Twins Reared Together and Apart: the Science Behind the Fascination1
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The Human Chimera: Legal Problems Arising from Individuals with Multiple Types of Dna
Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 5-2-2014 The umH an Chimera: Legal Problems Arising From Individuals with Multiple Types of DNA Robert Russell Granzen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Recommended Citation Granzen, Robert Russell, "The umH an Chimera: Legal Problems Arising From Individuals with Multiple Types of DNA" (2014). Law School Student Scholarship. 485. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/485 THE HUMAN CHIMERA: LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE TYPES OF DNA Robert Granzen INTRODUCTION Science continually changes, and with it our understanding of the human body. While some scientific developments are limited in scope, others have widespread effects. Scientists have just recently begun understanding the range of effects chimerism in humans can have. Chimerism, originally associated with hermaphrodites having both male and female sexual organs, is much more common than originally thought. As chimerism becomes more common, so do individuals with separate and distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands in their bodies. Most individuals are unaware of their chimeric genetic code and most will likely never know. Because of the inherent difficulty of testing for chimerism, many problems are presented to legal system. Part I of this article will begin with the history of human chimeras. The section will then describe the ways in which chimeras are formed. The section will discuss the most common form of chimerism in humans--fetal cell microchimerism (FMC). FMC occurs when cells are transferred from baby to mother or mother to baby via the umbilical cord.1 Studies have shown that mothers may keep cells from their children for years after giving birth.2 Moreover, cells can be exchanged between twins while inside the uterus.3 Secondly, the section will describe the process of embryo fusion, which can cause tetragametic chimerism. -
Association Between First-Trimester Intrauterine Hematoma and Twin Pregnancy Outcomes: a Retrospective Cohort Study
Association Between First-Trimester Intrauterine Hematoma and Twin Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study Wanqing Ji Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Jie Zheng Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Weidong Li Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Fang Guo Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Bo Hou Third Aliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Ping He ( [email protected] ) Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-8578 Research article Keywords: intrauterine hematoma, twin gestation, rst trimester, miscarriage, vanishing twin syndrome Posted Date: September 21st, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-75567/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on January 11th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03528-0. 1 Title page 2 Association between first-trimester intrauterine hematoma and twin pregnancy 3 outcomes: A retrospective cohort study 4 Wanqing Ji1,Ϯ , jie Zheng1,Ϯ, Weidong Li 2,Ϯ, Fang Guo1, , Ping He1,* Bo Hou3,* 5 1Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical 6 University, Guangzhou, 510623,China. 7 2Department of Woman and Child Health Information Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical 8 Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623,China. 9 3Departments of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 10 Guangdong province, 510630, China.E-mail: [email protected] 11 *Correspondence address. Ping He, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou 12 Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510623, China.Fax number: 86-20-8717 6790 13 E-mail: [email protected] 14 Bo Hou , Departments of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 15 Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510630, China. -
CDC Having Healthy Babies One at a Time
HAVING HEALTHY BABIES ONE AT A TIME Why are we worried about twin pregnancies? We know that you are ready to start or add to your family. You may be concerned about your chances of having a baby using in vitro fertilization (IVF) or how much cycles of IVF cost. These concerns are common and may lead you to think about transferring more than one embryo during your IVF procedure. However, transferring more than one embryo increases your chances of having twins or more. Twin pregnancy is risky for baby and mother, whether or not IVF is used. Some of these risks include: Almost 3 out of 5 Twin babies are more likely to be stillborn, twin babies are born preterm, or at less than experience neonatal death, have birth defects of 37 weeks of pregnancy. Twin babies are nearly the brain, heart, face, limbs, muscles, or digestive 6 times as likely to be born preterm as system, and have autism than single babies. single babies. Almost 1 out of 10 About 1 out of 4 women carrying twins gets pregnancy-related twin babies are admitted to the neonatal high blood pressure. Women carrying twins intensive care unit (NICU). Twin babies are are twice as likely to get pregnancy-related high more than 5 times as likely to be admitted to the blood pressure as women carrying single babies. NICU as single babies. Almost 1 out of 20 About 7 out of 1,000 women carrying twins gets gestational diabetes. twin babies have cerebral palsy. Twin babies are Women carrying twins are 1.5 times as likely to get more than 4 times as likely to have cerebral palsy gestational diabetes as women carrying as single babies. -
The Effect of Reproductive Compensation on Recessive Disorders Within Consanguineous Human Populations
Heredity (2002) 88, 474–479 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/hdy The effect of reproductive compensation on recessive disorders within consanguineous human populations ADJ Overall1,2, M Ahmad1 and RA Nichols1 1School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, UK We investigate the effects of consanguinity and population results show how reproductive compensation can effectively substructure on genetic health using the UK Asian popu- counteract the purging of deleterious alleles within con- lation as an example. We review and expand upon previous sanguineous populations. Whereas inbreeding does not treatments dealing with the deleterious effects of con- elevate the equilibrium frequency of affected individuals, sanguinity on recessive disorders and consider how other reproductive compensation does. We suggest this effect factors, such as population substructure, may be of equal must be built into interpretations of the incidence of genetic importance. For illustration, we quantify the relative risks of disease within populations such as the UK Asians. Infor- recessive lethal disorders by presenting some simple calcu- mation of this nature will benefit health care workers who lations that demonstrate the effect ‘reproductive compen- inform such communities. sation’ has on the maintenance of recessive alleles. The Heredity (2002) 88, 474–479. DOI: 10.1038/sj/hdy/6800090 Keywords: marriage; inbreeding; mortality; morbidity; genetic counselling Introduction whether reproductive compensation, at the level ident- ified by Koeslag and Schach (1984), can effectively The majority of the UK Asian population can trace their counteract the purging of deleterious alleles within con- origins to the Punjab region of India and Pakistan within sanguineous populations. -
(1908): Recent Studies in Human Heredity
NOTES AND LITERATURE HEREDITY Recent Studies in Human Heredity.-j\Iustthe fallacy always persist that all ancient and powerful families are necessarily degenerate? As long ago as 1881, Paul Jacoby wrote a book1 to prove that the assumptionof rank and power has always been followedby mentaland physicaldeteriorations ending in sterility and the extinctionof the race. By collectingtogether all evi- dence supportinghis preconceivedtheory, by tracing only the well-knownfamilies in whichpathological conditions were heredi- tary,by failing to treat of dozens of otherswhose recordswould not have supportedhis thesis,by saying everythinghe possibly could that was bad about everyone (followingalways the hostile historians), by ignoring everywherethe normal and virtuous members,he was able to presentwhat was to the uninformedan apparently overwhelmingarray of proof. In regard to the injustice of this one-sided picture I have already had some- thingto say in "M'Nlentaland M\IoralHeredity in Royalty, first publishedsome six years ago. A furtherstudy based upon Jacoby's unsound foundations has recentlycome to my notice,3and althougha well-miadebook containingan interestingseries of 278 portrait illustrations,is necessarilyquite as misleadingas the older structureon which it rests. The main idea of Dr. Galippe is to show that the great swollen protrudingunderlip which descended amionogthe Hiaps- burgs of Austria, Spain and allied houses,and also the protrud- ing underjaw (progil)athismine in e'rieuitr), are stigmata of de- generacy,and to demonstratethis he places beside his portraits, quotationsfrom the writingsof Jacoby. Galippe uses no statistical methods, not even arithmetical counting,and appears to be totally ignorant of English bio- metric writings. His general conclusionsabout the causes of degeneracy (aristocratic environment,etc.) are quite as mis- Etudes sur la selection chez I homem. -
Association Between Chorionicity and Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancies: a Systematic Review Involving 29 864 Twin Pregnancies
DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16479 Systematic Review www.bjog.org Association between chorionicity and preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a systematic review involving 29 864 twin pregnancies S Marleen,a,b C Dias,b R Nandasena,b R MacGregor,c J Allotey,d J Aquilina,c A Khalil,e,f S Thangaratinamg a Barts Research Centre for Women’s Health (BARC), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK b Sri Jayewardenepura Postgraduate Teaching Hospital, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka c Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK d Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK e St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK f Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s Medical School, University of London, London, UK g World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Global Women’s Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Correspondence: S Marleen, Barts Research Centre for Women’s Health (BARC), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. Email: [email protected] Accepted 7 August 2020. Published Online 7 October 2020. Background The perinatal mortality and morbidity among twins I2 = 46%, OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.27–1.89 I2 = 68%, OR 1.47, 95% CI vary by chorionicity. Although it is considered that 1.27–1.69, I2 = 60%, OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.43–1.93, I2 = 65%, monochorionicity is associated with an increased risk of preterm respectively). -
The Genetics of Tobacco Use: Methods, Findings and Policy Implications W Hall, P Madden, M Lynskey
119 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.11.2.119 on 1 June 2002. Downloaded from REVIEW The genetics of tobacco use: methods, findings and policy implications W Hall, P Madden, M Lynskey ............................................................................................................................. Tobacco Control 2002;11:119–124 Research on the genetics of smoking has increased our Specific study designs—adoption, twin, and link- understanding of nicotine dependence, and it is likely to age designs—are needed to separate the effects of genes from those of the environment. illuminate the mechanisms by which cigarette smoking adversely effects the health of smokers. Given recent Adoption studies advances in molecular biology, including the completion In the adoption design we compare the similarity in smoking between adoptive children and their of the draft sequence of the human genome, interest has biological parents with the similarity between now turned to identifying gene markers that predict a adopted children and their adoptive parents or heightened risk of using tobacco and developing between adoptive sibling pairs and biological sib- ling pairs. If smoking is largely or wholly geneti- nicotine dependence cally determined, then there should be greater .......................................................................... similarity between children and their biological parents and siblings than between adopted hanks to RA Fisher, genetics has been linked children and their adoptive parents or siblings. to scepticism about a causal relation between One early adoption study found an association cigarette smoking and lung cancer.12 Fisher3 between the smoking of foster children and their T biological siblings but not their adoptive argued that the association between smoking and 5 6 lung cancer was explained by shared genes that siblings. -
Nurture Might Be Nature: Cautionary Tales and Proposed Solutions Sara
Nurture might be nature: Cautionary tales and proposed solutions Sara A. Hart* Department of Psychology and Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University, USA Callie Little Department of Psychology University of New England, Australia Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University, USA Elsje van Bergen Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands *Corresponding author: Sara A. Hart, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32308. [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9793-0420 FINAL IN PRESS CITATION: Hart, S.A., Little, C., & van Bergen, E. (in press). Nurture might be nature: Cautionary tales and proposed solutions. npj Science of Learning. 1 Abstract Across a wide range of studies, researchers often conclude that the home environment and children’s outcomes are causally linked. In contrast, behavioral genetic studies show that parents influence their children by providing them with both environment and genes, meaning the environment that parents provide should not be considered in the absence of genetic influences, because that can lead to erroneous conclusions on causation. This article seeks to provide behavioral scientists with a synopsis of numerous methods to estimate the direct effect of the environment, controlling for the potential of genetic confounding. Ideally, using genetically- sensitive designs can fully disentangle this genetic confound, but these require specialized samples. In the near future, researchers will likely have access to measured DNA variants (summarized in a polygenic scores), which could serve as a partial genetic control, but that is currently not an option that is ideal or widely available. We also propose a work around for when genetically sensitive data are not readily available: the Familial Control Method. -
Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia in Twin Pregnancies A
J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.13.3.208 on 1 June 1976. Downloaded from Journal of Medical Genetics (1976). 13, 208-211. Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in twin pregnancies A. McFARLANE and J. S. SCOTT From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Leeds Maternity Hospital), University of Leeds, 17 Springfield Mount, Leeds LS2 9NG Summary. A study of 1045 twin gestations with regard to known or likely zygosity and the incidence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia failed to reveal differences between known dizygous twins and like-sex 'presumed' and 'estimated' monozygous twins except in the 'estimated' data for multigravidae. There was a threefold in- crease in the incidence for twins as opposed to singleton pregnancies. These results are discussed in relation to increased conceptus-mother antigenic differences. It is suggested that the risk of gestosis in twin pregnancy involves more than a summa- tion ofthat operating in two singleton pregnancies. It has been suggested that genetic incompatibility Pregnancies were classified according to definitions given between mother and fetus may be a factor in the below. aetiology of pre-eclampsia (Penrose, 1946; Kalmus, 1946; Platt, Stewart, and Emery, 1958). Epidemio- A. Hypertension status logical evidence has been provided by Stevenson et (1) Mildpre-eclampsia-a basal blood pressure of 120/ 80 mm Hg or less recorded before 24 weeks' gestation, al (1971) in a study of consanguineous marriages in followed by a rise to 140/90 mm Hg or more on at least the Middle East. They also recorded twin data two occasions recorded in the antenatal ward, clinic which pointed to a higher incidence of toxaemia in readings being discounted, together with oedema and unlike-sex as opposed to like-sex twin pregnancies. -
Inheriting Genetic Conditions
Help Me Understand Genetics Inheriting Genetic Conditions Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Department of Health & Human Services Table of Contents 1 What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family? 1 2 Why is it important to know my family health history? 4 3 What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited? 6 4 If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition? 15 5 What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity? 18 6 What do geneticists mean by anticipation? 19 7 What are genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy? 20 8 Are chromosomal disorders inherited? 22 9 Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups? 23 10 What is heritability? 24 Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics (https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/) i Inheriting Genetic Conditions 1 What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family? A particular disorder might be described as “running in a family” if more than one person in the family has the condition. Some disorders that affect multiple family members are caused by gene variants (also known as mutations), which can be inherited (passed down from parent to child). Other conditions that appear to run in families are not causedby variants in single genes. Instead, environmental factors such as dietary habits, pollutants, or a combination of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for these disorders. It is not always easy to determine whether a condition in a family is inherited. -
Ancient Genomes Provide Insights Into Family Structure and the Heredity of Social Status in the Early Bronze Age of Southeastern Europe A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe A. Žegarac1,2, L. Winkelbach2, J. Blöcher2, Y. Diekmann2, M. Krečković Gavrilović1, M. Porčić1, B. Stojković3, L. Milašinović4, M. Schreiber5, D. Wegmann6,7, K. R. Veeramah8, S. Stefanović1,9 & J. Burger2* Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community’s social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We fnd evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status diferences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these fndings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a signifcantly diferent family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe. Kinship studies in the reconstruction of prehistoric social structure. An understanding of the social organization of past societies is crucial to understanding recent human evolution, and several generations of archaeologists and anthropologists have worked to develop a suite of methods, both scientifc and conceptual, for detecting social conditions in the archaeological record 1–4. -
Influences on Your Health
InfluencesInfluences onon YourYour HealthHealth ChapterChapter 11 LessonLesson 22 HeredityHeredity • Heredity: all the traits and properties that are passed along biologically from both parents to child. • To some degree this determines your general level of health. • You inherit physical traits such as the color of your hair and eyes, shape of your nose and ears, as well as your body type and size. • You also inherit basic intellectual abilities as well as tendencies toward specific diseases. EnvironmentEnvironment • Environment: The sum of your total surroundings- your family, where you grew up, where you live now, and all of your experiences. • Your environment also includes the people in your life as well as your culture. PhysicalPhysical EnvironmentEnvironment • Your physical environment can affect all areas of your health. • Positive environmental influences include: parks, jogging paths, recreational facilities, health care facilities, low crime. • Negative environmental influences include: pollutants such as smog and smoke, high crime, poor access to medical care, exposure to diseases. SocialSocial EnvironmentEnvironment • Your social environment includes your family and other people you come into contact daily. A person who is surrounded by individuals who show love, support, strength, and encouragement is said to have a positive social environment. A healthful positive social environment can help a person rise above adverse physical conditions and create a positive self-image. • A person from an unhealthful social environment may suffer from poor mental and emotional health as a result of rejection, neglect, verbal abuse, and other negative behaviors. SocialSocial EnvironmentEnvironment cont.cont. • An important part of your social environment, especially during the teen years is your peers.