The Effect of Reproductive Compensation on Recessive Disorders Within Consanguineous Human Populations
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(1908): Recent Studies in Human Heredity
NOTES AND LITERATURE HEREDITY Recent Studies in Human Heredity.-j\Iustthe fallacy always persist that all ancient and powerful families are necessarily degenerate? As long ago as 1881, Paul Jacoby wrote a book1 to prove that the assumptionof rank and power has always been followedby mentaland physicaldeteriorations ending in sterility and the extinctionof the race. By collectingtogether all evi- dence supportinghis preconceivedtheory, by tracing only the well-knownfamilies in whichpathological conditions were heredi- tary,by failing to treat of dozens of otherswhose recordswould not have supportedhis thesis,by saying everythinghe possibly could that was bad about everyone (followingalways the hostile historians), by ignoring everywherethe normal and virtuous members,he was able to presentwhat was to the uninformedan apparently overwhelmingarray of proof. In regard to the injustice of this one-sided picture I have already had some- thingto say in "M'Nlentaland M\IoralHeredity in Royalty, first publishedsome six years ago. A furtherstudy based upon Jacoby's unsound foundations has recentlycome to my notice,3and althougha well-miadebook containingan interestingseries of 278 portrait illustrations,is necessarilyquite as misleadingas the older structureon which it rests. The main idea of Dr. Galippe is to show that the great swollen protrudingunderlip which descended amionogthe Hiaps- burgs of Austria, Spain and allied houses,and also the protrud- ing underjaw (progil)athismine in e'rieuitr), are stigmata of de- generacy,and to demonstratethis he places beside his portraits, quotationsfrom the writingsof Jacoby. Galippe uses no statistical methods, not even arithmetical counting,and appears to be totally ignorant of English bio- metric writings. His general conclusionsabout the causes of degeneracy (aristocratic environment,etc.) are quite as mis- Etudes sur la selection chez I homem. -
Ethnic Minorities in Britain: the Educational Performance of Pakistani Muslims
Journal of History for the Public, Vol. 4, 2007, pp. 77-94 Ethnic Minorities in Britain: The Educational Performance of Pakistani Muslims Manami Hamashita The irrevocable changes that have formed the multi-racial and multicultural British society have their origins in the period of British imperialism. In the postwar period migrants from countries in the New Commonwealth were able to migrate to Britain without any restrictions in accordance with the British Nationality Act of 1948. The influx of migrants from these countries including the West Indies, India and Pakistan bringing with them their culture and customs had a profound effect, and British society was forced to change rapidly as a result. In general, ethnic minority issues are often considered as a matter of ‘assimilation’ into the host society or under the concept of ‘multiculturalism’. In either case education for ethnic minorities plays an important role. For this reason I would like to focus on the educational performance of ethnic minorities, in particular the performance of those of Pakistani origin. According to the 2001 Census, groups of Pakistani origin had the highest percentage of British- (1) born (54.8%), and so the education of this British-born contingent should be one of the most important issues for Pakistanis in Britain. Much has been written about the education issues of ethnic minorities but there is relatively little material concerning the education of Pakistanis. This subject has been given some attention by Muhammad Anwar, who is a leading researcher in (2) the field of Pakistani Muslims. In his book The Myth of Return, published in 1979, he provided evidence that Muslims had started to settle down in Britain in the 1970s, and that a short stay for purely financial reasons was already a ‘myth’. -
Inheriting Genetic Conditions
Help Me Understand Genetics Inheriting Genetic Conditions Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Department of Health & Human Services Table of Contents 1 What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family? 1 2 Why is it important to know my family health history? 4 3 What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited? 6 4 If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition? 15 5 What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity? 18 6 What do geneticists mean by anticipation? 19 7 What are genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy? 20 8 Are chromosomal disorders inherited? 22 9 Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups? 23 10 What is heritability? 24 Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics (https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/) i Inheriting Genetic Conditions 1 What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family? A particular disorder might be described as “running in a family” if more than one person in the family has the condition. Some disorders that affect multiple family members are caused by gene variants (also known as mutations), which can be inherited (passed down from parent to child). Other conditions that appear to run in families are not causedby variants in single genes. Instead, environmental factors such as dietary habits, pollutants, or a combination of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for these disorders. It is not always easy to determine whether a condition in a family is inherited. -
Ancient Genomes Provide Insights Into Family Structure and the Heredity of Social Status in the Early Bronze Age of Southeastern Europe A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe A. Žegarac1,2, L. Winkelbach2, J. Blöcher2, Y. Diekmann2, M. Krečković Gavrilović1, M. Porčić1, B. Stojković3, L. Milašinović4, M. Schreiber5, D. Wegmann6,7, K. R. Veeramah8, S. Stefanović1,9 & J. Burger2* Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community’s social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We fnd evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status diferences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these fndings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a signifcantly diferent family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe. Kinship studies in the reconstruction of prehistoric social structure. An understanding of the social organization of past societies is crucial to understanding recent human evolution, and several generations of archaeologists and anthropologists have worked to develop a suite of methods, both scientifc and conceptual, for detecting social conditions in the archaeological record 1–4. -
Families and Migration: Older People from South Asia Department for International Development (DFID)
Families and Migration: Older People from South Asia Department for International Development (DFID) ESA315 UNITED KINGDOM REGIONAL REPORT No. 1 Older Gujarat Immigrants in Birmingham, UK October 2002 By Vanessa Burholt, G. Clare Wenger and Zahida Shah 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 BACKGROUND 4 The Study Area 4 The City 5 Immigration 7 Immigration of Gujaratis 8 Residence Patterns 10 Services and Amenities 15 Elected Representatives 16 Standard of Living 16 Family Structures 18 METHODOLOGY 19 Sampling 19 Data Collection 20 Data Analyses 21 FINDINGS 21 Demographic Characteristics 21 Age Distribution 21 Marital Status 22 Migration History 24 Living Arrangements 25 Children 26 Siblings 27 Relatives 28 Friends, Neighbours and Community Integration 29 Religion 31 Education and Language 33 Sources of Support and Help 33 Support Networks 35 Confidants 35 Person Talk to When Unhappy 36 Personal Problems 36 Informal Health Care 43 Domestic Help 45 Work and Income 48 Dying in the UK 50 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 54 REFERENCES 2 BACKGROUND The second half of the twentieth century saw increased levels of immigration to the United Kingdom from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The ageing of this South Asian population will be rapid over the next decade. The research project Families and Migration: Older People from South Asia, was developed to examine the effect of migration on people as they age in both the United Kingdom and in sending communities in South Asia. In particular, we were interested in the effects of migration on the availability of support for older people. This is a regional report on the findings for older Gujaratis in the United Kingdom. -
Influences on Your Health
InfluencesInfluences onon YourYour HealthHealth ChapterChapter 11 LessonLesson 22 HeredityHeredity • Heredity: all the traits and properties that are passed along biologically from both parents to child. • To some degree this determines your general level of health. • You inherit physical traits such as the color of your hair and eyes, shape of your nose and ears, as well as your body type and size. • You also inherit basic intellectual abilities as well as tendencies toward specific diseases. EnvironmentEnvironment • Environment: The sum of your total surroundings- your family, where you grew up, where you live now, and all of your experiences. • Your environment also includes the people in your life as well as your culture. PhysicalPhysical EnvironmentEnvironment • Your physical environment can affect all areas of your health. • Positive environmental influences include: parks, jogging paths, recreational facilities, health care facilities, low crime. • Negative environmental influences include: pollutants such as smog and smoke, high crime, poor access to medical care, exposure to diseases. SocialSocial EnvironmentEnvironment • Your social environment includes your family and other people you come into contact daily. A person who is surrounded by individuals who show love, support, strength, and encouragement is said to have a positive social environment. A healthful positive social environment can help a person rise above adverse physical conditions and create a positive self-image. • A person from an unhealthful social environment may suffer from poor mental and emotional health as a result of rejection, neglect, verbal abuse, and other negative behaviors. SocialSocial EnvironmentEnvironment cont.cont. • An important part of your social environment, especially during the teen years is your peers. -
The Social Implications of Thalassaemia 1 Among Muslims Of
I THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THALASSAEMIA 1 AMONG MUSLIMS OF PAKISTANI ORIGIN I-N EN&LA-D-FAMILY EXPERIENCE AND SERVICE DELIVERY by Aamra Rashid Darr A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London. University faculty of Science Field of study: Genetics University College University of London. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is about the experience of Muslim British Pakistani families coping with thalassaemia (a chronic, inherited blood disorder) and the implications for service delivery. Its central concern is to illustrate that simplistic and culturally-biased assumptions are an unsatisfactory base on which to devise health service delivery for minority populations, and that with careful study it is possible to deliver culturally sensitive and appropriate services. The thesis is written in four parts. The first part contains the research methods and the clinical aspects of thalassaemia. It also provides an introduction to the families in the study. The British Pakistani population is considered in the context of migration to Britain, which has created a plural society requiring adaptations to services to meet the diverse health needs of the different ethnic minorities. The second part deals with the socio-economic and cultural background of British Pakistanis in Pakistan: this crucial to an understanding of their present situation. Family dynamics, marriage patterns and decision-making processes are explored, as is the central role of religion and kinship networks in the lives of British Pakistanis. It also examines their settlement process and present living conditions and illustrates how the social structures prevalent in Pakistan 3 have been re-established in England, albeit in a modified form. -
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavioral Differences
Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1998. 21:1–24 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES Matt McGue and Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr Department of Psychology and Institute of Human Genetics, 75 East River Road, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: heritability, gene-environment interaction and correlation, nonshared environ- ment, psychiatric genetics ABSTRACT Human behavioral genetic research aimed at characterizing the existence and nature of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in cog- nitive ability, personality and interests, and psychopathology is reviewed. Twin and adoption studies indicate that most behavioral characteristics are heritable. Nonetheless, efforts to identify the genes influencing behavior have produced a limited number of confirmed linkages or associations. Behavioral genetic re- search also documents the importance of environmental factors, but contrary to the expectations of many behavioral scientists, the relevant environmental factors appear to be those that are not shared by reared together relatives. The observation of genotype-environment correlational processes and the hypothesized existence of genotype-environment interaction effects serve to distinguish behavioral traits from the medical and physiological phenotypes studied by human geneticists. Be- havioral genetic research supports the heritability, not the genetic determination, of behavior. INTRODUCTION One of the longest, and at times most contentious, debates in Westernintellectual history concerns the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on human behavioral differences, the so-called nature-nurture debate (Degler 1991). Remarkably, the past generation of behavioral genetic research has led 1 0147-006X/98/0301-0001$08.00 2 McGUE & BOUCHARD many to conclude that it may now be time to retire this debate in favor of a perspective that more strongly emphasizes the joint influence of genes and the environment. -
Should the U.S. Approve Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy?
SHOULD THE U.S. APPROVE MITOCHONDRIAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY? An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Daniela Barbery Emily Caron Daniel Eckler IQP-43-DSA-6594 IQP-43-DSA-7057 IQP-43-DSA-5020 ____________________ ____________________ Benjamin Grondin Maureen Hester IQP-43-DSA-5487 IQP-43-DSA-2887 August 27, 2015 APPROVED: _________________________ Prof. David S. Adams, PhD WPI Project Advisor 1 ABSTRACT The overall goal of this project was to document and evaluate the new technology of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), and to assess its technical, ethical, and legal problems to help determine whether MRT should be approved in the U.S. We performed a review of the current research literature and conducted interviews with academic researchers, in vitro fertility experts, and bioethicists. Based on the research performed for this project, our team’s overall recommendation is that the FDA approve MRT initially for a small number of patients, and follow their offspring’s progress closely for a few years before allowing the procedure to be done on a large scale. We recommend the FDA approve MRT only for treating mitochondrial disease, and recommend assigning parental rights only to the two nuclear donors. In medical research, animal models are useful but imperfect, and in vitro cell studies cannot provide information on long-term side-effects, so sometimes we just need to move forward with closely monitored human experiments. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ……………………………….……………………………………..……. 01 Abstract …………………………………………………………………..…………. 02 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..… 03 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………..……. -
Family History and High Blood Pressure* High Blood Pressure Is Also Called ‘Hyperten Sion’
Family History and High Blood Pressure* High Blood Pressure is also called ‘Hyperten sion’ What is a family history of high blood pre ssure? A family history of high blood High blood pressure tends to pressure means you have run in families for many reasons. someone in your family (a blood Blood relatives tend to have many relative such as a mother, father, of the same genes that can Find out about these sister, or brother) who has or had predispose a person to high blood topics: high blood pressure before the press ure, heart disease, or stroke. age of 60. The more family Genes are units of heredity that • Family History members you have with high are passed from parents to blood pressure before the age of children. Relatives may also • Fa mily History and 60, the stronger the family history share some of the same habits You of high blood pressure. such as diet, exercise, and smoking that can affect risk. • Tips for You • Knowing Your Why is a family history of high b lood pressure important to me? Family History A family history of high blood have high blood pressure, but it pressure is a risk factor for you does increa se your chances. developing high blood pressure. A family history of high blood Having one or more close family pressure has been linked to other members with high blood risk factors for heart disease and pressure before the age of 60 stroke. These factors include high means you have two times the cholesterol, high body fat, and risk of ha ving it also. -
Variation and Heredity GRADE 6
LEARNING THROUGH PERFORMANCE Variation and Heredity GRADE 6 How do the environment and genetics affect who we are and how we are similar or Teacher Edition different? SCALE • Learning through Performance • Variation and Heredity 5 Generously funded by the Lucas Education Research Foundation © UL/SCALE at Stanford University, 2017 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Sharing and Use This means that you are free to share and adapt these materials as long as you follow the following terms: • Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. LEARNING THROUGH PERFORMANCE contents Variation Unit Overview and Variation and Heredity Unit Overview 1 Heredity Variation and Heredity Objectives 2 Connect the Sixth Grade Variation and Heredity Unit with Prior Knowledge Core Idea LS1 From Molecules to Organisms 3 How do the Teacher TOC -----------------> Core Idea LS3 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits 3 Prior Knowledge from Prior Grades 4 environment Connect Core Ideas, Scientific Practices, and Crosscutting Concepts from K–6 6 and genetics Standards and Objectives affect -
Heredity Inherited Genes Determine an Organism’S Traits
Heredity Inherited genes determine an organism’s traits. Section 1 Genetics Main Idea Using scientific methods, Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics. Section 2 Genetics Since Mendel Main Idea It is now known that interactions among alleles, genes, and the environment determine an organism’s traits. Section 3 Advances in Genetics Main Idea Through genetic engineering, scien- tists can change the DNA of organisms to improve them, increase resistance to insects and diseases, or produce medicines. Why do people look different? People have different skin colors, different kinds of hair, and dif- ferent heights. Knowing how these differences are determined will help you predict when certain traits might appear. This will help you understand what causes hereditary disorders and how these are passed from generation to generation. Science Journal Write three traits that you have and how you would determine how those traits were passed to you. 126 N A Ron Chapple/Getty Images Start-Up Activities Classify Characteristics As you read this chapter about hered- ity, you can use the following Who around you has dimples? Foldable to help you classify characteristics as inherited or not inherited. You and your best friend enjoy the same sports, like the same food, and even have similar STEP 1 Fold the top of a vertical piece of haircuts. But, there are noticeable differences paper down and the bottom up to between your appearances. Most of these dif- divide the paper into thirds. ferences are controlled by the genes you inher- ited from your parents. In the following lab, you will observe one of these differences.