DOCSLIB.ORG

Design Principles for Tower and Steeple Restoration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design Principles for Tower and Steeple Restoration Design Principles for Tower and Steeple Restoration Robert Fulmer Fulmer Associates LLC P.O. Box 434, North Conway, NH 03860 Phone: 603-828-2458 • E-mail: [email protected] S Y M P O S I U M O N B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E T E C H N O L O G Y • O C T O B E R 2 0 1 6 F U L M E R • 5 7 Abstract The contemporary tectonics of analyzing and designing the restoration or construction of architectural towers and steeples can both inspire and confound contemporary design professionals. The effective design of steeples, bell towers, spires, and clock towers requires a multidisciplinary synthesis of technical, aesthetic, and engineering requirements that are unique to tower architecture. In this presentation, the speaker will discuss construction con­ siderations and design problems inherent to tower projects by reviewing recent restoration case histories. The information shared will help designers to produce effective and thorough design processes for architectural tower and steeple projects. Speaker Robert Fulmer — Fulmer Associates LLC ROBERT FUlmER specializes in the analysis and diagnosis of building envelope issues for both historical and contemporary structures. He provides inspection, design, specifica­ tion, and project management services for building envelope projects involving institutional, academic, and ecclesiastical structures. Fulmer is a published author and has lectured on historical preservation and contemporary building envelope topics. He is past president of the New England Chapter of RCi, inc. and currently serves on the board of directors of the National Slate Association and is chair of its Education Committee. 5 8 • F U L M E R S Y M P O S I U M O N B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E T E C H N O L O G Y • O C T O B E R 2 0 1 6 Design Principles for Tower and Steeple Restoration INTRODUCTION 301 A.D. as the first cathedral in the (then) Campanile: An early Italian architec­ The contemporary tectonics of analyzing Kingdom of Armenia. The inclusion of tow­ tural term for a (usually) freestanding bell and designing the restoration or construc­ ers on ancient religious structures was tower, derived from “campa” (meaning bell). tion of architectural towers and steeples can actually predated by and adapted from their The earliest campaniles, dating from the both inspire and confound contemporary original purpose as military towers as early sixth to tenth centuries AD, were plain design professionals. The effective design as 3500 BC. round towers with minimal ornamentation of steeples, bell towers, spires, and clock Clock towers were not an architectur­ near the top. Square campaniles began to towers requires a multidisciplinary synthe­ al component of Christian churches until appear at the end of the tenth century. In sis of technical, aesthetic, and engineer­ approximately 600 AD, when their use was the 19th century, that design inspired the ing requirements that are unique to tower also adapted from military watchtowers. See tower at Westminster Cathedral (by J.F. architecture. While the design requirements Figure 1. Bentley, 1897). The revival of the campanile for tower and steeple restoration can be as At that time, towers were fairly modest in the 19th and 20th centuries included diverse as the structures themselves, there and were constructed separately from the installations at factories, country houses, is a commonality and standard principles principal church building. blocks of buildings, markets, and academic that need to be addressed within the design Some contemporary discussions use the structures as a bell or a clock tower. (See process for each project. architectural terminology associated with Figure 2.) towers and steeples interchange­ BRIEF HIS TORY AND ably. For the purpose of clarifica­ NOMENCLATURE tion, some basic tower terminology Throughout history, towers and steeples is defined below. have been an integral part of our architec­ Bell Tower: A tower that con­ tural landscape. There are numerous docu­ tains one or more bells or is designed mented third- and fourth-century church to hold bells, even if it currently structures with towers located principally has none. A bell tower may be in what is now know as the Middle East, integrated into a church building or such as Etchmiadzin Cathedral, built in serve as a freestanding structure. Figure 2 – Campanile, Cathedral of Pordenone, Italy. Figure 1 – Salisbury Cathedral, England, during a lead roof replacement. S Y M P O S I U M O N B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E T E C H N O L O G Y • O C T O B E R 2 0 1 6 F U L M E R • 5 9 Tower Access Once the scope and focus of the inspec­ tion have been determined, access to all levels of the tower must be planned. Whether in the schematic design phase or the construction phase, the logistics of tower access can be challenging. Unlike the construction phase, the requirements for OSHA compliance are less onerous for design inspections. However, personal safety planning is obviously essential. The need to access the full height of a tower for inspection and actual construction signifi­ cantly impacts both the cost and the sched­ ule of all tower projects. The trade aphorism “everything costs more and takes longer when working at height” is a basic principle to be kept in mind (Figure 3). While interior access is normally avail­ able to the belfry or clock level on most towers, accessing the interior space above the belfry level to evaluate cupola, spire, weathervane mast, etc. can be problematic. In certain circumstances, mechanical lifts Figure 3 – Baker Tower industrial rope access inspection. or cranes can be utilized to access the tower exterior. Occasionally, however, “mechani­ Belfry: Defined as an integrated tower “tower” shall be used generically to describe cal access” is not adequate or feasible. component designed to house bells. It is not complete bell tower, clock tower, and steeple For example, recently Dartmouth a freestanding structure. assemblies. College requested a forensic building con­ Steeple: A tall ornamental structure, usually surmounting a tower and ending TOWER SCHEMATIC in a spire. Common on Christian churches DESIGN PHASE and cathedrals, the term generally connotes Just as in the architectural a religious structure. design of each building project, Spire: Defined as a tapering conical or the schematic design phase is the pyramidal structure commonly found on top first step in developing the contem­ of a church tower or skyscraper. The spire porary tower design process. It is originated in the 12th century as a simple, a logical sequence that differs in four-sided pyramidal roof, capping a church some respects from other building tower. Nineteenth-century architects uti­ projects. lized spires prolifically, particularly during Whether the purpose for the the Gothic Revival period of the mid-1800s. tower/steeple restoration is a result Pinnacle: An architectural, vertical of a discovery of water infiltra­ ornament of pyramidal or conical shape, tion, structural damage, a planned crowning a buttress, spire, or other archi­ change in use, or the expiration of tectural member. A pinnacle is distin­ the service lives of structural or enve­ guished from a finial by its greater size and lope materials, this phase begins complexity and from a tower or spire by its with preliminary client discussions smaller size and subordinate architectural to determine the proposed purpose, role. A tower may be decorated with pin­ goals, and budget for the restoration. nacles, each one capped by a finial. The data gathering process in Cupola: A secondary dome-like struc­ this phase is essential and begins ture on top of a building, used to admit light with the building conditions sur­ or provide ventilation, or as ornamentation. vey. The information obtained dur­ This basic glossary of architectural ing the survey is then utilized to tower terminology will assist in clarifying form the initial basis of design the design process in subsequent sections. (BOD) document early in the design Figure 4 – Rope access enables forensic analysis For the purpose of this discussion, the term development phase. and materials sampling. 6 0 • F U L M E R S Y M P O S I U M O N B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E T E C H N O L O G Y • O C T O B E R 2 0 1 6 dition survey and structural evaluation of their iconic Baker Library tower as a pre­ cursor to restoration. The square-planned brick tower base is integral to the attached building on three elevations, with one tower elevation extending to grade and housing the main building entrance. The inspection requirements of the 200-ft.-tall tower precluded the use of a crane for access due to the heavy volume of pedestrian traffic at the tower base entrance, as well as landscaping consider­ ations. While inspection of the full tower height is always important to determine existing conditions, document load con­ cerns, inspect weathervane substructure, etc., full tower access was essential in this case. Without a mechanical access option and with the prohibitive cost of staging erection for our inspection, the author utilized our “industrial rope access” option to access the tower (Figure 4). Figure 5 – Baker Tower building conditions survey. Although the use of ropes to access structures has been employed for centuries, forensic inspections due to potential liabili­ content, and other conditions of use. These older techniques were encumbered with lim­ ties, it is important to clarify your forensic data are then utilized in timber-stress grad­ ited lateral mobility and safety issues.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download This Article
    Common Threads Structural Issues in Historic Buildings By Craig M. Bennett, Jr., P.E. Charleston, South Carolina is blessed with historic structures. Eighteenth and nineteenth century houses, churches and civic buildings adorn every block. The city has ® interesting challenges for the structural engineer… the east coast’s largest earthquake, hurricanes, city-wide fires and poor soils have put buildings and their designers to the test. Because the primary structural materials found here, soil, masonry, timber and iron, are the same as those used everywhere over the last three centuries, struc- tural issues common to buildings in Charleston are found in historic buildings all over the nation. Buildings move due to consolidation of soils; masonry cracks; lime leaches out of mortar; timber creeps under stress and rots when faced with water intrusion and iron corrodes. The only threat not severe here is a regular freeze- thaw cycle. Copyright A look at a few of these historic structuresCopyright© and a comparison of their behavior with that of other buildings found around the southeast will show the similarities in the Pompion Hill Chapel, Huger, SC - 1763 issues the preservation engineer faces. Replacement of the failed trusses in 1751 - St. Michael’s had settled several inches and had been kind would have been appropriate from Episcopal Church, severely fractured. After 1989’s Hurri- a preservation standpoint, but exact cane Hugo, we had had to straighten the replacement timber members would Charleston, South Carolina top 50 feet, the timber spire. We were have, in time, failed under load like the Construction on the brick masonry for also aware that we had potential lateral original.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Great Clock at Westminster Palace
    A Brief History of the Great Clock at Westminster Palace Its Concept, Construction, the Great Accident and Recent Refurbishment Mark R. Frank © 2008 A Brief History of the Great Clock at Westminster Palace Its Concept, Construction, the Great Accident and Recent Refurbishment Paper Outline Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 2 History of Westminster Palace………………………………………………... 2 The clock’s beginnings – competition, intrigues, and arrogance …………... 4 Conflicts, construction and completion …………………………………….. 10 Development of the gravity escapement ……………………………………. 12 Seeds of destruction ………………………………………………………….. 15 The accident, its analysis and aftermath …………………………………… 19 Recent major overhaul in 2007 ……………………………………………... 33 Appendix A …………………………………………………………………... 40 Footnotes …………………………………………………………………….. 41 1 Introduction: Big Ben is a character, a personality, the very heart of London, and the clock tower at the Houses of Parliament has become the symbol of Britain. It is the nation’s clock, instantly recognizable, and brought into Britain’s homes everyday by the BBC. It is part of the nation’s heritage and has long been established as the nation’s timepiece heralding almost every broadcast of national importance. On the morning of August 5th 1976 at 3:45 AM a catastrophe occurred to the movement of the great clock in Westminster Palace. The damage was so great that for a brief time it was considered to be beyond repair and a new way to move the hands on the four huge exterior dials was considered. How did this happen and more importantly why did this happen and how could such a disaster to one of the world’s great horological treasures be prevented from happening again? Let us first go through a brief history leading up to the creation of the clock.
    [Show full text]
  • Brass Bands of the World a Historical Directory
    Brass Bands of the World a historical directory Kurow Haka Brass Band, New Zealand, 1901 Gavin Holman January 2019 Introduction Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 Angola................................................................................................................................ 12 Australia – Australian Capital Territory ......................................................................... 13 Australia – New South Wales .......................................................................................... 14 Australia – Northern Territory ....................................................................................... 42 Australia – Queensland ................................................................................................... 43 Australia – South Australia ............................................................................................. 58 Australia – Tasmania ....................................................................................................... 68 Australia – Victoria .......................................................................................................... 73 Australia – Western Australia ....................................................................................... 101 Australia – other ............................................................................................................. 105 Austria ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: the Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry Versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry
    Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture Volume 5 Issue 2 135-172 2015 The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry Nelly Shafik Ramzy Sinai University Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Ramzy, Nelly Shafik. "The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry." Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 5, 2 (2015): 135-172. https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol5/iss2/7 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art History at Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture by an authorized editor of Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ramzy The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry By Nelly Shafik Ramzy, Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Sinai University, El Masaeed, El Arish City, Egypt 1. Introduction When performing geometrical analysis of historical buildings, it is important to keep in mind what were the intentions
    [Show full text]
  • A Replica of the Stretch Clock Recently Reinstated at the West End of Independence Hall
    A replica of the Stretch clock recently reinstated at the west end of Independence Hall. (Photograph taken by the author in summer of 197J.) THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY The Stretch Qlock and its "Bell at the State House URING the spring of 1973, workmen completed the construc- tion of a replica of a large clock dial and masonry clock D case at the west end of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, the original of which had been installed there in 1753 by a local clockmaker, Thomas Stretch. That equipment, which resembled a giant grandfather's clock, had been removed in about 1830, with no other subsequent effort having been made to reconstruct it. It therefore seems an opportune time to assemble the scattered in- formation regarding the history of that clock and its bell and to present their stories. The acquisition of the original clock and bell by the Pennsylvania colonial Assembly is closely related to the acquisition of the Liberty Bell. Because of this, most historians have tended to focus their writings on that more famous bell, and to pay but little attention to the hard-working, more durable, and equally large clock bell. They have also had a tendency either to claim or imply that the Liberty Bell and the clock bell had been procured in connection with a plan to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary, or "Jubilee Year," of the granting of the Charter of Privileges to the colony by William Penn. But, with one exception, nothing has been found among the surviving records which would support such a contention.
    [Show full text]
  • Mending Bells and Closing Belfries with Faust
    Proceedings of the 1st International Faust Conference (IFC-18), Mainz, Germany, July 17–18, 2018 MENDING BELLS AND CLOSING BELFRIES WITH FAUST John Granzow Tiffany Ng School of Music Theatre and Dance School of Music Theatre and Dance University of Michigan, USA University of Michigan, USA [email protected] [email protected] Chris Chafe Romain Michon Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics Stanford University, USA Stanford University, USA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT to just above the bead line. Figure 2 shows the profile we used with the relative thickness variations between the inner and outer Finite Element Analyses (FEA) was used to predict the reso- surface. nant modes of the Tsar Kolokol, a 200 ton fractured bell that sits outside the Kremlin in Moscow. Frequency and displacement data informed a physical model implemented in the Faust programming language (Functional Audio Stream). The authors hosted a con- cert for Tsar bell and Carillon with the generous support of Meyer Sound and a University of Michigan bicentennial grant. In the concert, the simulated Tsar bell was triggered by the keyboard and perceptually fused with the bourdon of the Baird Carillon on the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor. 1. INTRODUCTION In 1735 Empress Anna Ivanovna commissioned the giant Tsar Kolokol bell. The bell was cast in an excavated pit then raised into scaffolding for the cooling and engraving process. When the supporting wooden structure caught fire, the bell was doused with water causing the metal to crack.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Proportioning Strategies in Gothic Architectural Design Robert Bork*
    $UFKLWHFWXUDO Bork, R 2014 Dynamic Unfolding and the Conventions of Procedure: Geometric +LVWRULHV Proportioning Strategies in Gothic Architectural Design. Architectural Histories, 2(1): 14, pp. 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ah.bq RESEARCH ARTICLE Dynamic Unfolding and the Conventions of Procedure: Geometric Proportioning Strategies in Gothic Architectural Design Robert Bork* This essay explores the proportioning strategies used by Gothic architects. It argues that Gothic design practice involved conventions of procedure, governing the dynamic unfolding of successive geometrical steps. Because this procedure proves difficult to capture in words, and because it produces forms with a qualitatively different kind of architectural order than the more familiar conventions of classical design, which govern the proportions of the final building rather than the logic of the steps used in creating it, Gothic design practice has been widely misunderstood since the Renaissance. Although some authors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries attempted to sympathetically explain Gothic geometry, much of this work has been dismissed as unreliable, especially in the influential work of Konrad Hecht. This essay seeks to put the study of Gothic proportion onto a new and firmer foundation, by using computer-aided design software to analyze the geometry of carefully measured buildings and original design drawings. Examples under consideration include the parish church towers of Ulm and Freiburg, and the cross sections of the cathedrals of Reims, Prague, and Clermont-Ferrand, and of the Cistercian church at Altenberg. Introduction of historic monuments to be studied with new rigor. It is Discussion of proportion has a curiously vexed status in finally becoming possible, therefore, to speak with reason- the literature on Gothic architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • SAVED by the BELL ! the RESURRECTION of the WHITECHAPEL BELL FOUNDRY a Proposal by Factum Foundation & the United Kingdom Historic Building Preservation Trust
    SAVED BY THE BELL ! THE RESURRECTION OF THE WHITECHAPEL BELL FOUNDRY a proposal by Factum Foundation & The United Kingdom Historic Building Preservation Trust Prepared by Skene Catling de la Peña June 2018 Robeson House, 10a Newton Road, London W2 5LS Plaques on the wall above the old blacksmith’s shop, honouring the lives of foundry workers over the centuries. Their bells still ring out through London. A final board now reads, “Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 1570-2017”. Memorial plaques in the Bell Foundry workshop honouring former workers. Cover: Whitechapel Bell Foundry Courtyard, 2016. Photograph by John Claridge. Back Cover: Chains in the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, 2016. Photograph by John Claridge. CONTENTS Overview – Executive Summary 5 Introduction 7 1 A Brief History of the Bell Foundry in Whitechapel 9 2 The Whitechapel Bell Foundry – Summary of the Situation 11 3 The Partners: UKHBPT and Factum Foundation 12 3 . 1 The United Kingdom Historic Building Preservation Trust (UKHBPT) 12 3 . 2 Factum Foundation 13 4 A 21st Century Bell Foundry 15 4 .1 Scanning and Input Methods 19 4 . 2 Output Methods 19 4 . 3 Statements by Participating Foundrymen 21 4 . 3 . 1 Nigel Taylor of WBF – The Future of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry 21 4 . 3 . 2 . Andrew Lacey – Centre for the Study of Historical Casting Techniques 23 4 . 4 Digital Restoration 25 4 . 5 Archive for Campanology 25 4 . 6 Projects for the Whitechapel Bell Foundry 27 5 Architectural Approach 28 5 .1 Architectural Approach to the Resurrection of the Bell Foundry in Whitechapel – Introduction 28 5 . 2 Architects – Practice Profiles: 29 Skene Catling de la Peña 29 Purcell Architects 30 5 .
    [Show full text]
  • About CHANGE RINGING
    All about CHANGE RINGING Provide a pop-up display explaining change-ringing to those attending and visiting the church. Page 6 METHODS RINGING METHODSThe mechanics of a bell It is traditional to start and Theswinging mechanics full-circle of a bell swinging means finish ringing with rounds full-circlethat we meansneed tothat restrict we need its to restrictmove its moveto one to oneposition. position. Not possible: Possible: Possible: Possible: The traditional notation shows each bell as a number starting at ‘1’ for the treble 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (lightest bell) and running down the numbers to the tenor (heaviest bell). | X | | | | | | X X X | X X X X Bells are usually tuned to the major scale. If there are more than 9 bells, letters 4 8 2Provide 6 7 a1 pop-up 3 5 display 1 3explaining 2 4 5 change-ringi 6 7 8 ng to1 those3 2 attending 5 4 7 and6 8visiting 2the 1 church. 4 3 Page6 5 78 7 The basic method incorporating this rule is called … are substituted, so 0 = 10, E =11, T = 12, A = 13, B = 14, C = 15, D = 16. The1 2 basic3 4 5 6 method 7 8 incorporating this rule is called … X X X X Strokes 2 1Provide 4 3 a6 pop-up 5 8 display7 Now,explaining if change-ringiwe drawng ato linethose attendingjoining and up visiting the the church.
    [Show full text]
  • Clock Tower STEM in A
    build a clock tower Are you ready to use the Engineering Design Process? Engineers follow this process when they’re creating new products or designing solutions to problems. It’s a set of steps that focuses on examining a problem, brainstorming solutions, and testing them out. Engineers don’t always follow the steps in perfect order, and they often repeat a step more than once before they reach a solution that works. The Goal: Solve a design problem by building a clock tower prototype. Paper what you need: Pen or pencil Glue or tape Scissors Cardboard or empty cereal boxes Any additional craft supplies you want to use (Examples: Popsicle sticks, straws, pipe cleaners, etc.) The Design challenge: You are a timekeeper whose job is to take care of your town’s clock tower. You have noticed that the tower has become shaky and there is a crack in the clock face. Create a design for a new clock tower that will be more sturdy. It should also have a clock face that you can remove in sections so that you can clean it. Build a clock tower with a clock face that can be removed in four sections without making the tower fall. build a clock tower CONt. design it Gather all of your materials and examine them. Think about how you might use each of them to build your clock tower. Architects draw blueprints of their buildings before they build them. A blueprint is a drawing of what you want your construction to look like, and it helps you plan how you are going to build something.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clock Tower
    Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia — The Clock Tower ENG The Clock Tower The Clock Tower is one of the most famous architectural landmarks in Venice, standing over an arch that leads into what is the main shopping street of the city, the old Merceria. It marks both a juncture and a division between the various architectural components of St. Mark’s Square, which was not only the seat of political and religious power but also a public space and an area of economic activity, a zone that looked out towards the sea and also played a functional role as a hub for the entire layout of the city. In short, the Tower and its large Astronomical Clock, a masterpiece of technology and engineering, form an essential part of the very image of Venice. THE HISTORY As is known, the decision to erect a new public clock in the St. Mark’s area to replace the inadequate, old clock of Sant’Alipio on the north-west corner of the Basilica – which was by then going to rack and ruin – predates the decision as to where this new clock was to be placed. It was 1493 when the Senate commissioned Carlo Zuan Rainieri of Reggio Emilia to create a new clock, but the decision that this was to be erected over the entrance to the Merceria only came two years later. Procuratie Vechie and Bocha de According to Marin Sanudo, the following year “on 10 June work Marzaria began on the demolition of the houses at the entrance to the Merceria (…) to lay down the foundations for the most excellent clock”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposed Campanile for Kansas State College
    A PROPOSED CAMPANILE FOR KANSAS STATE COLLEGE by NILES FRANKLIN 1.1ESCH B. S., Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, 1932 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 1932 LV e.(2 1932 Rif7 ii. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 THE EARLY HISTORY OF BELLS 3 BELL FOUNDING 4 BELL TUNING 7 THE EARLY HISTORY OF CAMPANILES 16 METHODS OF PLAYING THE CARILLON 19 THE PROPOSED CAMPANILE 25 The Site 25 Designing the Campanile 27 The Proposed Campanile as Submitted By the Author 37 A Model of the Proposed Campanile 44 SUMMARY '47 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 54 LITERATURE CITED 54 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this thesis is to review and formulate the history and information concerning bells and campaniles which will aid in the designing of a campanile suitable for Kansas State College. It is hoped that the showing of a design for such a structure with the accompanying model will further stimulate the interest of both students, faculty members, and others in the ultimate completion of such a project. The design for such a tower began about two years ago when the senior Architectural Design Class, of which I was a member, was given a problem of designing a campanile for the campus. The problem was of great interest to me and became more so when I learned that the problem had been given to the class with the thought in mind that some day a campanile would be built.
    [Show full text]