. století, avšak za jejich vynálezce je přesto považo- a lyukkártyás, majd az előre programozott számítógépek irányába fejlődtek. ván Charles Babbage, který již v 19. století vymyslel základní principy fungová- A számítógép történetének ebben a szakaszában jelentős előrelépések ní stroje pro řešení složitých výpočtů. Počítačů stále přibývá, jejich výkon roste

DANISH → En fjerdegenerationsdatamat er en datamat opbygget med én NORWEGIAN → Å studere datamaskinens historie er en relativt ny disiplin. Inntil eller flere mikroprocessorer. Marcian Hoffs opfindelse af mikroprocessoren 1990-tallet ble historien tatt vare på hovedsakelig gjennom overleveringer fra i slutningen af 1960’erne og Intels og Texas Instruments introduktion af de enkeltpersoner, hvor de skrev om de prosjektene de hadde vært med på. Et første realiseringer af ideen i starten af 1970’erne gav mulighed for at tidlig forsøk på å få et overblikk var Williams A History of Computing Techn- konstruere computere på en ny måde, og gjorde det muligt at forestille sig ology, men selv denne behandlet datamaskinen hovedsakelig som et teknisk

LATVIAN → Brīvpiekļuves atmiņa jeb operatīvā atmiņa (angļu: Random Ac- PORTUGUESE → O hardware do Computador é um componente essencial no cess Memory — RAM) ir datoru atmiņa, kurai centrālais procesors spēj piekļūt processo de cálculo e armazenamento de dados pois ele é necessário para o tieši, tas ir — izpildīt tur esošās programmas vai apstrādāt tur esošos datus. processamento e compartilhamento de dados. O primeiro computador que se Procesors tieši spēj piekļūt tikai operatīvajai atmiņai un lasāmatmiņai, tāpēc tem notícia é literalmente duro. Os Fenícios armazenavam peças cerâmicas pirms apstrādes vai izpildes citu veidu atmiņu saturs vispirms jāielādē representando coisas como estoque e grãos em vasilhames, que não eram

LITHUANIAN → Atmintis (angl. memory) — adresuojamoji apdorojimo vieneto CROATIAN → Veliko je pitanje povjesničara tko je stvorio koncept modernog atminties erdvė ir visa kita komandoms vykdyti naudojama vidinė atmintis. računala, ali većina se slaže da je koncepte modernog računala stvorio u de- Paprastai tai specialus skaičiavimo įrenginys, veikiantis kaip neatsiejama kom- vetnaestom stoljeću engleski izumitelj Charles Babbage. Njegova nastojanja piuterio dalis. Dėl paplitusio kompiuterių veikimo nesupratimo, atmintis dažnai da stvori programabilno računalo s tehnologijom svoga vremena dovela su ga painiojama su duomenų saugojimo įrenginiais (pvz., diskais). Dėl šios do neuspjeha jer masovna proizvodnja uniformnih mehaničkih dijelova

ROMANIAN → Istoria mașinilor de calcul cuprinde evoluția diverselor tehnici fo- BOSNIAN → Historija računara je u pravom smislu veoma kratka, obzirom losite de oameni pentru a efectua calcule matematice și a mașinilor și aparate- da se nakon pojave prvog modernog računara taj razvoj odvijao jako brzo. lor fizice de care s-au folosit pentru acest scop. Multă vreme, aceste calcule se Međutim, sam koncept računara svoje korijene vuče iz davnina. Arhitekturu efectuau mintal, eventual cu ajutorul unor dispozitive simple, cum ar fi abacul računara je opisao američki matematičar John von Neumann još mnogo prije și, din secolul al XVII-lea, rigla de calcul nego se prvi računar i konstruisao. Definicija je data 1945

POLISH → RAM (od ang. random-access memory), pamięć o dostępie swo- ESTONIAN → Muutmälu ehk operatiivmälu ehk primaarmälu ehk põhimälu ehk bodnym — podstawowy rodzaj pamięci cyfrowej. Choć nazwa sugeruje, że suvapöördusmälu ehk RAM (lühend ingliskeelsetest sõnadest random access jest to każda pamięć o bezpośrednim dostępie do dowolnej komórki pamięci memory) on arvuti keskne mäluseade, kuhu saab andmeid kirjutada ja kust (w przeciwieństwie do pamięci o dostępie sekwencyjnym, na przykład reje- neid saab lugeda Põhimälu nimetatakse muutmäluks, sest erinevalt püsimä- strów przesuwnych), ze względów historycznych oznacza ona tylko te rodzaje lust toimub muutmälus pidev andmete vahetamine ja uuendamine

RUSSIAN → Вычислительная техника является важнейшим компонентом UKRAINIAN → Обчислювальна техніка — найважливіший компонент проце- процесса вычислений и обработки данных. Первыми приспособлениями су обчислень і обробки даних. Першими пристосуваннями для обчислень для вычислений были, вероятно, всем известные счётные палочки, кото- були, ймовірно, лічильні палички, які й сьогодні використовуються в почат- рые и сегодня используются в начальных классах многих школ для обуче- кових класах багатьох шкіл для навчання лічбі. Розвиваючись, ці присто- ния счёту. Развиваясь, эти приспособления становились более сложными сування ставали складнішими, наприклад, такими як фінікійські глиняні

BELARUSIAN → Памяць з адвольным доступам, аператыўная памяць — від MACEDONIAN → RAM меморија внатрешна меморија на сметачот, која се губи камп’ютарных прыладаў для захоўвання інфармацыі. На сённяшні дзень кога ќе се исклучи сметачот, а во меѓувреме, сите операции кои се одви- існуе ў выглядзе інтэгральных схем, якія дазваляюць мець доступ да за- ваат со меморијата се одвиваат во неа. Сите програми кои се стартуваат хаванай інфармацыі ў любым парадку (г.зн. адвольна). «Адвольна» ў гэ- мора да се вчитаат во RAM меморијата, а ако нема доволно простор и во тым выпадку падкрэслівае тое, што любая частка інфармацыі можа быць т.н. Swap датотека. Магнетното јадро е тип што е уште од многу одамна

SERBIAN → Меморија са случајним приступом или оперативна меморија, BULGARIAN → Паметта с произволен (непосредствен) достъп или RAM означава врсту меморије која је директно адресибилна и њеном садржају е вид компютърна памет, която позволява неограничен достъп до се може приступити по произвољној локацији, а не само редом (секвен- произволна част от запаметените данни, за разлика от паметта цијално, као код трака). RAM дозвољава да се подаци узимају директно с последователен достъп и която има относително голяма скорост, у насумичном редоследу. Код других медијума, попут тврдих дискова за разлика от запаметяващи устройства като твърдите дискове

KAZAKH → Есептеу — бұл есептеу және мәліметтерді өңдеу процесінің KYRGYZ → Эсептөө — маалыматтарды эсептөө жана иштетүү процесси- маңызды құрамдас бөлігі. Есептеулерге арналған алғашқы құрылғылар, нин маанилүү бөлүгү. Эсептөө үчүн биринчи шаймандар, сыягы, бүгүнкү бәлкім, қазіргі кезде көптеген мектептердің бастауыш сыныптарында күндө көпчүлүк мектептердин башталгыч класстарында эсептөө сабак- санауды үйретуге арналған санау таяқшалары болған. Бұл құрылғылар да- тарында колдонулуп келген эсептөө таякчалары болгон. Бул аппараттар мыған сайын олар күрделене түсті, мысалы, финикиялық саз фигуралары эволюцияланган сайын, мисалы, финикиялык чопо фигуралар сыяктуу

BASIC LATIN FIGURES: PROPORTIONAL LINING: TABULAR LINING: UPPERCASE: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ �0123456789 00123456789

BASIC LATIN LOWERCASE: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz FRACTIONS: 1234567890⁄1234567890 | ¼ ½ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ EXTENDED LATIN UPPERCASE: ÁÂÄÅÀÃĂĀĄÇĆČĈĊĎĐÉÊËÈĔĚĖĒĘĞĢĜ SUPERSCRIPT: ǴĠĦĤÍÎÏÌĬİĪĮĨĴĶĹĽĻĿŁÑŃŇŅŊÒÖÕŎÓÔŐŌ 0123456789 ØǾŔŘŖŚŞŠŜȘŦŤȚÚÛÙÜŬŰŪŲŮŨẂŴẄ SUBSCRIPT: 0123456789 ẀŸŶỲÝŹŽŻƏÞǱǄǊǇǲǅǈǋÆǼǢ CIRCLED ŒĲ�ẞ NUMERALS: ⓪①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ ⓿❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❽❾❿ EXTENDED LATIN LOWERCASE: áâäåàãăāąáâäåàãăāąçćčĉċďđéêëèĕěėēęğ ģĝǵġħĥíîïìĭiīįĩĵķĺľļŀłñńňņŋòöõŏóôőōøǿŕřŗśşšŝ MATH: +−÷×=≠≈¬∞±>≥<≤∆ΣꞶμπ șŧťțúûùüŭűūųůũẃŵẅẁÿŷỳýźžżəþǳǆǌǉǳ SYMBOLS: ǆǉǌæǽǣœĳ�ß ¶§№#&%‰°^~ªº@℮®™

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FRACTIONS:

DEFAULT: ALTERNATIVE “a”: 1/2 silicon ½ silicon arrays arrays

LANGUAGE SPECIFIC ALTERNATES: SUPERSCRIPTS:

BULGARIAN: Mark2 Mark² вгджзийклп вгджзийклп SUBSCRIPTS: тцшщъь тцшщъь Mark2 Mark� SERBIAN:

DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES (DLIG) сербски сербски

CIRCLED STROKE: NUMERALS: DUTCH: (0)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) ⓪①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ RIJK rijk RIK rik (6)(7)(8)(9)(10) MÍJN míjn MÍN mín

FILL: ALTERNATES: [0][1][2][3][4][5] ⓿❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❽❾❿ UKRAINIAN LETTER FORM -ї-: [6][7][8][9][10] фiлософiї фiлософi�

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