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An Overview of the Italian Excavations in the 'Amm N Citadel 1927-19381

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An Overview of the Italian Excavations in the 'Amm N Citadel 1927-19381 Roberto Parapetti July 25th 1938 that crosses it.” The members of the Italian Archaeological These evocative notes, of a time only in part Mission in Trans-Jordan, whose seat is in Am- passed, are the starting and the fnal records from man, met in Brindisi to board the seaplane to the excavation diary drawn up by the feld assis- Athens. tant during the last 1938 campaign of the Italian July 26th Mission of the Citadel. The outbreak They continue their journey to Haifa making of the Second World War and the engaging ap- a stop in Rhodes. pointment of Renato Bartoccini, the director of July 27th the mission, in the Italian public administration, From Haifa to Lydda by train and from Ly- imposed a defnite halt to the research in dda to Jerusalem by car. July 28th Unfortunately, since then those works had They stop at Jerusalem because of the Pales- been almost forgotten in spite of the preliminary tinian insurrectional movements. reports, published between 1930 and 1939. July 29th It is true, in fact, that before 1973 (Zayadine Jerusalem-Amman by car. 1973) no mention was made of those issues2. July 30th In consideration of the radical change made Preparation for excavation work cannot be on the archaeological landscape of the citadel started because tools and “decauville” material through the uncovering of the Great Temple and are lacking: it is impossible to collect the above more than half of the Umayyad Palace, which mentioned material from the storehouse of the had been unchanged until the early 1990s, those Directorate of Antiquities of Amman because of works were but irrelevant: the drivers’ strike... ... August 4th “…In fgures, there have been fve digging Work starts near the eastern gate and the campaigns, employing 350 workers for an fnal arrangement of the “decauville” track is amount of 20.000 working days. 30.000 cu. m. settled... November 22nd of materials have been removed, bringing to Work is aimed at a radical cleaning of the light more than 7.000 sq. m. of monumental ar- Arab monument and at completing the clearing eas…..” (Bartoccini 1939). out one of the rooms. Furthermore, the arrange- No matter how things have developed, the ment of the basilica is started by cutting the path following remarks are intended to complete 1. For the present overview, beside the examination of the Antiquities fles, was available already before that date, published material, I could take advantage of the docu- but without bibliographic references (see Tell S., Notes ments preserved at the Institute of Ancient History of on the Archaeology of ‘Amman. ADAJ 14 (1969): 30). the University of Perugia and in Macerata at «Centro It must be also omission is also remarkable in the re- Studi per l’Africa Settentrionale». Here, I would like to port of the trial trenches made for the construction of thank Prof. Antonino di Vita for having allowed me to the museum, likely planned on the citadel between the make use of those documents. monuments just brought to light by Bartoccini (Hard- 2. A mere mention of the Italian work on the site of the ing G.L., Excavations on the Citadel, Amman. ADAJ Great Temple, probably based on the Department of 1 (1951): 7). -159- ADAJ 52 (2008) those unfortunately incomplete works. In order sults are concerned, I could only go through a to facilitate the reading, Bartoccini’s quotations short manuscript he sent to Renato Bartoccini were translated from Italian. including, together with the Excavation Permit, The beginning of the Italian adventure in a letter dated June, 2nd 1929 wishing him good Transjordan is described in this way: work, just a few days before the latter left to ‘. “... ...After the establishment of the Emirate, On the 25th October 1927 the survey of the the Italian Association for the Missionaries de- acropolis started and continued until the end of cided to build there a hospital. Soon afterwards, November. also an Archaeological Mission was sent there, From the above mentioned manuscript, it ap- the care of which was entrusted to the Direction pears that Guidi could have at his disposal an of the Italian Scientifc Missions in the Levant average of 60 workers led by the assistant Musa presided by H.E. Paribeni. Having participated Kamar. The Dominican Fathers for their hospi- in the war in Palestine, he felt and still feels a tality and Dr. Fausto Tesio, director of the Italian nostalgic affection towards those countries. The Hospital, for his friendly support, were worthy mandatory power granted our request for an ex- of credit. The bases to establish a long term re- cavation permit…... In October 1927, comrade search were immediately evident to him. The Giacomo Guidi…. carried out the frst survey frst pick was dealt inside the area delimited by in Amman, and started the frst excavations on the remains of a structure appearing like a four- the acropolis……. The following year, Giacomo sided portico of the Roman times, north of the Guidi succeeded me in the Direction of the Ex- well-known Arab building: cavations in Tripolitania, as I was entrusted with that of the Mission in Trans-Jordan” (Bar- “…. the excavation began from the north-east toccini 1939). corner so to have the advantage to discharge the earth down to the desolated valley below…..….. More than the nostalgic feeling or the com- while digging, it was possible to fnd, inside the fort from the presence of the missionaries, it four sided portico, Byzantine and Arab struc- was a political opportunity to suggest Roberto tures. Some of them, judging from the remains Paribeni, the ‘Direttore Generale delle Anti- of masonry built column bases must have had a chità e BelleArti’, should start archaeological quite fair aspect. ... In the superfcial layer, there research beyond the Jordan river. Notwithstand- was plenty of interesting fragments of Arab pot- ing the endemic economic diffculties, fascist tery in geometric style: afterwards, I saw some Italy could not avoid being present in regions of the integral pieces of these ceramics in the where European and American scholars had al- little museum of Nazareth... Had chosen a space ready gathered prestigious scientifc positions3. free from the Byzantine-Arab structures, it was Besides the frst 1927 mission, the feld activity possible to dig a deep trench... ...many remains in Transjordan consisted of only four campaigns: of characteristic pottery were found, dating June-September 1929, July-October 1930, Janu- back to the Hellenistic period, to the Iron Age ary-April 1933 and July-November 1938. and fnally to the Bronze Age III. Therefore, the As far as Giacomo Guidi’s 1927 mission re- scientifc systematic exploration of the four-sid- 3. In Transjordan in particular, the numerically irrelevant more miserable destiny and despite various scientifc presence of western wealthy missions, would not have projects were presented, it was not funded in that pe- caused embarrassment for Italian government. Despite riod (Petricioli 1988: 129-152). various misadventures, the mission in Transjordan was 4. An editorial news on Guidi’s mission is given on the in reality the most fortunate among the Italian adven- magazine « Oriente Moderno » in January 1928. The tures in Middle East. On the contrary, the mission in Excavation Permit to excavate the Acropolis of Am- Mesopotamia, planned since 1929, was realized in man bears the n° 3, issued under Trans-Jordan Antiqui- 1933, with only one excavation campaign which lasted ty Ordinance, signed by George Horsfeld, Inspector of three months at Kakzu, under the direction of Giuseppe Antiquities (for the Director of Antiquities), by Hassan Furlani. The mission in Yemen, was no longer suc- Khalid Aloul, Chief Minister, in confrmation, and by cessful. It ended with a mere philological mission of Giacomo Guidi (for the Missiones Scientifques Itali- Ettore Rossi in 1936. Though strongly wanted by the ennnes en Orient) in acceptance; the date is October central government, the mission in Persia had an even 18th, 1927. -160- R. Parapetti: An overview of the Italian Excavations in the Citadel 1927-1938 ed portico’s subsoil are promises for interesting rastyle pronaos, certainly deriving from Butler fndings especially of biblic and Greek period. reconstruction (Butler, H.C., Ancient architec- At this point, it seems there’s no more doubt that ture in Syria, Section A, Leiden, 1907), has been the fortifed citadel, under the walls of which eventually revised during the restoration work general Uriah, Bathsheba’s husband, fell, had carried out by the American Center of Oriental to be located in the third terrace of the acropolis Research in ‘Amman (Kanellopoulos 1994). of Amman”. The front must have had, in fact, six columns (see also Zayadine 1977-78: fg. 1). In his frst campaign in the summer 1929, In July 1930 (second campaign), Bartoccini reconsiders his predecessor’s hypoth- esis affrming that the Biblical Rabbath Ammon “... ...the mission was welcome with the could not be located on the third terrace as this usual warmth by Col. Cox, English resident, by is only the result of a flling contained by the the President of the Emirate’s Council, by Mr. imposing Hellenistic-Roman walls, on which Head, regent of the Department of Antiquities... the four-sided portico had been built The most .... With me, there were architect Carlo Ceschi, ancient city had rather to be located on the frst who made a complete surveying of the Amman terrace, that is in the long eastern wing of the monuments, and an assistant5….Towards to the acropolis (Bartoccini 1930: 15). end of the campaign, H.H. the Emir Abdallah The feld activity was mainly focused on visited the mission’s work..
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