ASIAN ‘BRITISHNESS’ A study of first generation Asian migrants in Greater Manchester Andrew Thompson with Rumana Begum Asylum and Migration Working Paper4 January 2005 Institute for Public Policy Research 30-32 Southampton Street, London, WC2E 7RA, United Kingdom Registered charity number 800065 About ippr Established in 1988, the Institute for Public Policy Research (ippr) is the UK’s leading progressive think tank. Its role is to bridge the political divide between the social democratic and liberal traditions, the intellectual divide between academia and the policy-making establishment, and the cultural divide between government and civil society. It is first and foremost a research institute, aiming to provide innovative and credible policy solutions. Its work, the questions its research poses and the methods it uses are driven by the belief that the journey to a good society is one that places social justice, democratic participation and economic and environmental sustainability at its core. About the series Asylum and migration issues have never been higher on the political and policy agendas. The unprecedented scale of movement of people for reasons of protection, employment and family reunion to both the UK and Europe as a whole poses economic, social and political opportunities and challenges. This is an area of policy making that is fast moving and involves many different stakeholders at the international, national and local levels. ippr’s Asylum and Migration Working Paper Series has been established to provide a vehicle for examining the evidence in relation to specific aspects of policy and practice in this area. Authored by academics, experts and policy specialists from across the public policy arena, the working papers provide an overview of key policy issues in a timely and easily accessible format. The aim is to encourage the exchange of ideas about asylum and migration issues and ensure that policy making is underpinned by empirical evidence about the nature and causes of migration, the impacts on different countries and communities and the effects – both intended and unintended – of policies that might be introduced in response. An important objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The Asylum and Migration Working Paper Series has been very generously funded by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. The papers carry the name of authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions are the authors' own and do not necessarily represent the views of the staff, Directors or Trustees of either the Institute for Public Policy Research or the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. Electronic versions of all working papers are available free of charge on the ippr website. A limited number of working papers are printed for distribution. Please contact ippr by the following means to order hard copies or for further information. Please allow four to six weeks for ‘printed matter’ delivery. website: http://www.ippr.org email: [email protected] post: 30-32 Southampton Street, London WC2E 7RA, United Kingdom telephone: +44 (0)20 7470 6100 fax: +44 (0)20 7470 6111 1 Contents List of tables and figures 3 Editors’ preface 4 Authors’ preface 5 About the authors 6 Abstract 7 Background 9 The location 11 The interviews and interviewees 15 A social profile of the interviewees 15 Key findings 17 Social integration 18 Language 18 Education 19 Employment 19 Gender 19 Access to public transport 20 Reception experiences 20 Migrant identities 20 Religious toleration 22 Welfare state 23 Law and order 24 The monarchy 24 Experiences of racial discrimination 24 Implications for policy 27 Social integration 27 Language 28 Employment 30 Summary 31 Racial discrimination 31 Local government 31 Immigration policy 33 Future research 35 Appendix 1: Pre-interview questionnaire 36 Appendix 2: Interview questionnaire 38 Bibliography 39 Seminar participants 42 Endnotes 43 2 List of tables Table 1 Ethnic breakdown of Tameside population List of figures Figure 1 Tameside’s ethnic minority communities Figure 2 Age structure of Tameside ethnic groups Figure 3 Economic activity in Tameside: Males aged 16-74 Figure 4 Economic activity in Tameside: Females aged 16-74 3 Editors’ preface This working paper is the result of an exciting collaboration between an academic (Andrew Thompson), Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council and the ippr. Unlike others in this series, this working paper is unique in the sense that it emerges from a research project commissioned by ippr and therefore contains new evidence and information which has not previously been available. Although there is heightened interest amongst policy makers and the public about minority integration, social cohesion and identity, the voices of migrants themselves are often missing from discussion and analysis. By contrast this paper provides a contemporary ‘snapshot’ of what migrants themselves think about these issues. We believe that the result is an important contribution to the literature on the experiences of migrants in the UK. It makes no pretence of dealing with all of the complex and sometimes contradictory issues surrounding minority identities in the UK, but the evidence, its analysis and the policy prescriptions arising from that analysis are firmly rooted in local experience and may have broader relevance and appeal. Notions about identity continue to be central to discussions of migration, race and ethnic relations in the UK and elsewhere. This working paper highlights the importance of understanding the complexity and nuances of ‘Britishness’ in one particular context. The result is reassuring in many ways – most of the British Asians interviewed seem to feel ‘British’ – but is also a reminder of the work that needs to be done to integrate migrant and minority communities. The working paper also points to the importance of local characteristics. Not only do interviewees identify the importance of local issues but differences between Tameside and neighbouring Oldham, site of rioting in 2001, seem to reinforce that importance. In Tameside, strong political leadership, relatively low rates of unemployment, less residential segregation and a more responsible press all seem to make for a more cohesive community. Like the authors, we hope to use this Working Paper as a first step in a broader research agenda that delves deeper into issues surrounding the integration and identity of ethnic minorities in the UK. The Working Paper brings to mind questions that seem deserving of further exploration: how much are the views of Tameside’s Asians reflective of the whole British Asian population? do younger generations and newer arrivals conceive of identity differently? what are the implications of this research for promoting social cohesion? Heaven Crawley and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah Editors, Asylum and Migration Working Paper Series January 2005 4 Authors’ preface This project grew out of a conversation about the experiences and attitudes of first generation Asian migrants in the north of England. We approached the subject from somewhat different perspectives, one of us working in a university History department, the other in a local authority’s equality and diversity unit. However, we shared the same conviction that, if the life stories of first generation Asian migrants in Lancashire and Yorkshire1 were not soon recorded, the opportunity may be lost forever. Our project has since developed in several unanticipated directions. We hope, however, not to have lost sight of our original goals, namely to explain why Asian migrants came to Britain, what life has been like for them since they arrived, and how far they now feel that they belong here. In gathering our data and writing this report we have incurred many debts. Particular thanks go to the local authority co-workers who were the lynchpin of the project: Jayshree Chauhan, Hansa Mistry and Nila Mistry from the Indian community in Ashton; Shamin Akhtar, Nazia Akram and Iqbal Atchig from the Pakistani community in Ashton; and Abdul Hannan from the Bangladeshi community in Hyde. Their patience and good humour helped the project run smoothly and to schedule. Nor could we have managed without Reba Begum, who volunteered for too many tasks to mention and kept smiling throughout three days of intensive interviewing. Venues for the interviews were offered by the Indian Community Centre and Age Concern in Ashton and Hyde Town Hall: we were fortunate to have access to each. Lina Patel at Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council supervised the payment of the local authority co-workers, a task much more complex than this simple acknowledgement makes it sound. Angela Softley administered the research grant from ippr with her customary efficiency, and imported the figures and tables in the report. Vic Vasylenko and Colin Butterfield at Leeds University’s Media Services provided the recording equipment and free tutorials in its use, and North West Interpreters translated the interview transcripts. We are grateful to Gayatri Joshi and his team. We would like to thank ippr for funding the project and for useful comments along the way. Eze Khamani at the Ethnic Minority Employment Task Force Secretariat kindly provided information on public service agreement (PSA) targets and the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)’s progress toward meeting them, while Patrick Steele at Greater Manchester Research supplied figures on ethnic minority groups from the 2001 census. James Purnell MP took a close interest in what we were doing, while Richard Grayson, until recently the Director of Policy of the Liberal Democrats, introduced us to ippr and helped us to make sense of our findings. Last, yet not least, we would like to say a very big thank you to Sarah Lenton, who stepped in at very short notice to edit and format the interview transcripts, and thereby ensured that we stuck to our original timetable. From the outset there was a lot of interest from the local press and community centres in what we planned to do.