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Bibliography

Archival Sources

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A Bangladeshi Welfare Ajeeb, Mohammed, 169, 170, 180, Association, 235 215, 273 Bangladesh Liberation Anti-racism, 13, 42, 53, 56, War, 219 58, 65–68, 93, 162, 202, Barelwis, 33–35, 166 225–227, 252 Batley, 28, 46 in education, 64, 162 Bengali Housing Action teaching, 69–70 Group, 235 Asian Youth Movement, 59 Bengalis, 60, 116, 203, 220, 228, Assimilation, 11–19, 90, 127, 255 235, 254 Australia, 20, 23, 199–201, 256 Biology, 129–159 Blackburn, 48, 52, 148 B Black identity, 78, 268 Bangladeshi Educational Needs in Black People’s Alliance, 231 Tower Hamlets, 60 Blasphemy laws, 84, 166, 169, 170, Bangladeshis, see Bengalis 173, 179–183

© The Author(s) 2017 303 J. Fazakarley, Muslim Communities in England 1962–90, Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53792-4 304 Index

Bradford, 7, 11, 29, 34–36, 39, 40, Cohen, Harry, 169, 179 43, 44, 46, 48–51, 53, 55, 58, Colonial Office, 203 59, 61, 65–66, 68–70, 73–79, Coloured People’s Union, 77 81, 82, 84–88, 91, 96, 99, Commission on the Future of Multi- 102–104, 107, 108, 112, 114, ethnic Britain, 201 118, 119–124, 126, 130, 133, Commission for Racial Equality, see 136–138, 146, 151, 163, 167, Race relations quango 169, 170, 172–174, 176, 179, Commonwealth Immigrants 189, 191, 194, 206, 214, 215, Advisory Council, 28 217, 218, 221–223, 225, 226, Community cohesion, 3, 12, 227, 229, 231, 234, 236, 237, 276–282 241–243, 249, 251, 253, Community leadership, 127, 258, 260, 265, 269, 272, 234, 240 273, 277, 283 and electoral politics, 189–190 Bradford Council for Mosques, 61 Community Relations Commission, Brent, 11, 30, 46, 79, 83, 86–88, 91, see Race relations quango 100, 103, 108, 110, 204, 206, Community Relations Councils, 50, 221, 224, 225, 227, 240, 245, 213, 283 249, 251, 252, 266, 277 Community Relations Officers, , 14 140, 218 British Muslim Action Front, 166 Conservative Party, 225 , 3 Councils of Social Services, 101, 145 / British identity, 184, Coventry, 244, 246 274, 275, 277 Cryer, Bob, 172, 173, 176, Burnage report, see Macdonald 180, 181 inquiry Bussing, see Dispersal, in education D Deobandis, 33–35, 166 C Department of Education, 41 Camden, 221 Department of Employment, 135, Campaign Against Racial 140–142 Discrimination, 49 Race Relations Advisory Canada, 19, 22, 199–201, 256 Group, 142 Cantle report, 277 , 28, 33, 87, 88, 145, 216 Caste, 137, 138, 156 Dispersal , 72, 96 in education, 118, 119, 253 Cleveland, 87, 220 in housing, 120, 223, 254 Index 305

E in the textiles industry, 30 Ealing, 47, 49, 50–52, 72, toilet facilities, 151 204, 215, 221, 222, English as a Second Language 225, 229, 251 in industry, 134–135 East African Asians, 31, 97, 130, for women, 113, 119–123 166, 224 Equality and Human Rights East London Mosque, 30, 35, 232, Commission, see Race relations 244, 280 quangos Education Ethnic community groups, 229, 250, coeducation, 10, 15, 43, 76, 77, 277, 284 103–106, 109–111 relationship with Community and cultural values, 40, 70 Relations Councils, 229 and curriculum reform, 54 Ethnic statistics and dispersal, 118, 119, 253 categories used, 126, 224 and ethnic statistics, 21 in education, 40, 44 in English as a second language, 45 in employment, 210, 222 local authority statements on, 58 in housing, 223 mother tongue teaching, 61, 62 physical education, 98, 101–103, F 105, 126 Federation of Bengali Youth reception centres, 45, 102, 253 Organizations, 235 religious education, 36, 43, 54, Foley, Maurice, 15, 113, 121, 125 70–73, 91, 255 Food school meals, 264 in education, 43, 255 school uniform, 98 in employment, 31 Employment fasting, 154 business ownership, 10, 31 Halal meat, 43, 74, 234, 240, 255 and dress, 89 France, 19, 98, 256 and food, 31 Free speech, 163–164, 176–179 garment trade, 31, 156 and the Rushdie affair, 163 and gender, 32, 115–116, 130 Fundamentalism, 82–83, 107, 192, geographical differences, 30–31, 264–266 130–131 homeworking, 32, 115, 116 labour unrest, 130 G and language, 32, 135 Gender and prayer, 140, 150 and demographic imbalance, 28 and religious holidays, 147 and education, 252 306 Index

Gender (cont.) I and employment, 32, 115–116, Indian Workers Association-GB, 47 130, 133–137 Indian Workers Association- and local government Southall, 51 funding, 226–227, 234, Inner London Education 239–240, 244, 247–248 Authority, 42–43 and motherhood, 117–125 Institute for Race Relations, 5, 9, Germany, 10, 19, 131, 254 46, 136 Grant, Bernie, 169, 179 Integration, 3, 6, 8, 11–13, 16, 19, Greater London Council, 115 39–93, 95–128, 147, 168, 195, Gulf war (1990-1), 192 204, 205, 210, 254, 260, 264, 265, 275 Inter-generational relations, 235 H Iran, 29, 167, 168, 174, 182, Hackney, 11, 30, 103, 116, 204, 194, 270 209, 216, 224, 229, 251 Islamic Cultural Centre, 84, 147 Halal food, 43, 234, Islamic Foundation, 36, 142, 159, 240, 255 165, 173, 175 Halifax, 113, 133, 138, 145, Islamic Society for the Promotion of 153, 154 Religious Tolerance, 168 Hattersley, Roy, 171, 172, 176, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185, 274 J Health Visitors Association, 113, 118 Jamaat-e-Islami, 33 Her Majesty’s Schools Jenkins, Roy, 12, 178, 183, 184 Inspectorate, 82, 85, 101, 112 , 96 Hijabs, 256 , 140, 266 Hizb-ut-Tahrir, 34 K Home Office, 45, 52, 113, 124, , 27, 77, 258 168, 196, 204, 208, 210, Keighley, 112, 121 212, 276–278 Honeyford affair, 66, 225 Huddersfield, 46, 53, 74, 85, 99, L 118, 121, 135, 229 Labour Party, 56, 63, 64, 81, 83, 88, Hurd, Douglas, 184–186, 195 110, 173, 189, 194, 236–237, Hygiene, 9, 15, 241, 251 151–152, 264 Lambeth, 116, 203, 220–223, 227 Index 307

Lascars, 26 Mother tongue teaching, 41, 61, 62, League of Overseas Pakistanis, 146 90, 186 Liberal Democrats, 242 Multiculturalism Liverpool, 71, 104, 204, 209, 216, 226 academic literature on, 4–11 Local authorities backlash against, 260 and consultation, 59 ethnic categorization in, 219 and education, 61, 72, 90 Muslim Educational Trust, 36, 78 and ethnic monitoring, 222 Muslim Institute, 167, 194 and housing, 120, 220 Muslim Liaison Committee, 61 and race equality quangos, 56 Muslim Parents Association, 59, 76 and race relations advisers, 220 Muslim Parliament of Great Britain, 83 relations with central Muslim schools, 41, 76–89, 100, 101, government, 79, 91 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 127, 141, 188, 190, 192, 258, 264 Muslim Welfare Centre, 244, 247 M Madden, Max, 169–173, 178–180, 182 N Macdonald inquiry, 42 National Anti-racist Movement in Manchester, 29–30, 34, 42, 44–45, Education, 64 47, 53, 54, 57–59, 61–63, 66, National Committee for 67, 69, 72–74, 77, 86, 87, Commonwealth Immigrants, 91, 99, 103, 106, 109–113, see Race relations quangos 116, 124, 214, 217, 221, 223, National Federation of Pakistani 225, 227, 234, 241, 244–245, Associations, 231 248, 250 National Front, 190 Merchant navy, see National Union of Teachers, 63 Migration Nottingham, 15, 61, 113, 212–214, chain migration, 27, 119 216, 223, 228–229 family reunification, 28 and legislation, 17 and the “myth of return”, 24 O and political asylum, 29 Oxford, 106 Ministry of Labour, 133, 253 Mosques, 33, 34–35, 109, 140–143, 158, 165–166, 177, 184, P 230–234, 241, 244–245, Pakistan Association, 77 270, 274, 280 Pakistani Muslim Association, 68 308 Index

Pakistani Welfare Association, 68 , 15, 154–156, 158, 265 Pakistani Workers Association, Rampton Report, 56 232, 233 Religious holidays, 15, 145–148 Pakistan Society, 163, 234 Representation, see Community Patten, John, 168, 182, 184, leadership 185, 195–196 Riots Phillips, Trevor, 2–4, 260, 281–282 in 1958, 16, 213, 216, 228 Plowden report, 49, 206 in the 1980s, 55, 90, 204, 206, Powell, Enoch, 205, 214, 232 219, 243, 248, 249, 258 Prayer, 80, 139–146, 148–150, in 2001, 3, 12, 276, 281 155–158, 255, 265 , 46, 48, 115, 145, Prevent strategy, 275, 281 152, 277 Prophet Muhammad, 2, 33, Rushdie affair 163, 164 and electoral politics, 173 Purdah, 10, 62, 68, 91–92, 95–128, and free speech, 163–164 163, 264, 265, 267, 269 opinion polls about, 193 protests during, 163, 184, 187, 194 Q Quran, 140 S Sacranie, Iqbal, 34, 166, 168, 175, R 181, 182, 187, 193 Race Relations Acts Saudi Arabia, 71, 167, 175, 270 and education, 21, 90 Scarman Report, 56 and employment, 153 Schools, see Education; Muslim and local authorities, 3 schools 1965 Act, 177, 207 Section 11 funding, 44 1968 Act, 207 Sedgemore, Brian, 169, 179, 180 1976 Act, 208 Segregation, 12, 18, 19, 42, 47, 48, and speech restrictions, 201 52, 71, 72, 81–83, 89, 96, 101, Race Relations Board, 50 102, 111, 126, 151–153, 168, Race relations quangos, 21 207, 223, 254, 277–279 Racial discrimination Select Committee on Race Relations forms of racism, 131–132 Immigration, 53 institutional racism, 209 Sheffield, 31, 46, 61, 71, 85, 99, 105, laws preventing, 185 114, 123, 133, 139, 140, 152, local authority statements on, 90 216, 221, 228 Index 309

Siddiqui, Kalim, 101, 109, 110, U 167, 175, 183, 184, 191, UK Action Committee on Islamic 194, 196, 197 Affairs, 165 , 140, 266 UK Islamic Mission, 35 Social services, 11, 212, 213, 220 Union of Muslim Organizations, 110 Southall, see Ealing Universal Coloured People’s Southall Black Sisters, 101 Association, 77, 232 Southall Youth Movement, 236 Urban Programme, 124, 205 Standing Conference of Pakistani Organizations, 82 Super-diversity, 29 V Swann report, 42, 55, 64, 100, Vaz, Keith, 171–173, 178, 184, 195 102, 126 Voluntary Liaison Committees, see Community Relations Councils T Television, 121, 126, 196 Terrorism W counter-terrorism (see Prevent Women, see Gender strategy) Women Against September 11th terror attacks, 1 Fundamentalism, 83, 190 Tower Hamlets, 30, 36, 60, 74, 115, 203, 204, 209, 223, 224, 235, 243, 280, 283 Y Trade unions, 9, 12, 21, 130, 135, Yorkshire Committee for 139, 142, 157–159, 192, Community Relations, 104 210, 222 Young Muslims Organization, Trades Union Congress, 51 36, 280 Turbans, 15, 157, 187 Young Muslims UK, 36, 280