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Common Threads Structural Issues in Historic Buildings By Craig M. Bennett, Jr., P.E.

Charleston, South Carolina is blessed with historic structures. Eighteenth and nineteenth century houses, churches and civic buildings adorn every block. The city has ® interesting challenges for the structural engineer… the east coast’s largest earthquake, hurricanes, city-wide fires and poor soils have put buildings and their designers to the test. Because the primary structural materials found here, soil, masonry, timber and iron, are the same as those used everywhere over the last three centuries, struc- tural issues common to buildings in Charleston are found in historic buildings all over the nation. Buildings move due to consolidation of soils; masonry cracks; lime leaches out of mortar; timber creeps under stress and rots when faced with water intrusion and iron corrodes. The only threat not severe here is a regular freeze- thaw cycle. Copyright A look at a few of these historic structuresCopyright© and a comparison of their behavior with that of other buildings found around the southeast will show the similarities in the Pompion Hill Chapel, Huger, SC - 1763 issues the preservation engineer faces. Replacement of the failed trusses in 1751 - St. Michael’s had settled several inches and had been kind would have been appropriate from Episcopal Church, severely fractured. After 1989’s Hurri- a preservation standpoint, but exact cane Hugo, we had had to straighten the replacement timber members would Charleston, South Carolina top 50 feet, the timber spire. We were have, in time, failed under load like the Construction on the brick masonry for also aware that we had potential lateral original. Fortunately, there was room St. Michael’s was started in 1751. The loads of up to 20,000 lbs imposed on the between the roof framing and the struc- spire was topped out at about 175 feet tower with every swing of the bells. Al- ture of the coved ceiling for contractor in 1764 and a ring of eight bells, cast though concerned about mixing old and Tommy Graham to install deep timber by a predecessor of the Whitechapel new materials, we took a lesson from the sister members on each side of each Bell Foundry in London,DRAFT was installed English preservation engineers and tied truss, carrying the bending moment at for full-circle English change ringing. the tower together with an internal re- the top chord extensions and preserv- Time took its toll on the running gear inforced concrete ring beam at the level ing the original construction for fu- for the bells, and there are no records of the bell frame. Today the eight bells, ture generations. that they were rung full magazine circle after the largest of which weighs almost a ton, Because ground modification would about 1813. After the Civil War, they and their eight human ringers, announce have been far more expensive than the Swere recast,T again in theR same foundry, U C T Uchurch could haveR afforded, on theE rec- services on Sunday morning, and ring but were not properly installed locally. for weddings, Independence Day and ommendation of geotechnical engineer Finally, in 1992, we, with architect June 28, Carolina Day, commemorating Jim Hussin of Hayward Baker, it was Dan Beaman, sent the bells back to the first decisive victory of the -Ameri elected to try an underground irrigation Whitechapel yet again for maintenance can Revolution. Most gratifying is that system as a means of keeping the soils and reinstalled them in 1993 for full the local ringers are regularly joined in beneath the walls moist. Time will tell circle change ringing. the celebration with ringers from the whether or not this approach will work The lateral loads caused by swinging United Kingdom. long term, but initial monitoring of 46 tructures bells were more critical in 1993 than survey bolts hidden around the perimeter they had been in the 1764 installation. 1763 - Pompion Hill of the building shows a slow movement S In the earthquake of 1886, the steeple Chapel, Huger, upward of the portions of the structure which had settled the most. South Carolina Between 1998 and 2002, a drought 1814 – The Cathedral left the expansive clays under Pompion Church of St. Luke and St. Hill Chapel unusually dry. Differential Paul, Charleston, settlement, perhaps exacerbated by sev- eral campaigns of foundation repairs, South Carolina caused severe cracking of the plaster and In the late summer of 2001, a church some masonry damage in this stunning member at the Cathedral Church of St. structure. To make matters worse, sev- Luke and St. Paul noticed that one of the istoric eral roof trusses, supported on severely timber columns in the balcony appeared overstressed extended top chords over to have pushed its way into a hollow highlighting significant structures of the past

H a coved ceiling, had failed, transferring millwork box supporting it, damaging their loads into the roof sheathing, then the plinth block and torus at the column St. Michael’s Church, Charleston, SC - 1751. into the end walls, by diaphragm action. base. Investigation revealed that, over

STRUCTURE magazine 24 May 2007 time, there had been a total of 12 inches in the basement had caused extraordinary plaster domes had allowed one dome to drop of differential settlement under the tower, thrusts in several masonry vaults, resulting in about three inches, and the other to drop five. and that there was a five inch differential a small bulge in an exterior wall on the west Two previous efforts to reinforce the joists settlement between the exterior walls of the side and some exterior wall cracking. had been largely unsuccessful. By installing church and the balcony columns only 12 feet small timber and steel rod trusses over the away. The roof trusses had transferred their domes and lifting them very slightly (about loads from the outside walls to the interior an inch, each) with threaded rods placed columns, pushing them through the hollow around the dome perimeters, it was® possible boxes. Only the lateral support of the balcony to take the load off of the existing structure rail had kept the columns from falling and to arrest further creep and allow repair of dropping a 38,000 lb plaster vault 44 feet the fractured plaster. Fortunately, it did not into the nave of the church. require removing either the original structural system or the two attempted repairs. 1846 - Grace Episcopal Church, Charleston, South Carolina Copyright©Copyright The Fireproof Building, Charleston, SC - 1826. Grace Church was only 40 years old when the earthquake of 1886 nearly destroyed it. Any sort of structural intervention in a The two legs of the tower closest to the nave building of this age must be undertaken very sank about eight inches, severely damaging carefully, and only after considerable study. the attached clerestory walls and breaking the Rather than undertake any remedial con- tie rod which spanned the grand arch between struction work, we recommended relocating those legs. Courageous repairs undertaken the heaviest loads to rooms whose walls could immediately afterward included rebuilding handle the thrusts and recommended keep- the grand arch, installation of inverted arches Cathedral Church of St. Luke and St. Paul, ing offices in the rooms with less masonry to Charleston, SC - 1814. under two of the tower legs and extensive re- resist the thrust of the vaults. Sometimes the pairs to the clerestory walls. While there is little doubt that the six timber best structural intervention involves no con- roof trusses originally spanned the 61 feet struction at all! from exterior wall to exterior wall, analysis showed that they did it with stressesDRAFT of 1843 - Gaineswood, around 3000 psi, much higher than the 1200 Demopolis, Alabama psi which we might use in design today. High Lest one think that all old buildings are ma- stresses and load redistribution had takenmagazine sonry, we should mention one of the more their toll on the trusses, and strengthening unusual historic structures. Gaineswood is wasS necessary beforeT putting the Rtruss loads U C T U R E an absolutely beautiful Greek Revival planta- back on the outside walls. Unfortunately, tion house, built between 1843 and 1861 in the cost of improving the foundations or the Demopolis, Alabama. Carefully designed to soils under the church was prohibitive. But give the appearance of being a masonry build- dealing with the secondary effects was not ing, it is actually a wood framed structure, entirely unreasonable. Work now underway finished in stucco on the outside and plaster with Palmetto Craftsmen has, like Pompion on the inside. Hill, sistered the trusses to preserve original The tower arch at Grace continues to spread Creep in the very highly stressed pine ceiling and the members bracing the clerestory walls historic fabric and taken the loads off of the joists which support two 13-foot diameter balcony columns. But just in case the walls are moving. move several more inches and drop the trusses The iron rods installed after the earthquake onto the balcony columns again, the balcony are now corroded; the fractures in the ma- column load path has been strengthened to sonry open and close with temperature and provide the appropriate redundant load path. humidity, but trend towards opening; and the tower continues to settle, with an eas- 1826 – The Fireproof Building, ily noticed lean toward the nave. Work now Charleston, South Carolina starting will tie the walls of the tower together with embedded stainless steel rods. Once the Robert Mills’ Fireproof Building was built tower is stabilized, the options are to either as a government record storage building and improve the soils under the tower or under- continues to be used for archival storage, now pin it with micropiles. The process will be for the South Carolina Historical Society. guided with a non-linear structural model Mills had designed the building with masonry that accounts for the largest of the existing walls and floors, supported on masonry cracks and, most importantly, for the inabil- vaults. Unfortunately, installation of modern One of the twin domes at Gaineswood, ity of the masonry to carry any significant tall storage shelves and the removal of a wall this one over the dining room. tension stress. continued on next page

STRUCTURE magazine 25 May 2007 1906 - St. Luke’s Episcopal not do the same with the tower foundations. So one finds today in the Cathedral the same Church, Atlanta, Georgia issues that one finds in many other Gothic It seems that many 20th century designers churches… settlement of both west towers had lost track of the need for stiff buttressing and of the crossing tower. This movement of to resist the thrust of large arches. The chancel the tall portions of the building relative to the arch of St. Luke’s is a good example. Even a lighter clerestory walls of the nave has caused simple linear elastic finite element analysis cracking in the walls and vaults. Structural® shows the problems with the behavior of distress, like that in many masonry build- the arch, a reality made more apparent by ings with tall elements, shows up invariably a large crack found during the 1998-2000 in the last bays of the nave walls, adjoining renovation. Deep flat plates on each face of the towers. the wall over the arch successfully tied the Looking back, we see that some structural buttresses together. Interestingly enough, issues are common to several of these build- the church warden chose to have us leave ings. Support settlement seems to take a the interior plate slightly exposed. The plate heavier toll than almost any other cause of was left flush with the plaster, with exposed distress. Creep in overstressed timber and ma- bolt heads,Copyright©Copyright “so that the members of the sonry, tension cracks in masonry, and damage church could see where at least a little of their to all materials due to water intrusion follow money went.” closely behind. Back at National Cathedral, Mark, Alonso and Runkle continue to monitor movement, and, when appropriate, deal with any struc- tural distress. These stewards of the great Cathedral confront the same issues we do in other churches, and, like we, are entrusted with making sure that our grandchildren’s grandchildren can enjoy these historic struc- tures the same way we do today.▪ www.STRUCTUREmag.org DRAFT S T Rmagazine U C T U R E ADVERTISEMENT – For Advertiser ADVERTISEMENT Information, visit The chancel arch at St. Luke’s Church, Atlanta, GA - 1906. 1907 - Washington National Cathedral, Washington, District of Columbia Robert Mark, Joe Alonso and John Runkle (engineer, stone mason and conservator, re- spectively) of The Cathedral Church of St. Peter and St. Paul have been kind enough Washington National Cathedral, to share some of their expertise, and permit Washington, DC - 1907. the author the pleasure of comparing some of the structural problems seen in several Craig M. Bennett Jr., P. E., is a structural Gothic churches around the southeast with engineer and a founding principal of 4SE, those seen in the Cathedral. Unfortunately, Inc. in Charleston, South Carolina. His not even this most well known of American own work focuses exclusively on existing cathedrals is immune to structural issues. buildings. Bennett considers it a tremendous The Cathedral was designed just after the privilege to work on historic structures. Four turn of the century by architects George of the first five buildings mentioned in this Frederick Bodley and Henry Vaughan. Ac- article are National Historic Landmarks. cording to Robert Mark, in the 1920s, Philip Future articles will explore some of these Frohman enlarged the design for the two projects in more depth. Bennett can be towers on the west face considerably, but did reached via e-mail at [email protected].

STRUCTURE magazine 26 May 2007

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