UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0178/ ARCL0179 Themes and Debates In Islamic Archaeology and Heritage

2019-20

15 credits (or 20 credits)

Deadlines for coursework for this course: Essay 1: Monday 17th February (returned by 26 Feb) Essay 2: Thursday 2nd April (returned by 30th April)

Co-ordinator: Corisande Fenwick Email: [email protected] Tel: 0207-679-4746 Room 502 Office hours, Fri 11:30-13:30 or after class.

Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.

1 1. OVERVIEW

Course description The history and heritage of the Islamic world has never been so relevant or misunderstood. This module provides a comparative overview of key debates in the archaeology of the Islamic world, with a particular focus on how and why they matter today. Major themes include the origins of the first Islamic states, the spread of Islam, iconoclasm, urbanism and monumentality, industrial and agricultural innovations and the politics of Islamic heritage. Throughout, we will take an explicitly comparative approach, emphasising the different regional trajectories of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, sub-Saharan Africa, central Asia and beyond.

Week-by-week summary 1 15th Jan The Islamic world: definitions and agendas 2 22nd Jan Islam on Display: orientalism, colonialism and disciplinary baggage 3 29th Jan The Arab conquests and a new world order? 4 5th Feb Islam: a religion or a way of life? 5 12th Feb Islamic states and empires 19th Feb READING WEEK 6 26th Feb Islam, iconoclasm and the image 7 4th March The Industrial and Green Revolutions 8 11th March The Islamic City: a comparative perspective (Tim Williams) 9 18th March Everyday Islam 10 25th March The Politics of Islamic Heritage

BASIC TEXTS

Basic Texts This is a list of historical works which provide excellent introductions to the different periods covered in the course. At the start of the course, students should at the very least read Kennedy 2016 to ensure that they have a basic understanding of the major historical developments in the Islamic world.

Flood, F. B. and Necipoglu, G. 2017 A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford ONLINE (An excellent and up-to-date series of articles on different themes, periods and debates – geared towards the art-historical but a very good place to start your research). Hillenbrand, R. 1999. Islamic Art and Architecture. London. MAIN ART HB 5 HIL Hillenbrand, C. 2015. Islam: a new historical introduction. London ON ORDER Insoll, T. 1999. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS Irwin, R. 1997. ‘Ch 5 – Palace Life’ Islamic Art in Context. New York ART HB 5 IRW Kennedy, H. 2004 (2nd ed.) The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Edinburgh. MAIN HISTORY 53 D KEN; ONLINE Milwright, M. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh. (Overview of archaeology of the Islamic world). INST ARCH DBA 100 MIL; ONLINE Robinson, C. (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge. (Very good historical essays on the early Islamic period) MAIN HISTORY 53 D CAM; ONLINE ACCESS Fairchild Ruggles, D. 2011. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Oxford. ART HB 5 RUG Walmsley, A. Early Islamic Syria. London. INST ARCH DBD 100 WAL + EBOOK

2 Ettinghausen, R., Grabar, O. and M. Jenkins-Madina 2001 (2nd. Ed.) The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250. New Haven. (An excellent, beautifully illustrated, book with detailed information about Islamic buildings and objects). BARTLETT N6260 .E88 2001

Some easy-to-read introductions to Islam and the Islamic world Bennison, A. K. 2009. The Great Caliphs: the golden age of the ‘Abbasid Empire. London INST ARCH DBA 200 BEN Cook, M. 2000. The Koran, a very short introduction. Oxford. HISTORY 53 D COO Donner, F. 2010. Muhammad and the Believers. Harvard (an important account of how Islam first evolved). HISTORY 53 D DON Kennedy, H. 2016. The Caliphate. London. HISTORY 53 D KEN Kennedy, H. 2007. The Great Arab Conquests. How the spread of Islam changed the world we live in. London INST ARCH DBA 200 KEN. (Introductory - a good narrative account of the conquests). Silverstein, A. 2010. Islamic history: A very short introduction. Oxford. HISTORY 53D SIL

Reference Works: Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden. MAIN REFERENCE CB 1c; ONLINE Kennedy, H. 2002. (2nd rev. ed.) An Historical Atlas of Islam. Leiden. ONLINE Petersen, A. 1996. Dictionary of Islamic architecture. London. BARTLETT NA380.P43 1996

Methods of assessment

This course is assessed by means of: (a) One problem essay of 1000 words which contributes 25% to the final grade for the course. (b) One research essay of 3000 words which contributes 75% to the final grade for the course.

For those taking ARCL0179 (20 units), the course is assessed by means of: a) One problem essay of 1000 words which contributes 20% to the final grade for the course. b) One research essay of 4000 words which contributes 80% to the final grade for the course.

Teaching methods The course is taught through 1 two-hour introductory lecture and 9 two-hour seminars which have four or five weekly required readings, which students will be expected to have read, to be able fully to follow and actively to contribute to discussion. Each session will use applied case studies to address key theoretical issues in Islamic archaeology. The course is taught primarily through discussion rather than lecture, so reading for class is absolutely essential. Students will be asked to lead seminar discussions and make short presentations of case study material (non-examined) in certain weeks. Other learning materials will be made available via Moodle. Each seminar will conclude with the outline of preparatory reading and any other tasks proposed for the following week.

Workload There are 20 hours of seminars for this course. Students undertake around 90 hours of reading for the course, plus 40 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of 150 hours for the course.

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2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims The aims of this module are to: • To provide an advanced, inter-disciplinary training in Islamic archaeology and heritage • To introduce students to the most important current research questions and the main interpretative paradigms that have dominated the field. • To develop critical faculties both in debate and in written evaluation of current research (problems, method and theory, quality of evidence). • To engage students with the different forms of evidence (objects, monuments, texts) and to critically discuss their interpretative potential for the study region. • To examine how Islamic history and heritage is/ has been presented today to the public across the world, in the media, in museums and on sites. • To prepare students to undertake original research on topics in Islamic archaeology and heritage.

Objectives On completion of this module the student will be able to: - demonstrate a good knowledge of major themes and debates in Islamic archaeology and heritage today - analyse and discuss critically key variables, models and theories for the transformations that took place in the early Islamic period. - engage with different forms of evidence and methodologies, and understand how to use them critically in class discussions and writing assessments.

Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, students should be able to demonstrate: - Understanding and critical awareness of the different values of primary and secondary sources. - Written and oral skills in analysis and presentation. - Knowledge of methods and theories of archaeological and historical analysis, and be able to apply them to archaeological data. - Ability to conduct original research.

Coursework

Assessment tasks: This course is assessed by 4,000 words of coursework, divided into two essays, one of 1,000 words (contributing 25% to the overall course mark) and the other of 3,000 words (contributing 75% to the overall mark) – see below on word counts. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator, who will also be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to an assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks.

The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in advance of the submission deadline.

The deadlines for submission of assessed work are: a) Article review essay 950-1050 words: Monday 17th Feb 2020 b) Research essay 2,850-3,150 words (ARCLG345A 3,800-4,200 words): Wednesday 2nd April 2020.

Assignment 1. Object review 950-1050 words, 25% of course-mark (ARCL0179: 950-1050 words, 20% of course-mark).

Write a critical commentary of any object of your choice on display at a museum.

4 Your object can come from any museum collection of your choice providing it is from the “Islamic world”. Key collections are in the V&A Jameel Gallery and the BM Islamic galleries (Islamic objects are also found in other galleries – notably the Egyptian, Middle Eastern and coin rooms). The Petrie (UCL), the Brunei galleries at SOAS and the Horniman Museum also have good collections of Islamic material.

Make sure to: o Describe and analyse your object carefully and succinctly (e.g. form, function, provenance, history of the object) § The nature and significance of the object; § The manner in which it/they are currently displayed; § How information is presented about the object and the Islamic world; § Any relevant social, cultural, political issues, past and present, relating to the chosen object. o Consider the display of the object in relation to debates about the collection and display of the Islamic world, and how it is presented to the public. o Make sure to include images of your chosen objects and if appropriate, suitable comparanda o Remember to back up what you say as specifically as possible & use the Harvard system, citing page numbers (e.g. Johns 2003: 31). o Essays should have a minimum of 6 references but strong essays will engage with a wider bibliography. [Readings from Session 1 and 2]. Useful bibliography on objects (ceramics, metalwork etc.) can be found in the art-historical overviews listed in Session 1 (recommended reading) and Session 8 (technology and production). Bibliography on collecting and museum display is given in Session 1 (historiography).

Assessment 2: Research Essay 2,850-3,150 words, 75% of course-mark (ARCL0179: 3,800-4,200 words, 80% of course-mark) Topics and specific titles for the research essays are defined by each student to suit their individual interests, in consultation with the Course Co-ordinator who will give guidance to ensure that the question is neither too narrow nor too broad and that it is being approached effectively. The choice and scope should be agreed with the Course Co-ordinator by week 5 (i.e. before Reading Week in Term I). A preliminary bibliography is due in Week 8 (non-assessed).

Examples of past essay titles include: • Was there an Islamic state before the time of ‘Abd al-Malik? Evaluate the recent debates in relation to the archaeological evidence from Syria. • Can archaeologists identify religious belief from house plan? An analysis of ‘Islamic’ houses and households on the Swahili Coast. • How did Swahili society and identity evolve during the ‘classic’ Swahili period? A critical overview of the use of Tana pottery as a marker of Swahili identity. • How far did cloth, clothes and costume reflect the interaction between Egypt and the Islamic World during the 7th-9th centuries? • What role did French colonialism in North Africa play in the development of collecting and display of Islamic artifacts at the Louvre? • How has European colonialism and post-colonial independence impacted the development of Islamic archaeology in Syria? • How has the legacy of the Sufi figures Khoja Ahmed Yassawi and Baha’uddin Naqshband been used by the post-Soviet states of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to legitimise their authority and build national identity? • What types of material evidence can we use to identify apotropaic magic in the Islamic world? • Is it possible to see any continuity in mosaic production from the late antique to the early Islamic period?

5 • Evaluate critically recent cultural heritage responses to trauma and loss of destruction by ISIS in Iraq and Syria.

You only have 2,850-3,150 words, so you need to be concise and to target the relevant evidence. o Summarise the salient features of your chosen debate, making sure to include the key bibliography. o Describe the history of scholarship on the site/ region in relation to your chosen debate and identify previous work and any gaps. o Present and analyse your evidence giving examples. o Discuss your findings in relation to the debate that you have selected and their implications for Islamic archaeology. o Please include at least 4 illustrations (they can be drawings, photos, tables or diagrams). Use them to highlight points (give these Figure Numbers & refer to them in the text). At least one illustration should be a plan of your chosen site. Make sure to refer to the plan in the text & comment on the limitations of the data deriving from them. o Use the Harvard system & page numbers (eg Kennedy 2005:14).

Word counts The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

• For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. • For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Coursework submission procedures • Coursework should only be submitted electronically only for this course. Please note in the header if you have a documented disability that may affect the presentation of the work. • All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin via Moodle by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. • Instructions are given below. Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now submitted to Turnitin via Moodle. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document. Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. 2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6 Click on “Submit” 7 You should receive a receipt – please save this. 6 8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa- [email protected], explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline.

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3. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule Lectures will be held 4-6pm on Wednesday, in room 412 in the Institute of Archaeology in Term I.

Syllabus

The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each topic. The essential readings are necessary to keep up and engage with the topics covered in the seminars, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the relevant session. These have been kept to approximately four readings for each session. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are available online or in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright). The supplementary readings are given for students with a particular interest in the topic and are places to begin when researching for essays. The readings for this course are largely available in the Institute of Archaeology library, Main Library, Bartlett and the Science Library or in journals available online or pdfs on the course Moodle. A list of UCL libraries and opening hours is provided at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/. The School of Oriental and African Studies http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/ (5-minute walk away) has an extensive collection on Islamic studies is relevant for this course and UCL students are able to get reference access. It is strongly advised that students register for reference access to the SOAS library at the start of the course.

Other accessible libraries in the vicinity of UCL which have holdings relevant to this course include: Senate House Library http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/ British Library http://www.bl.uk/ - please note that this resource is primarily for doctoral students, but may be of help for details of more advanced research in some coursework.

SESSION 1: Introduction

How do we define the Islamic world, and what does it mean to different scholars today? And what is Islamic archaeology? Is it the archaeology of the Islamic world in its broadest sense or a religion? This introductory session outlines the core questions and aims of the module.

Essential Milwright, M. 2010. Chapter 1 – Introduction. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1-23. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIL; ISSUE DESK IOA MIL 3; ONLINE Then: Insoll, T. 1999. ‘Introduction’, The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford, 1-25. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS; COPIES IN TC Compare with: Asad, T. 1986 [2009]. ‘The idea of an anthropology of Islam’ reprinted in Qui Parle 17,2: 1-30 ONLINE. And read relevant parts of at least one of the introductory overviews in the basic texts.

Recommended Ahmed, S. 2015. What Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton. HISTORY 53 D AHM Asad, T. 2003. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam ANTHROPOLOGY D 190 ASA Geertz, C. 1968. Islam Observed. ANTHROPOLOGY QE 48 GEE Hodgson, M.G.S. 1974. The Venture of Islam. Chicago. STORE 97-03965; ONLINE

8 Lewis, B. (ed.) 2002 [1976]. The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London. HISTORY FOLIOS 53 D LEW Marranci, G. 2008. The Anthropology of Islam. Oxford. ANTHROPOLOGY D 194 MAR; ONLINE Moreland, J. 2001. Archaeology and Text. London. INST ARCH AH MOR Petersen, A. 2005. What is “Islamic Archaeology”? Antiquity 79: 100-106. INST ARCH PERS: ONLINE Tapper, R. 1995. ‘Islamic Anthropology’ and the ‘Anthropology of Islam’ Anthropological Quarterly 68, 3: 185-93 ONLINE Wood, P. 2017. ‘Early Islam in British Higher Education’. British Journal of Religious Education ONLINE.

SESSION 2: Studying Islam in the West: orientalism, colonialism and disciplinary baggage

Little has been written about the historiography of Islamic archaeology, in part a testimony to its late development. Whilst several important Islamic excavations took place at the turn of the century, this promise was not followed up and the study of material culture was primarily the domain of art historians for much of the 20th century. The emphasis was on decoration, elite objects and architecture, much of which collected in some of the world’s most important museums continues to shape both academic and public opinion of ‘what is Islamic’. What constraints does this disciplinary heritage put on us?

Please prepare by going to the Islamic collections at the V&A (Jameel Gallery) and the British Museum (Albukhary Foundation Gallery) and comparing how their collections were collected, the choice of what to display and how they are presented to visitors.

NB. The newly opened British Museum galleries are accompanied by this excellent website http://islamicworld.britishmuseum.org/ which has an interactive case map and links to the catalogue entries for each object as well as a range of podcasts, videos etc.

Essential Reading Reid, D.M. 1992. ‘Cultural imperialism and nationalism: the struggle to define and control the heritage of Arab Art in Egypt’. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 24, 57-76. ONLINE Díaz-Andreu, M., 1996. Islamic archaeology and the origin of the Spanish nation. In M. Diaz-Andreu and T. Champion (eds.) Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe, London: 68-89. INST ARCH AF DIA; ONLINE. Blair, S.S. and Bloom, J.M. 2003. ‘The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field’ The Art Bulletin LXXXV, 1, 152-84. ONLINE Said, E.W. 1978 Orientalism. New York. CH 1. ANTHROPOLOGY D7 SAI (Multiple copies in different UCL libraries) Shaw, W.M.K. 2012. ‘The Islam in Islamic art history: secularism and public discourse’ Journal of Art Historiography 6: 1-34 ONLINE.

You may also find it useful to look at these on the BM & V&A collections: Canby, S. 1999. ‘The curator’s dilemma: dispelling the mystery of exotic collections’ Museum International 51, 3: 11-15 ONLINE Crill, R. and Stanley, T. 2006. The making of the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art: at the Victoria and Albert Museum. London. INST ARCH MA 42.1 Qto CRI

Historiography of Islamic archaeology (very limited!) Anderson, B. 2015. ‘An alternative discourse’: local interpreters of antiquities in the Ottoman Empire’ Journal of Field Archaeology 40, 4: 450-460. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE Bahrani, Z. et al. 2011. Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753- 1914. SALT. SCIENCE ANTHROPOLOGY LQ 95 BAH

9 Brooks, A. and Young, R. 2016. ‘Historical Archaeology and Heritage in the Middle East: A Preliminary Overview’ Historical Archaeology 50,4: 22-35. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE Çelik, Z. 2016. About Antiquities: Politics of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire.Austin, 175–78. Ettinghausen, R. 1951. "Islamic Art and Archaeologv," in T. Cuyler Young (ed.) Near Eastern Culture and Society. INST ARCH DBA 100 YOU Exell, K. and Rico, T., 2013. ‘There is no heritage in Qatar’: Orientalism, colonialism and other problematic histories. World Archaeology, 45 4: 670-685. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE. Goode, J. 2007. Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941 Austin. INST ARCH DBA 100 GOO; ONLINE Gorshenina, S., 2014. Samarkand and its cultural heritage: perceptions and persistence of the Russian colonial construction of monuments. Central Asian Survey, 33(2), pp.246-269. ONLINE Graber, O. 1976. Islamic Art and Archaeology in L. Binder (ed.) The Study of the Middle East: Research and Scholarship in the Humanities and the Social Sciences. New York: 229-263. STORE 97-04511 Northedge, A. 1999. Archaeology and Islam in G. Barker (ed.) Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London, 1077-1107. INST ARCH AH BAR Northedge, A. 2005. Ernst Herzfeld, Samarra and Islamic Archaeology, In A. Clyburn Bunter and S. R. Hauser (eds.) Ernst Herzfeld and the Development of Near Eastern Studies 1900-1950). Leiden, 383- 403. ANCIENT HISTORY B 8 GUN Peterson, A. 2005. “Politics and narratives: Islamic archaeology in Israel,”Antiquity 79, 306: 858-863 INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE Rogers, J.M. 1974. From Antiquarianism to Islamic Archaeology. Cairo. STORE 15-1125. Roxburgh, D. J. 2000. Au Bonheur des Amateurs: Collecting and Exhibiting Islamic Art, ca. 1880-1910’, Ars Orientalis, 30, 9-38. ONLINE Ruggles, D.F., 1991. Historiography And The Rediscovery Of Madīnat Al-Zahrā'. Islamic Studies, 30(1/2), 129-140. ONLINE Vernoit, S. 1997. The Rise of Islamic Archaeology, Muqarnas 14: 1-10. ONLINE Walmsley, A. 2004. Archaeology and Islamic Studies: The development of a relationship, in K. Folsach et al. (eds.) From Handaxe to Khan: Essays presented to Peder Mortensen on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Aarhus. INST ARCH DBA 100 FOL

Historiography of Islamic Art & Architecture Anderson, G.D., 2014. Integrating the Medieval Iberian Peninsula and North Africa in Islamic Architectural History. The Journal of North African Studies, 19(1), 83-92. ONLINE Behrens, Abouseif, D. and Vernoit, S. (eds.) 2006. Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism. Leiden. INST ARCH KN BEH Flood, F.B., 2012. From the Prophet to postmodernism? New world orders and the end of Islamic Art. Journal of Art Historiography, (6), p.1. ONLINE Hillenbrand, R. 1991. ‘Creswell and Contemporary European Scholarship’ Muqarnas 8: 23-35. ONLINE Hillenbrand, R. 2003. ‘Studying Islamic Architecture: Challenges and Perspectives’, Architectural History, 46, 1-18. ONLINE Necipoğlu, G. 2012. ‘The Concept of Islamic Art: Inherited Discourses and New Approaches’, in B. Junod, G. Khalil, S. Weber and G. Wolf, (eds) Islamic Art and the Museum, London. INST ARCH MG 7 JUN Rabbat, N. 2011. What is Islamic Architecture? in M. S. Graves and B. Junod, (eds,) Treasures of the Aga Khan Museum: Architecture in Islamic Arts [http://archnet.org/authorities/1278/publications/7589] Said, E. 1995. Introduction, Orientalism. London. TC SCIENCE 4167

Collecting and displaying Islam Special Issue on Islamic Museums, 2018, International Journal of Islamic Architecture 7, 2. ONLINE Canby, S. 1999. ‘The curator’s dilemma: dispelling the mystery of exotic collections’ Museum International 51, 3: 11-15 [On the British Museum collections] ONLINE Exell, K. 2016. Modernity and the Museum in the Arabian Peninsula. London. ONLINE; Heath, I. 2007. The Representation of Islam in British Museums.. Oxford. INST ARCH MG 3 Qto HEA

10 Jenkins-Madina, M. 2000. ‘Collecting the “Orient” at the Met: Early Tastemakers in America, Ars Orientalis 30, 69-89. ONLINE Junod, B. G. Khalil, S. Weber and G. Wolf, 2012. (eds) Islamic Art and the Museum, London. INST ARCH MG 7 JUN Komaroff, L., 2000. Exhibiting the Middle East: collections and perceptions of Islamic art. Ars Orientalis, 30, 1-8. ONLINE Leturcq, J-G. 2015. The Museum of Arab Art in Cairo (1869-2014): A Disoriented Heritage, in F. Pouillion and J-C. Vatin (eds.) After Orientalism. Leiden, 145-161. INST ARCH AF POU Milwright, M., 2011. An Arabic description of the activities of antique dealers in late Ottoman Damascus. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 143(1), 8-18. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Neumeier, E. 2017. Spoils for the New Pyrrhus: Alternative Claims to Antiquity in Ottoman Greece’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6,2: 311-337. ONLINE Rosser-Owen, M. 2011. ‘Collecting the Alhambra’: Owen Jones and Islamic Spain at the South Kensington Museum’, in J. Calatrava (ed.) Owen Jones y la Alhambra. Granada: 159-168. Rosser-Owen, M. 2014. ‘Andalusi and Mudéjar Silk Textiles in the Victoria and Albert Museum: A school of design in this beautiful class of Sumptuary Art’ in L. Rodriquez Peinado y Ana Cabrera Lafuente (eds.) La investigacion textile y los nuevos métodos de studio. Madrid: 170-84. Shaw, W.M.LK. 2000 ‘Islamic Arts in the Ottoman Imperial Museum, 1889-1923’ Ars Orientalis 30, 55- 68. ONLINE Troelenberg, E.M., 2012. Regarding the Exhibition: The Munich Exhibition Masterpieces of Muhammadan Art (1910) and Its Scholarly Position. Journal of Art Historiography, (6), p.1. ONLINE Vernoit, S. 2000. Islamic Art and Architecture: An Overview of Scholarship and Collecting, c. 1850-c. 1950, in S. Vernoit, ed., Discovering Islamic art: scholars, collectors and collections 1850-1950. London, 1-61. INST ARCH MB 4 VER

Early Excavation Reports Baghat, A. and Gabriel, A. Fouilles d’al Foustat. Paris. Copies at SOAS De Beylie, L. 1909. La Kalaa des Beni Hammad Paris. INST ARCH DCCA BEY Migeon G. and Saladin, H. 1907. Manuel d’art musulman. STORE 12-1018/160 Sarre, F. amd Herzfeld, E. 1911-20. Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet. Berlin. Copies at SOAS Herzfeld, E. and Sarre, F. 1923-48. Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra. Berlin. Copies at SOAS Velásquez Bosco, R. 1912. Arte del Califato de Córdoba. Madrid. Copies at SOAS Viollet, H. Fouilles å Samarra en Mésopotamie: Un palais musulman du IXe siècle. Paris. Copies at SOAS Wilkinson, C.K. 1986. Nishapur. Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration. New York. INST ARCH DBG 10 WIL

Orientalism Irwin, R. 2006. Dangerous knowledge. Orientalism and its discontents. Woodstock. HISTORY 6A IRW Irwin, R. 2006. For Lust of Knowing: the Orientalists and their Enemies. London. ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 IRW MacKenzie, J.M. 1995. Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester. ART M 11 MAC Makdisi, U. 2002. ‘Ottoman Orientalism’, The American Historical Review, 107.3: 768–96. ONLINE Rodinson, M. 1974. The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam, in J. Schacht and C.E. Bosworth (eds.) The Legacy of Islam. Oxford. STORE 05-0323 Varisco, D. M. 2005. Islam Obscured. The rhetoric of anthropological representation. New York. ONLINE Varisco, D. M. 2007. Reading Orientalism: Said and the unsaid. Washington. HISTORY 6 A VAR

SESSION 3: The Arab Conquest and the new world order

11 The Muslim conquests in the seventh century created the largest empire the world had ever seen, an empire that stretched from Spain to the Indus. After a short period of consolidation, this vast empire ruled by the Umayyad dynasty who ruled out of Jerusalem and then Damascus between 660 and 750. This empire was known as the caliphate – from the Arabic title of the ruler khalifat Allah ‘the deputy of god’. A great deal of ink has been spilt over the question of the impact of the Arab conquest on the Middle East and North Africa in the last three decades. The development of a systematic ‘Islamic archaeology’ has demonstrated that old models of a devastating conquest no longer hold true, but that in many regions of the empire, there was a great deal of continuity in social, economic and cultural patterns. As we will see, there is a tension between how scholars interpret continuity and change in the archaeological record.

Read: Walmsley, A. 2000. Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic Near East: Old Structures, New Systems? in I.L. Hansen and C. Wickham (eds), The Long Eighth Century. Leiden, 264-343. ISSUE DESK IOA HAN 6 Fenwick, C. 2013. From Africa to Ifriqiya: Settlement and Society in Early Medieval North Africa (650- 800). Al-Masaq 25,1: 9-33. ONLINE George, A. 2017. ‘Paradise or Empire? On a Paradox of Umayyad Art’ in A. George and A. Marsham (ed.) Power, Patronage and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad elites. Oxford. ONLINE Robinson, C. 2011. The First Islamic Empire’, in J.P. Arnason and K. Raaflaub, eds, The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Oxford), 229-48; reprinted in P.F. Bang and W. Scheidel (eds), 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY R 5 AR; ONLINE

Podcasts: History of Islam-Origins (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj4 History of Islam-After Muhammad (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj5

Further reading – the late antique world Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity. London, 152-96. MAIN ANCIENT HISTORY R 19 CAM Donner, F. M. 1998. The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400-800 CE). The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam, 21-33. MAIN ANCIENT HISTORY K 6 PET Little, L.K. (ed.) 2007. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750. New York. HISTORY 82 C LIT; ONLINE. Mousavi, A. and Daryaee, T. 2012. The Sasanian Empire: An Archaeological Survey, c. 220-AD60 in D. T. Potts (ed.) A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Oxford, 1076-94. ONLINE Robinson, C.F. 2010. The Rise of Islam, 600-705. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 173-225. ONLINE Sauer, E. (ed.) 2019. Sasanian Persia: between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia. Edinburgh. INST ARCH DBG 100 SAU/ ONLINE.

Further reading – Arabia and the Arabs Bowersock, G. W. 1984. Roman Arabia. Harvard. MAIN ANCIENT HISTORY R 47 BOW Donner, F. M. 1998. The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400-800 CE). The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam, Ashgate: 21-33. ANCIENT HISTORY K 6 PET Fisher, G. 2011. Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY F 18 FIS; ONLINE. Fisher, G. 2015. Arabs and empires before Islam. Oxford. [Especially the chapter by Genequand]. ONLINE. Fowden, G. 1993. Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton. ANCIENT HISTORY S 72 FOW; ONLINE. Hoyland, R. 2001. Arabia and the Arabs : From the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam. London. INST ARCH DBF HOY; ONLINE.

12 Kennet, D. 2005. ‘On the Eve of Islam: Archaeological evidence from Eastern Arabia’ Antiquity 79: 107- 120. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE. Lecker, M. 2010. Ch 4- Pre-Islamic Arabia. In C.F. Robinson (ed). The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 153-72. ONLINE

Further reading: the written sources Borrut, A. 2011. Entre mémoire et pouvoir: L'espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides. Brill. Copies at SOAS Borrut, A. 2014. ‘Vanishing Syria: Periodization and Power in Early Islam’ Der Islam 91,1: 37-68. ONLINE. Donner, F.M. 2010. ‘Modern approaches to early Islamic history’ in C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 625-647. ONLINE. Fairchild Ruggles, D. 2011. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. ART HB 5 RUG [useful excerpts of Islamic texts on material culture] Heidemann, S. 2010. Numismatics, in C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1 Cambridge, 648-63. ONLINE. Hoyland, R. 1997. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Princeton. HEBREW A 76 HOY Howard-Johnston, J. D. 2010. Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford. HISTORY 53 D HOW; ONLINE. Humphreys, R. S. 1991. Islamic History. Princeton. HISTORY 53 D HUM Sijpesteijn, P.M. 2009. Arabic Papyri and Islamic Egypt. In R.S. Bagnall (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford, 452-472. ONLINE. Moreland, J. 2001. Archaeology and text. London. INST ARCH AH MOR. Watson, O. 2004. Ceramics from Islamic Lands. London. INST ARCH KD 1 WAT

Further reading: the impact of the Arab conquests Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. 1983. The Abbasid Caliphate, Mohammad, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London, 123-57. INST ARCH DA 180 HOD; HISTORY 41 FA HOD; COPIES IN TC

SESSION 4: Islam: a religion or a way of life? One of the most remarkable consequences of the Arab conquests was the rapid spread of Islam and Islamic culture. How did a religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century spread so far and fast? We will consider how archaeologists can identify Muslim practices in the material record and the potentials and pitfalls of attempting to map conversion to Islam.

Recommended (* = essential) *Bulliett, R. 1994. Islam: the View from the Edge. New York. 37-66. MAIN HISTORY 53 D BUL Insoll, T. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge, 12-22. INST ARCH DC 100 INS *Insoll, T. 1999. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS. [Especially Ch 2 and 4 if you have not already read them]. Johns, J. 1999. The House of the Prophet and the Concept of the Mosque. In J. Johns (ed.) Bayt al- Maqdis: Jerusalem and early Islam. Oxford, 59-112. INST ARCH DBE 10 JOH6; COPIES IN TC *Peacock, A.C.S. (ed.) 2017. Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh INST ARCH DBA 100 PEA [Introduction and any relevant regional chapter].

Background Ruthven, M. 2012. Islam: A very short introduction. Oxford.

Podcasts: Sunni-Shia: Islam Divided (BBC Radio 4) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wr3kx

13 Sunni and Shia Islam (In Our Time) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l5mhl

*Pick one of the following case-studies to discuss in class: Carvajal, J.C. and Day, P. M. 2013. Cooking Pots and Islamicization in the Early Medieval Vega of Granada (Al-Andalus, sixth to twelfth centuries). Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32.4: 433-451. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Fentress, E. 1987. The House of the Prophet: North African Islamic Housing, Archeologia Medievale 14: 47-68. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Guidetti, M. 2009. The Byzantine Heritage in the Dār al-Islām: Churches and Mosques in al-Ruha between the sixth and twelfth centuries. Muqarnas 26:1-36. ONLINE. Horton, M.C. 2004. Chapter 4 – Islam, Archaeology and Swahili Identity, in Whitcomb, D. (ed.) Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam. Archaeological Perspectives. Chicago: The Oriental Institute (Oriental Institute Seminars 1), 67-88. INST ARCH DBA 100 WHI (also available online https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/ois/ois-1-changing-social-identity- spread-islam-archaeological-perspectives ) Insoll, T. 2004. Chapter 5 - Syncretism, Time and Identity: Islamic Archaeology in West Africa, in Whitcomb, D. (ed.) Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam. Archaeological Perspectives. Chicago: The Oriental Institute (Oriental Institute Seminars 1), 89-101. INST ARCH DBA 100 WHI (also available online https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/ois/ois- 1-changing-social-identity-spread-islam-archaeological-perspectives ) Petersen, A. D. 2013. The Archaeology of Death and Burial in the Islamic World in L. Nilsson Stutz and S. Tarlow (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA TAR1; ONLINE

Further Reading – Archaeology of Islam Avni, G., 2007. From Standing Stones to Open Mosques in the Negev Desert: The Archaeology of Religious Transformation on the Fringes. Near Eastern Archaeology, 70(3): 24. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Bradbury, J. N. 2016. Presencing the Past”: A Case Study of Islamic Rural Burial Practices from the Homs Region, Syria, in S. McPhillips and P. D. Wordsworth (eds.) Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History and Ethnography. Philadelphia: 200-218. ISSUE DESK IOA MCP 1; ONLINE Carvajal, J. C. 2013. Islamicisation or Islamicisations? Expansion of Islam and Social Practice in the Vega of Granada (South East Spain). World Archaeology 45.1: 57-71. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Cook, M. 2000. The Koran, a very short introduction. Oxford. HISTORY 53 D COO Graber, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton, 21-52. INST ARCH DBE 10 GRA Guidetti, M., 2017. Sacred Spaces in Early Islam. In A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, 130- 150. ONLINE Halevi, L. 2007. Muhammad’s Grave: Death Rites and Making of Islamic Society. New York: Columbia University. ANTHROPOLOGY D 155 HAL Karev, Y. 2004. Chapter 3 - Samarqand in the 8th century: the evidence of transformation, in Whitcomb, D. (ed.) Changing Social Identity with the Spread of Islam. Archaeological Perspectives. Chicago.51-66. INST ARCH DBA 100 WHI (also available online https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/ois/ois-1-changing-social-identity-spread-islam- archaeological-perspectives Whitcomb, D. (ed.) 2007. Changing Social Identity with the spread of Islam. Chicago, INST ARCH DBA 100 WHI (also available online https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/ois/ois-1-changing- social-identity-spread-islam-archaeological-perspectives Hoyland, R., 2012. Early Islam as a Late Antique Religion, in S. Johnson (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford. ONLINE Flood, F.B. 2000. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture. Leiden, 184-236. INST ARCH DBD 10 FLO 14 Leisten, T. 1990. Between Orthodoxy and Exegesis: Some Aspects of Attitudes in the Shari’a towards Funerary architecture. Muqarnas 7, 12-22. ONLINE Mershen, B. 2004. Pots and tombs in Ibrāʾ, Oman. Investigations into the archaeological surface record of Islamic cemeteries and the related burial customs and funerary rituals in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 34: 165-179 ONLINE. Peacock, A.C.S., De Nicola, B. and S. Nur Yildiz (eds.) 2015. Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. ONLINE Petersen, A. 2012. The Medieval and Ottoman hajj route in Jordan: an archaeological and historical study. Oxford. INST ARCH DBE 100 Qto PET Peacock, A.C.S. (ed.) 2017. Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh INST ARCH DBA 100 PEA Schwartz, D.L. et al., eds. 2015. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond. Ashgate. ONLINE Petersen, A. D. 1999. The Archaeology of Muslim Pilgrimage and Shrines in Palestine. In: T. Insoll (ed.) Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion. Oxford, 755: 116–27. INST ARCH FA Qto INS Porter, V. (ed.). 2012. Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam. London: British Museum Press INST ARCH DBF POR De la Vaissière, E. (ed.) Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale. Leuven. INST ARCH DBK LAV Walmsley, A. and K. Damgaar (2005). The Umayyad congregational mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its relationship to early mosques. Antiquity 79: 362-378. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE

Anthropology of Islam Asad, T. 1986. The idea of an anthropology of Islam. Washington: ANTHROPOLOGY D194 ASA Asad, T. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: discipline and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore. ANTHROPOLOGY D 190 ASA Asad, T. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford. ANTHROPOLOGY D 100 ASA Geertz, C. 1968. Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago. ANTHROPOLOGY QE 48 GEE Geertz, C. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society. Three Essays in Cultural Analysis. Cambridge. ANTHROPOLOGY QE 15 GEE Gellner, E. 1967. Saints of the Atlas. London. ANTHROPOLOGY QE 28 GEL Eaton, R. 1993 Chapter 10 – The Rooting of Islam in Bengal, in The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier – 1204-1760. Berkeley: 268-303. ANTHROPOLOGY RA 505 EAT; ONLINE Marranci, G. 2008 Chapter 6 – Beyond the Stereotype: Challenges in Understanding Muslim Identities, in Marranci, G. The Anthropology of Islam. Oxford: 89-102. ANTHROPOLOGY D 194 MAR

Further Reading – Muslim, Christian (and Jewish) interaction Aillet, C., 2010. Les mozarabes: christianisme, islamisation et arabisation en péninsule ibérique (IXe- XIIe siècle). Madrid: INST ARCH DAPA MAR Borrut, A. and Donner, F. (eds.) Christians and Others in the Umayyad State. Chicago [Available online at www.oi.chicago.edu ]. HISTORY 53 D BOR Gharipour, M. (ed.) 2014 Sacred Precincts. The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities Across the Islamic World. Brill. INST ARCH DBA 100 GHA Griffith, S.H., 2012. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton. ONLINE Guidetti, Mattia. 2013. The Contiguity between Churches and Mosques in Early Islamic Bilād al- Shām. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 76(2), 229-258 ONLINE Guidetti, M., 2016. In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria. Brill. INST ARCH DBD 100 GUI Hoyland, R.G., 1997. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Princeton. HEBREW A 76 HOY 15 Levy-Rubin, M. 2011. Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: From Surrendr to Coexistence. Cambridge. ONLINE. Pruitt, J. 2013. “Method in Madness: Reconsidering Church Destructions in the Fatimid Era,” Muqarnas 30: 119-139.ONLINE Schick, R. 1995. The Christian communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic rule : A historical and archaeological study. Princeton. INST ARCH DBE 100 SCH Wood, P., 2015. Christians in the Middle East, 600–1000: Conquest, Competition and Conversion. In De Nicola et al., Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. Aldershot: 23-50. ONLINE

SESSION 5: Islamic states and empires

What is an Islamic state? In this session, we will examine the key developmental phases in the state under the Umayyads and the introduction of some of the key traits that we identify with ‘Islamic’ rulership. What would an archaeology of statehood or empire look like in the Islamic world? And how should we look at the collapse of Islamic empires? What questions should we ask?

Essential Reading Johns, J. 2003. Archaeology and the History of Early Islam, Journal of ESHO 46.4: 411-36. ONLINE Hoyland, R. 2006. New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69(3): 395-416. ONLINE Fenwick, C. forthcoming. ‘Archaeology, Empire and the Conquest of North Africa’ Past and Present [pdf provided on Moodle] George, A. 2017 ‘Paradise or Empire? On a Paradox of Umayyad art’ in George, A. and A. Marsham (ed.) 2017 Power, Patronage and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad elites. Oxford. ONLINE Kennedy, H. 2004. ‘The Decline and Fall of the First Muslim Empire’ Der Islam 81,1: 3-30. ONLINE

Podcasts: History of Islam (BBC- Islam’s Golden Age) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03qtyj0 The Establishment of the Islamic State (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03j9mcx

*Pick a case-study on the material culture of Muslim rulership/ statehood Bacharach, J. 1996. Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculation on Patronage. Muqarnas 13: 27-44. ONLINE Damgaard, K. 2013. ‘Access Granted: The Phenomenology of Approach in Early Islamic Palatial Architecture’Internationla Journal of Islamic Architecture 2,2: 273-305. ONLINE Genequand, D. 2006. Umayyad Castles: the shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to early Islamic Palatial Building, in H. Kennedy (ed.) Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, Leiden, 3-25. INST ARCH DBA 100 KEN; INST ARCH TC 3831 George, A. and A. Marsham (ed.) 2017 Power, Patronage and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad elites. Oxford. ONLINE Heidemann, S. 2011. ‘The representation of the Early Islamic empire and its religion on coin imagery’ in A. Fuess and J-P Hartung (eds.) Court Cultures in the Muslim world. London. HISTORY 53 D FUE Eger, A. 2014. Ch 10- Frontier or Frontiers? Interaction and Exchange in Frontier Societies. The Islamic- Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. London, 277-309. INST ARCH DBA 200 EGE; TC INST ARCH 3839 Elad, A. 1992. ‘Why did ‘Abd al-Malik build the Dome of the Rock?’ In J. Raby & J. Johns (eds.) Bayt al-Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam. Oxford, 33-58. INST ARCH DBE 10 JOH Hillenbrand, R. 1981. La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria: The Evidence of the Later Umayyad Palaces. Art History 5: 1-35. ONLINE Rabbat, N. 1989. The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, Muqarnas 6: 12-21. ONLINE

16 Treadwell, L. 2017. ‘The Formation of Religious and Caliphal Identity in the Umayyad Period: The Evidence of the Coinage’. In F.B. Flood and G. Necipoglu (eds.) A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford: 89-108. ONLINE.

Key accounts of empire and rulership Arnold, F. 2017. Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean. Oxford. ONLINE Crone, P. 2008. From Arabian Tribes to Islamic empire? Army, State and Society in the Near East c.600– 850. Aldershot. HISTORY 53 D CRO Donner, F. 2008. The expansion of the early Islamic state. Aldershot. INST ARCH DBA 200 DON Haldon, J. 2010. Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria: A Review of Current Debates. Aldershot. INST ARCH DBD 100 HAL Kennedy, Hugh. 2001. The armies of the caliphs: military and society in the early Islamic state. London. HISTORY 53 D KEN Ibn Khaldun The Muqaddimah (transl. 1967) ANTHROPOLOGY PA 91 IBN Irwin, R. 1997. Ch 5 – Palace Life, Islamic Art in Context. New York, 104-131 ART HB 5 IRW Marsham, A. 2009. Rituals of Islamic Monarchy? Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire. Edinburgh. HISTORY 53 D MAR; ONLINE Sijpesteijn, P.M. 2007. New Rule over Old Structures: Egypt after the Muslim Conquest. In H.E.W. Crawford (ed.) Regime Change in the ancient Near East from Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein. Oxford, 183-200. INST ARCH DBA 200 CRA

Further Reading – The Umayyads Bruning, J. 2018. The rise of a capital: Al-Fustat and its hinterland, 18/639-132/750. Brill. ONLINE. Donner, F. 1981. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton. ONLINE Fowden, G. 2004. Late Antique Art in Syria and its Umayyad Evolutions. Journal of Roman Archaeology 17: 282-304. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Fowden, G. 2004. Quṣayr Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. Berkeley. INST ARCH DBE 10 FOW; ONLINE Flood, F.B. 2001. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of Umayyad Visual Culture. Leiden. INST ARCH DBD 10 FLO George, A. and Marsham, A. (ed.) Power, Patronage and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad elites. Oxford. ONLINE Graber, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton. INST ARCH DBE 10 GRA Kennet, D. 2005. ‘On the Eve of Islam: Archaeological evidence from Eastern Arabia’ Antiquity 79: 107- 120. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE King, G. R.D. 1992. Settlement patterns in Islamic Jordan: the Umayyads and their use of the land. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 4: 369–75. INST ARCH DBE 100 STU Khoury, N. 1993. The Dome of the Rock, the Ka’ba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments, Muqurnas 10: 57-65. ONLINE Milwright, M. 2016. The Dome of the Rock and its Umayyad Mosaic Inscriptions. Edinburgh. ON ORDER Northedge, A. 1994. Archaeology and new urban settlement in early Islamic Syria and Iraq. In G. R.D. King and A. Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East. II: Land use and settlement patterns: 231–65. Princeton. ANCIENT HISTORY S 6 WOR Robinson, C.F. 2001. Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest. The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia. Cambridge. HISTORY 53 D ROB; ONLINE. Schick, R. 2015. A Christian City with a Major Muslim Shrine: Jerusalem in the Umayyad Period. In Schwartz, D.L. et al., eds. 2015. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond. Ashgate. ONLINE Sijpesteijn, P.M. 2013. Shaping a Muslim State: The World of a Mid-Eighth-Century Egyptian Official. Oxford. PAPYROLOGY PZ 22 SIJ; ONLINE. Whitcomb, D. 1996. Urbanism in Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 7: 38-51. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE

17 Further reading – the Abbasids Hillenbrand, R. 1999. ‘The ‘Abbasids.’ Islamic Art and Architecture. London, 38-60. MAIN ART HB 5 HIL Kennedy, H. 2004 (2nd ed.). The Early ʿAbbasid Caliphate, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Harlow, 123-55. MAIN HISTORY 53 D KEN; ONLINE Foote, R. M. 1999. Frescoes and carved ivory from the Abbasid family homestead at Humeima. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 12, 423-428. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Kennedy, H. 1981. The Early Abbasid Caliphate. London. HISTORY 53 D KEN Lassner, J. 1970. The Building of Madinat as-Salam,” and “The Dar al-Khalifa…,” In The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages Detroit, 45-59 and 85-89. INST ARCH DBB 10 LAS Northedge, A. 2005. Remarks on Samarra and the archaeology of large cities. Antiquity, 79 (303), 119-29. ONLINE Northedge, A. 2007 (rev. ed). The Historical Topography of Samarra, 97-130. INST ARCH DBB 10 Qto NOR Northedge, A. 1993. An interpretation of the palace of the Caliph at Samarra (Dar al-Khilafa or Jawsaq al-Khaqani). Ars Orientalis, 23, 143-170. ONLINE Oleson, J. P. 2016. ‘From Church to Farmhouse: The Re-Use of Christian Structures in Early Islamic Humayma’. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 12: 263-78. INST ARCH DBE 100 STU Whitcomb, D. 2000. Hesban, Amman, and Abbasid Archaeology in Jordan. The archaeology of Jordan and beyond: Essays in honor of James A. Sauer, 505-15. INST ARCH DBE 100 Qto STA Whitcomb, Donald. 1990. ‘Archaeology of the Abbasid period: The Example of Jordan.’ Archeologie islamique 1, 75-85. [Available at SOAS] Walmsley, A. 1994. Fihl (Pella) and the Cities of North Jordan during the Umayyad and Abbasid Periods. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 4, 377. INST ARCH DBE 100 STU

Further reading - Frontiers Boas, A. 1999. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. New York: 60-122. INST ARCH DBA 100 BOA; ONLINE Bonner, M. 1994. “The Naming of the Frontier: `Awasim, Thughur, and the Arab Geographers." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57.1: 17-24. ONLINE Bosworth, C.E. 1992. “The City of Tarsus and the Arab-Byzantine frontiers in Early and Middle ‘Abbasid times.” Oriens 33: 268-86. ONLINE Brauer, Ralph W. 1995. “Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 85.6 1-69. ONLINE Decker, Michael, 2007. “Frontier Settlement and Economy in the Byzantine East,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 217-267. ONLINE Eger, A. 2014. The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. London, 277-309. INST ARCH DBA 200 EGE Eger, A. 2019. The Archaeology of medieval Islamic frontiers: from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea. Colorado. ON ORDER Haldon, J. F. and H. Kennedy, 1980.“The Arab-Byzantine frontier in the eighth and ninth centuries: military organization and society in the borderlands,” Zbornik Radova Vizantoloski Institut (Recueil des Travaux de l’Institut d’Etudes Byzantines) 19:79-116. SSEES Per. Khalilieh, Hassan S. “The Ribāt System and its Role in Coastal Navigation,” JESHO 42.2 (1999) 212- 225. ONLINE. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes. “The Byzantine-Arab Borderland from the Seventh to the Ninth Century.” In F. Curta (ed.) Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: 13- 21 INST ARCH DA 180 CUR Michaudel, B. “The Development of Islamic Military Architecture during the Ayyubid And Mamluk Reconquests of Frankish Syria,” in H. Kennedy (ed.) Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. Brill: 106-121. INST ARCH DBA 100 KEN Parker, S.T. 1986. Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier. Boston. INST ARCH DBA 100 PAR 18

SESSION 6: Islam, iconoclasm and the image This session focuses on the discourse of ‘Islamic iconoclasm’ in the medieval world, exploring examples of image destruction alongside the Muslim creation of figural images, engagements with the pre-Islamic past and the re-use of figural ornamentation for apotropaic or decorative affect. We will also consider the deliberate destruction of heritage in the Islamic world today and the way that this is used to reinforce modern assumptions about Islam and its opposition to anthropomorphic images.

Essential Flood, F.B. 2002. Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum, Art Bulletin 84,4: 641-59. ONLINE Fowden, G. 2004. Late Antique Art in Syria and its Umayyad Evolutions. Journal of Roman Archaeology 17: 282-304. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE. Gonnella, J., 2010. Columns And Hieroglyphs: Magic" Spolia" In Medieval Islamic Architecture Of Northern Syria. Muqarnas, 27: 103-120. ONLINE Isakhan, B, and J. A González Zarandona. 2017. "Layers of religious and political iconoclasm under the Islamic State: symbolic sectarianism and pre-monotheistic iconoclasm." International Journal of Heritage Studies 23,1 : 1-16. ONLINE + Select one case-study from the list below

*Podcast: Simon Schama on Islamic Iconoclasm and destruction of heritage sites (BBC Radio 4) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b071s6nr

Further reading – icons, aniconism and iconoclasm *Ali, N., 2017. The royal veil: early Islamic figural art and the Bilderverbot reconsidered. Religion, 1-20. ONLINE *Bowersock, G.W. 2006. Ch 4 – Iconoclasms. Mosaics as History: The Near East from Late Antiquity to Islam. London, 91-112. INST ARCH DBA 300 BOW Elias, J.J., 2012. Aisha's cushion: religious art, perception, and practice in Islam. Harvard University Press. ART BC 10 ELI; ONLINE Elsner, J. 2012. Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium. The Art Bulletin 94,3: 368-94. ONLINE *Fowden, G. 2004. Qusayr’Amra: Art and the Umayyad elite in late antique Syria. Berkeley. INST ARCH DBE 10 FOW; ONLINE. *Flood, F. B.2006. Image against Nature: Spolia as Apotropaia in Byzantium and the Dar al- Islam.” Medieval History Journal 9.1,143-166. ONLINE Grabar, O., 1987. The formation of Islamic art. New Haven. INST ARCH KN GRA Grabar, O., 2003. The story of portraits of the Prophet Muhammad. Studia islamica, (96): 19-38. *Gruber, C. 2018. The praiseworthy one: the prophet Muhammad in Islamic texts and images. ON ORDER *Gruber, C. 2019. The image debate: figural representation in Islam and across the world. London. INST ARCH KN Qto GRU Hamilton, R. (1988). Walid and his friends: an Umayyad tragedy. Oxford. BARTLETT DS38.4 W34 H35 1988 King, G.R.D. 1985. Islam. Iconoclasm, and the Declaration of Doctrine. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, 2, 267-7 ONLINE *Sahner, C. 2017. ‘The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazid II (AH 104/AD723). Der Islam 94,1: 5-56. ONLINE Talgam, R., 2004. The stylistic origins of Umayyad sculpture and architectural decoration. Wiesbaden ON ORDER

Further reading – Muslim engagements with a pre-Islamic past Anderson, B. 2015. ‘An alternative discourse’: local interpreters of antiquities in the Ottoman Empire’ Journal of Field Archaeology 40, 4: 450-460. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE 19 Berlekamp, P. 2011. Wonder, Image and Cosmos in Medieval Islam. Princeton. INST ARCH DBA 300 BER Capilla, S.C., 2014. The Reuse of Classical Antiquity in the Palace of Madinat al-Zahraʾ and its Role in the Construction of Caliphal Legitimacy. Muqarnas 31(1): 1-33. ONLINE *Cook, M. 1983. ‘Pharaonic History in Medieval Egypt’, Studia Islamica 57: 67–103. ONLINE El Daly, O. 2005. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings London. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 ELD Flood, F.B., 2011. Appropriation as Inscription: Making History in the First Friday Mosque of Delhi. Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine, 121-47. ONLINE Johnson, S. C. 2017, ‘“Return to Origin Is Non-Existence”: Al-Mada’in and Perceptions of Ruins in Abbasid Iraq’, International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6: 2, 257–83 ONLINE Mulder, S. 2017. ‘Imagining Localities of Antiquity in Islamic Societies’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6,2: 229-54. ONLINE Noyes, James. 2013. The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-breaking in Christianity and Islam. London. SSEES Misc.XVII NOY Shalem, A. 1997. ‘Islam Christianized: Islamic Portable Objects in the Medieval Church Treasures of the Latin West. Ars Faciendi: Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte. Frankfurt.

Further reading – iconoclasm today *Flood, F.B. 2016. Idol Breaking as Image Making in the Islamic State, Religion and Society: Advances in Research 7, 116-138. ONLINE *Melcak, M. and Beranek, O. 2017. ‘ISIS’ Destruction of Mosul’s Historical Monuments: Between Media Spectacle and Religious Doctrine’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, 2: 389- 415. ONLINE Casana, J. 2015. Satellite Imagery-Based Analysis of Archaeological Looting in Syria. Near Eastern Archaeology, 78(3), 142-152. ONLINE Elias, J. L. 2013. “The Taliban, Bamiyan, and Revisionist Iconoclasm.” In S. Boldrick, L. Brubaker, and R. Clay, (eds.) Striking Images, Iconoclasms Past and Present, 145– ART BG BOL Frahm, E. ‘Mutilated Mnemotopes: Why ISIS Destroys Cultural Heritage Sites in Iraq and Syria’, European Union National Institutes for Cultures, accessed May 2, 2017, http://www.eunic- online.eu/sites/default/ files/imce/u5066/frahm_iconoclash_article_final_for_web_download.pdf Gamboni, Dario. 1997. The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution. New Haven. ART M 6 GAM Gaifman, M. 2017 Aniconism: definitions, examples and comparative perspectives. Religion 47:3: 335- 352. ONLINE Harmansah, O. 2015. ISIS, Heritage and the Spectacles of Destruction in the Global Media, Near Eastern Archaeology 78, 3: 170-77. ONLINE Meskell, Lynn. 2005. “Sites of Violence: Terrorism, Tourism, and Heritage in the Archaeological Present.” In Embedding Ethics: Shifting Boundaries of the Anthropological Profession, edited by Lynn Meskell and Peter Pels, 123–146. London. ANTHROPOLOGY D 19 MES; ONLINE. Walasek, Helen. 2015. Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. London. INST ARCH DARD WAL.

SESSION 7: The Industrial and Green Revolutions The early Islamic period saw the appearance of new innovations in ceramics, glass and metalwork which underpinned a great craft ‘revolution’. When and where each breakthrough occurred and how these new technologies were dispersed to other parts of the Islamic world are controversial questions. Should we explain the spread of craft technologies through trade, the mobility of artisans or imitation because of external stimulus? We will also examine Andrew Watson’s controversial model for a ‘Green Revolution’ after the Arab conquests and its reception in light of the latest archaeological research on technological change, rural settlement patterns and the introduction of new plant species.

20 *Come prepared to talk about the technology of the object you wrote about for the first assignment Essential Watson, O. 2017. Ceramics and Circulation. In F. B Flood and Necipoglu, G. (eds.) A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture: 478-500. ONLINE Watson, A.M. 1983. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700-1100. Cambridge, 1-8; 123-8. INST ARCH HA WAT; INST ARCH TC 3836 Decker, Michael (2009), "Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution", Journal of World History, 20 (2): 187–206 ONLINE Decker, M.J. 2017. ‘Approaches to the environmental history of late antiquity, part 1: The rise of Islam’ History Compass 15.10 ONLINE Technology and Industry Allan, J W 2002 Metalwork Treasures from the Islamic Courts Doha/London. Amar, Z. 2002 The History of the Paper Industry in al-Sham in the Middle Ages. In Y. Lev (ed.) Towns and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East, Brill,119-34. INST ARCH DBA 100 LEV Bernsted, A.-M. 2003. Early Islamic pottery: materials and techniques. London. INST ARCH KD 1 KEB Fairchild Ruggles, D. 2011. Islamic Art & Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Oxford. ART HB 5 RUG. Fiorentino, S., Chinni, T., Cirelli, E., Arletti, R., Conte, S. and Vandini, M., 2018. Considering the effects of the Byzantine–Islamic transition: Umayyad glass tesserae and vessels from the qasr of Khirbet al- Mafjar (Jericho, Palestine). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 10(1): .223-245.ONLINE Fischel, W. J. 1958. The Spice Trade in Mamluk Egypt: A Contribution to the Economic History of Medieval Islam. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1: 157-174. ONLINE Frantz-Murphy, G. (1981) A new interpretation of the Economic History of Medieval Egypt. The Role of the Textile Industry 254-567/868-1171. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24: 274-98. ONLINE Freestone, I.C., Jackson-Tal, R.E., Taxel, I., Tal, O. (2015). Glass production at an Early Islamic workshop in Tel Aviv. Journal of Archaeological Science, 62: 45-54. ONLINE Freestone, I. and Gorin-Rosen, Y. 1999. ‘The Great Glass Slab at Bet She’arim, Israel. An Early Islamic Glass-making Experiment? Journal of Glass Studies 41: 105-116. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Freestone, I.C. (2002). The relationship between enamelling on ceramics and on glass in the Islamic world. Archaeometry, 44: 251-255 ONLINE Henderson, J. et al. 2005. Experimentation and innovation: early Islamic industry at al-Raqqa, Syria. Antiquity 79: 103-45. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE. Harrell, J A and Brown, V M 2008 Discovery of a medieval Islamic industry for steatite cooking vessels in Egypt’s Eastern Desert In Y M Rowan and J R Ebeling (eds), New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts, 41-65 London INST ARCH KA ROW Henderson, J. 2013. Ancient Glass. An Interdisciplinary Exploration. Cambridge. INST ARCH KL HEN, ONLINE. Irwin, R. 1997. Ch 6 – Artists, Guilds and Craft Technology Islamic Art in Context. New York, 133-66. ART HB 5 IRW Jones, R.E. et al. 2017. Sweet Waste: Medieval sugar production in the Mediterranean viewed from the 2002 excavations at Tawahin es-Sukkar, Safi, Jordan. Oxford. INST ARCH DBE 10 JON Lev, E.2002 Trade of Medical Substances in the Medieval and Ottoman Levant. In Y. Lev (ed.) Towns and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East. Brill: 159-84. INST ARCH DBA 100 LEV Mason, R.B. and Tite, M.S. 1997. ‘The Beginnings of Tin-Opacification of Pottery Glazes’. Archeometry 39, 1: 41-58. ONLINE Mayerson, Philip. 1997. “The Role of Flax in Roman and Fatimid Egypt.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56 (3): 201-07. ONLINE Milwright, M. 2010. ‘Crafts and Industry’ An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh, 143-58. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIL; ONLINE Milwright, M. 2017. Islamic arts and crafts: An anthology. Edinburgh. ON ORDER 21 Phelps, M., Freestone, I.C., Gorin-Rosen, Y. and Gratuze, B., 2016. Natron glass production and supply in the late antique and early medieval Near East: The effect of the Byzantine-Islamic transition. Journal of Archaeological Science, 75: 57-71. ONLINE Philips, W.D. “Sugar Production and trade in the Mediterranean at the Time of the Crusades.” In V.P. Gross (ed.) The Meeting of Two Worlds, Cultural Exchange between East and West during the Period of the Crusades: 393-406. INST ARCH DF 200 BRA Rehren, T. and Papakhristu, O. ‘Cutting Edge Technology – The Ferghana Process of medieval crucible steel smelting’ Metalla 7. INST ARCH Pers Rehren, T. and Nixon, S. 2014. Refining gold with glass – an early Islamic technology at Tadmekka , Mali Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 33-41. ONLINE Saitowitz, S. J. and D. L. Reid, “Early Indian Ocean Glass Bead Trade between Egypt and Malaysia: A Pilot Study.” Indo-Pacific Prehistory, The Melaka Papers 5: 119-23. Tsugitaka, S. 2004. “Sugar in the Economic Life of Mamluk Egypt.” Mamluk Studies Review 8.2: 87- 108. ONLINE Vickers, M, Impey, O and Allan, J 1986 From Silver to Ceramic: the Potter’s Debt to Metalwork in the Graeco-Roman, Oriental and Islamic Worlds Oxford. YATES A 7 VIC; INST ARCH KD VIC. Vroom, J 2003 After Antiquity: Ceramics and Society in the Aegean from the 7th to the 20th century AD Leiden. INST ARCH DAE 100 VRO Vroom, J. (ed.) 2015. Medieval and post-medieval ceramics in the eastern Mediterranean: fact and fiction. Amsterdam. ON ORDER Watson, O. 2004. Ceramics from Islamic Lands. London. INST ARCH KD 1 WAT

Agriculture and Rural landscapes Bazzana, A. & J. de Meulemeester. 1998. “Irrigation systems of Islamic origin in the Valle de Ricote (Murcia, Spain). Ruralia II: 152-60, Praha. ONLINE Butzer, K., et al. “Irrigation Agrosystems in Eastern Spain: Roman or Islamic Origins?” Annals of the American Association of Geographers. Vol. 75.4 (1985): 479-509. ONLINE Davis, S. 2008. Zooarchaeological Evidence for Moslem and Christian Improvements of Sheep and Cattle in Portugal . Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 4 : 991 -1010. ONLINE Glick, T. 2005. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Middle Ages. Leiden. HISTORY 51 A 2 GLI Milwright, M. 2010. ‘The Countryside’ An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh. p.59-74. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIL; ONLINE. Haiman, M. 1995. “Agriculture and Nomad-State Relations in the Negev Desert in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 297: 29–53. ONLINE Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Durée: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan. London: 1-31. INST ARCH DBE 100 ROG Keenan, J.G. 1999. “Fayyum Agriculture at the End of the Ayyubid Era: Nabulsi’s Survey” In A.K Bowman and E.L. Rogan (eds.) Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times. Oxford: 287- 300. EGYPTOLOGY S 5 BOW Leone, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2004 “Vandal, Byzantine, and Arab rural landscapes in North Africa”, in N. Christie (ed.) Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Farnham, 135-162. INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK CHR 2 McPhillips, S. and Wordsworth, P.D. 2016. Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. Philadelphia. ISSUE DESK IOA MCP 1 Nevo, Y. D. 1991. Pagans and Herders: A Re-examination of the Negev Runoff Systems in the Byzantine and Early Arab Periods. Sde Boqer. STORE FOLIOS 4638 Politis, K.D. 2015. The Origins of the Sugar Industry and the Transmission of Ancient Greek and Medieval Arab Science and Technology. Athens IOA IN PROCESSING Ruggles, D. 2008. ‘The Countryside: the Roman Agricultural and Hydraulic Legacy of the Islamic Mediterranean’ in A. Petruccioli et al. (eds) The City in the Islamic World. 795-816. BARTLETT HT147.5 .C58 2008 Van der Veen, M. 2010. Agricultural innovation: invention and adoption or change and adaptation? World Archaeology 42(1): 1-12. INST ARCH Pers 22 Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Middle Ages (Oxford), Ch 8. ‘Rural Settlement and village societies’, 442-95 & 514-8. ONLINE Wilson, A. I. 2004. “Classical water technology in the early Islamic world”, in C. Bruun and A. Saastamoinen (eds), Technology, ideology, water: from Frontinus to the Renaissance and beyond Rome: 115-41. YATES K 65 BRU Further reading – trade and exchange Alexander, J. 2001. Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa, World Archaeology 33, 1: 44-60. ONLINE Ashtor, E 1969 Histoire des Prix et des Salaires dans l’Orient Médiéval Paris. HISTORY 82 Z 12 ASH Bang, P.F. 2008. The Roman bazaar: a comparative study of trade and markets in a tributary empire. Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY R 68 BAN Bessard, F. 2013. Between localism and a desire for greater openness: The urban economy in southern Greater Syria from the 7th century to the end of the Umayyads,” in L. Lavan (ed.) Local Economies?: Regional Production and Exchange in Late Antiquity, Leiden, 363-406. ONLINE Breen, C. (2013). Towards an Archaeology of Early Islamic Ports on the Western Red Sea Coast. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 8(2), 311-323. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE. Bulliet, R.W. 2009. Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History. New York. INST ARCH DBG 100 BUL Chittick, H. N. 1970. East African Trade with the Orient. In D.S Richards (ed.) Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Oxford: 97-104. STORE 04-0616/43 Constable, O.R. 2003. Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge. HISTORY 82 cu CON; ONLINE Cytryn-Silverman, K. 2010. The Road Inns (Khans) in Bilad al-Sham. Oxford. INST ARCH DBA 100 Qto CYT de la Vaissière, È. 2005. Sogdian Traders: A History. Leiden. INST ARCH DBK LAV Decker, M. 2009. Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY B 67 DEC; ONLINE. Di Meglio, R. R. 1970. Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th to the 16th Century. In D.S Richards (ed.) Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Oxford: 105-36. STORE 04-0616/43 Goitein, S. D. 1973. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, Translated from the Arabic. Princeton. HEBREW A 102 GOI Goitein, S. D. 1954. From the Mediterranean to India: Documents on the Trade to India, South Arabia, and East Africa from the 11th and 12th centuries. Speculum 29: 191-97. ONLINE Goitein, S. D.1961 The Main Industries of the Mediterranean Area as Reflected in the Records of the Cairo Geniza. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 4: 168-197. ONLINE Goiten, S.D. 1967-93. [6 vols] A Mediterranean Society: the Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley. HEBREW A 70 GOI; ONLINE Hourani, G.F. and J. Carswell 1995. Trade Routes under the Caliphate, Arab Seafaring Princeton, 51-86. INST ARCH DBA 400 HOU; ONLINE Horton, M, 2006, Artisans, Communities, and Commodities: Medieval Exchanges between Northwestern India and East Africa. Ars Orientalis, 34: 62 – 80 ONLINE Hudson, G. F. 1970. The Medieval Trade of China. In D. S Richards (ed.) Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium, Oxford: 159-67. STORE 04-0616/43 Insoll, T. 2001. Timbuktu and Europe: Trade, Cities and Islam in ‘Medieval West Africa’. In The Medieval World. (2nd ed.). Oxford. MAIN HISTORY 41 F LIN; ONLINE Jacoby, David. “Venetian commercial expansion in the eastern Mediterranean, 8th -11th centuries,” in M/ Mango (ed.) Byzantine Trade, 4th -12th centuries. Farnham: 371-392. INST ARCH DA 180 MAN Lopez, Robert S. and Irving W. Raymond, trans. Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World, New York. HISTORY 82 CR LOP; ONLINE. Mango, M. 2009. Byzantine trade, 4th-12th centuries: The archaeology of local, regional and international exchange. Farnham. INST ARCH DA 180 MAN Mikkelsen, E., 2012. The Vikings and Islam, in S. Brink and N. Price (eds.) The Viking World, 543-9.

23 Nixon, S. 2009. Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): new archaeological investigations of early Islamic trans-Saharan trade, Azania 44, 2:217-255. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Nixon, S. et al. 2011.New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali, Antiquity 85, 330: 1353-1368 INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Peacock, A. C. S. 2007 Black Sea Trade and the Islamic World down to the Mongol Period. In G. Erkut and S. Mitchell (eds.) The Black Sea. Past, Present and Future. STORE 16-0715 Power, T. 2012. The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500-1000 . Cairo INST ARCH DBF POW; ONLINE Risso, P. 1995. Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder, CO,20-54, 99-106. ONLINE. Van der Veen, M. and Morales, J. 2015. The Roman and Islamic spice trade: New archaeological evidence. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 167: 54-63. ONLINE Walmsley, A. 2000. Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic Near East: Old Structures, New Systems? in I.L. Hansen and C. Wickham (eds), The Long Eighth Century. Leiden, 264-343. ISSUE DESK IOA HAN 6 Whitehouse, D. 1970. Siraf: A Medieval Port on the Persian Gulf, World Archaeology 2, 141-58. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Wickham, C. 2004. The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58: 161-74. ONLINE Wordsworth, P. 2015. Merv on Khorasanian trade routes from the 10th-13th centuries, in: Rante, R. (ed.) Greater Khorasan: History, Geography, Archaeology and Material Culture. Berlin, 51-62. ONLINE Wordsworth, P. 2016. Sustaining Travel - the economy of medieval stopping-places across the Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan. In McPhillips, S. and Wordsworth, P. (eds.), Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History and Ethnography. Philadelphia, PA. ISSUE DESK IOA MCP 1

SESSION 8: The Islamic City Was there a model of ‘Islamic urbanism’ and if so, when did it appear? Cities underwent significant change during the early Islamic period. In Syria-Palestine and the Islamic West, the gridded and colonnaded streets of the ‘classical’ Graeco-Roman city were replaced by irregular alleys, suqs (markets) and mosques effecting a transformation from polis (Greek ‘city’) to madina (Arabic – ‘city’) as Hugh Kennedy has described in an important article. But the Muslims did not simply take over the existing fabric, they built their own cities too: the amsar (garrison cities), palace-cities as well as other urban centres to fill trading, social or economic needs.

Essential Abu-Lughod, J. 1987. The Islamic City-Historic Myth, Islamic Essence and Contemporary Relevance, IJMES 19.2: 155-76. ONLINE Bacharach, J.L., 1991. Administrative Complexes, Palaces, and Citadels: Changes in the Loci of Medieval Muslim Rule. In Bierman, I. (ed.) The Ottoman City and Its Parts: Urban Structure and Social Order, 105-22. INST ARCH DBC 100 BIE Hillenbrand, R. 1999. Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism. In G.P. Brogiolo & Ward-Perkins, B. (ed.) The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Leiden, 59-98. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO; COPIES IN TC Kennedy, H. 1985. Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria, Past and Present 106: 3-27. ONLINE

Pick a case-study from the following: Avni, G. 2011. From Polis to Madina Revisited–Urban Change in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 21, 3, 301-329. ONLINE Eger, A.A., 2013. (Re) Mapping Medieval Antioch: Urban Transformations from the Early Islamic to the Middle Byzantine Periods. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 67, 95-134. ONLINE

24 Gascoigne, A. L. 2007. The Water Supply of Tinnis: Public amenities and private investments, in Bennison, A.K., and A. L. Gascoigne, (eds.) Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. London, 161-76. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies] Kennedy, H. 2006. From Shahristan to medina. Studia islamica, (102/103), 5-34. ONLINE Kennedy, H. 2010. How to found an Islamic city. In Goodson, C. and Lester, AE and Symes, C., (eds.), Cities, Texts and Social Networks 400-1500. Aldershot, 45-63 HISTORY 82 BF GOO Rante, R. 2007. The topography of Rayy during the early Islamic period. Iran 45: 161-80 ONLINE Vallejo Triano, A. 2007 Madīnat al-Zahrā’: Transformation of a Caliphal City. In G.D. Anderson and M. Rosser-Owen (eds.) Revisiting Al-Andalus. Perspectives on the Material Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond. Leiden: Brill. 3-26. Whitcomb, D. 2007. An Urban Structure for the Early Islamic City, in A. Bennison and A. Gascoigne (eds.) Cities in the pre-modern Islamic World. 15-26. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies]; COPIES IN TC Whitcomb, D. 1994. ‘Amsar in Syria? Syrian cities after the Conquest’ ARAM Periodical 6: 13-33. SOAS Williams. T. 2007. The City of Sultan Kala, Merv, Turkmenistan: Communities, neighbourhoods and urban planning from the eighth to thirteenth century, in Bennison, A.K., and A. L. Gascoigne (eds.) Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. London, 42-61. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies]

Further Reading – cities Akbar, J. 1989 Khatta and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns. Muqarnas VI: 23-32. ONLINE Avni, G. 2014. The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford. INST ARCH DBE 100 AVN [EBOOK] Brogiolo, G.P. & Ward-Perkins, B. (ed.) The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Leiden, 59-98. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO Bennison, A.K., & A. L. Gascoigne (eds.) 2007. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. London. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies]. Bruning, J. 2018. The rise of a capital: Al-Fustat and its hinterland, 18/639-132/750. Brill. ONLINE. Fenwick, C. 2013 From Africa to Ifrīqiya: Settlement and Society in Early Medieval North Africa (650– 800). Al-Masaq 25.1: 9-33 ONLINE Insoll, T. 1999.An Archaeology of Islam. London, 201-226. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS Leon, A. and Murillo, J.F. 2014. Advances in Research in Islamic Cordoba. Journal of Islamic Archaeology 1.1: 5-35. ONLINE Nef, A. 2013. A Companion to medieval Palermo. Brill. ON ORDER Novacek, K. et al. (eds.) 2017. Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia. Oxford. INST ARCH DBB 100 Qto NOV Petruccioli, A. et al. (eds) 2008. The City in the Islamic World, Leiden. BARLETT HT147.5 .C58 2008 (2 vols.) Peters, F.E. 1986. Jerusalem and Mecca. The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York. INST ARCH DBA 100 PET Petersen, A. 2005. The Archaeology of Towns in Muslim Palestine. Oxford. INST ARCH DBE 100 Qto PET Raymond, A. 1994. Islamic city, Arab city: Orientalist myths and recent views, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 21: 1, 3–18. ONLINE Redman, C. 1985. Qsar es-Seghir: An Archaeological View of Medieval Life. ON ORDER Ruggles, D.F. 2000. Madinat al-Zahra, In Gardens, Landscape and Vision in the palaces of Islamic Spain. Univ. Park,53-85. BARTLETT SB457.8 .R845 2000 Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52. ONLINE Wheatley, P. 2000. The Places Where Men Pray. Chicago. INST ARCH DBA 100 WHE [See for regional overviews]

Further reading: urban space AlSayyad, N. 2011. Cairo: Histories of a City. Cambridge, Mass. ONLINE 25 Alston, R. 2009. Urban Transformation in the East from Byzantium to Islam. Acta Byzantina Fennica 3: 8-38 SSEES Periodicals Karimian, H. 2011. Transition from Equality to the Hierarchical Social Structure and Urban Form in the Early Islamic Cities. Der Islam 86(2): 237-70 ONLINE Khalaf, R.W. 2012. Traditional vs modern Arabian morphologies. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2(1): 27-43 ONLINE Radoine, H. 2011. Planning paradigm in the madina: Order in randomness. Planning Perspectives: 26(4) 527-49 ONLINE Rante, R. & Raimkulov, A. 2013. Les fouilles de Paykend: nouveaux éléments. Cahiers d'Asie centrale 22/23: 237-58 Jayyusi, S.K., Holod, R., Petruccioli, A. & Raymond, A. (eds.) The city in the Islamic world. Leiden. TOWN PLANNING B 161 CIT Especially: The Spatial Organization of the City (André Raymond); Inherited Cities (Hugh Kennedy); Founded Cities of the Arab World from the Seventh to the Eleventh Centuries (Sylvie Denoix)

SESSION 9: Everyday Islam Moving from the macro-scale level of the city, this session examines how people were living in the centuries following the Arab conquest and assesses the impact that Islam may (or may not) have had on daily practices and lifeways. Houses, for example, are often assumed to be reliable mirrors of society, and so too the ‘Islamic’ house has often been read through the lens of concepts of privacy, gender and social organisation associated with Islam. We will discuss the theoretical and methodological issues of understanding house organisation, diet, burial and consumption practices through the lens of Islam.

Essential reading Insoll, T. 1999. An Archaeology of Islam. London. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS [especially 60-92] *Gutiérrez Lloret, S. 2013. ‘Coming back to grammar of the house: social meaning of medieval households’ in S. Gutiérrez Lloret and I. Grau Mira (eds.) De la estructura doméstica al espacio social. Lecturas arqueolólogicas del uso social del espacio. Alicante: 245-54 INST ARCH DAPA Qto GUT Magness, J. 2010. ‘Early Islamic Pottery: Evidence of a Revolution in Diet and Dining Habits’. In S. R. Steadman and J.C. Ross (eds.) Agency and Identity in the Ancient Near East: New Paths Forward. London. INST ARCH DBA 100 STE. MacLean, R. and Insoll, T., 2003. Archaeology, luxury and the exotic: the examples of Islamic Gao (Mali) and Bahrain. World Archaeology, 34(3): 558-570. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE.

Pick a case-study: Alexander, M.M., Gerrard, C.M., Gutiérrez, A. and Millard, A.R., 2015. Diet, society, and economy in late medieval Spain: stable isotope evidence from Muslims and Christians from Gandía, Valencia. American journal of physical anthropology, 156, 2: 263-273. ONLINE Fentress, E., 1987. The house of the prophet: North African Islamic Housing. Archeologia Medievale, 14, p.47. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Gascoigne, A.L., 2013. ‘Cooking pots and choices in the medieval Middle East.’ In J. Bintliff and M. Caroscio (eds.) Pottery and Social Dynamics in the Mediterranean and Beyond in Medieval and Post-Medieval Times. Oxford: 1-10. STORE 16-0815 Grau-Sologestoa, Idoia. 2017."Socio-economic status and religious identity in medieval Iberia: The zooarchaeological evidence." Environmental Archaeology 22.2: 189-199. ONLINE Inskip, S. 2013. 'Islam in Iberia or Iberian Islam: Bioarchaeology and the Analysis of Emerging Islamic Identity in Early Medieval Iberia', Post Classical Archaeologies 3:63–93 INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE

26 Northedge, A. 2012 The contents of the first Muslim houses: Thoughts about the assemblages from the Amman Citadel. In R Matthews et al. (eds), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 633-659. INST ARCH DBA 100 MAT Walmsley, A. 2007. The Excavation of an Umayyad Period House at Pella in Jordan, in: Lavan, L., Özgenel, L. & Sarantis, A. (eds.) Housing in Late Antiquity: From Palaces to Shops. Leiden, 515- 22. INST ARCH DA 180 LAV; ONLINE

Further Reading: housing and daily life Bonine, M.E. 2007. Islamic Urbanism, Urbanites, and the Middle Eastern City, in: Choueiri, Y.M. (ed.) A Companion to the History of the Middle East. Oxford, 393-406. ONLINE Campo, J. E.1991. The Other Sides of Paradise: Explorations into the Religious Meanings of Domestic Space in Islam. Columbia: 48-73. INST ARCH KO CAM Jayyusi, S.K., Holod, R., Petruccioli, A. & Raymond, A. (eds.) The city in the Islamic world. Leiden. BARTLETT HT147.5 C58 2008 Especially: Dar-Al Ma: The Architecture of Water in the Islamic Countries (Calogero Montalbano); The Economy of the Traditional City (André Raymond); The Management of the City (André Raymond); Citizenhood: Proof Against the Century (Mohammed Naciri); House and Fabric in the Islamic Mediterranean City (Attilio Petruccioli); The Gendered City (Lucienne Thys-Şenocak) Simpson, S. 1995. Death and Burial in the Late Islamic Near East: Some Insights from Archaeology and Ethnography. In: S. Campbell and A. Green (eds) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East. Oxford. INST ARCH DBA 100 Qto CAM Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52 ONLINE

Industry and commerce (see also readings in session 8) Foote, R.M., 2000. Commerce, Industrial Expansion, and Orthogonal Planning: Mutually Compatible Terms in Settlements of Bilad al-Sham during the Umayyad Period. Mediterranean Archaeology: 25-38. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE. Heidemann, S. 2006; The History of the industrial and commercial area of ‘Abbāsid al- Raqqa, called al- Raqqa al-Muhtariqa. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69.1: 32-52. ONLINE Stillman, N. A. 1973. “The Eleventh Century Merchant House of Ibn ‘Awkal (A Geniza Study)” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16: 15-88. ONLINE Simpson, I. 2008. ‘Market Buildings at Jarash: Commercial Transformation at the Tetrakionion in the 6th to 9th centuries C.E. Orient-Archaeologie 24:115-124. INST ARCH Pers Tonghini, C. and Henderson, J., 1998. An eleventh-century pottery production workshop at al-Raqqa. Preliminary report. Levant, 30(1), pp.113-127. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Tsafrir, Yoram. “Trade, workshops and shops in Bet Shean/Scythopolis, 4th-8th centuries,” in M. Mango (ed.) Byzantine Trade, 4th -12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange, Aldershot: 61-82. INST ARCH DA 180 MAN

SESSION 10: The future of Islamic heritage

The history and heritage of the Islamic world is being destroyed at an unprecedented rate. Major threats come from rapid development, war and conflict, deliberate destruction, looting and the illegal antiquities trade. At the same time, the history of early Islam and the first caliphates have become appropriated in very different ways by nationalist, supra-national and more local agendas. These developments pose significant challenges for all those working in or on the Islamic world.

Come prepared to talk about media representation of destruction at one of the following sites: Aleppo, Mecca, Bosnia, Bamiyan Buddhas, Timbuktu, Palmyra (or another of your choice).

27 Essential (in this order) Rabbat, N. 2017. ‘Identity, Modernity, and the Destruction of Heritage’ International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 49-4: 739-41. Joy, C. 2016. "‘UNESCO is what?’ World Heritage, Militant Islam and the search for a common humanity in Mali." In C Brumann and D Berliner (eds.) World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives, Oxford: 60-77. INST ARCH AG BRU al-Quntar [al-Kuntar], S. and Daniels, B. 2016. ‘Responses to the Destruction of Syrian Cultural Heritage: A Critical Review of Current Efforts’, International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5.2: 381–97 ONLINE Winegar, J. 2008. ‘The Humanity Game: Art, Islam and the War on Terror’ Anthropology Quarterly 81, 3: 651-681. ONLINE

For those who need background: Watenpaugh, H.Z. 2016. ‘Cultural Heritage and the Arab Spring: War over Culture, Culture of War and Culture War.’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5,2: 245-63 ONLINE

Heritage and conflict in the Islamic world Special Issue: ‘Cultural Heritage in Crisis’ (2017), International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 49-4: 721-56 (7 short papers) Bauer A. 2015 Editorial: the destruction of heritage in Syria and Iraq and its implications, International Journal of Cultural Property 22, 106. ONLINE Brosché, J., Legnér, M., Kreutz, J. and Ijla, A., 2017. Heritage under attack: motives for targeting cultural property during armed conflict. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(3), 248-260. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Cunliffe, E., Muhesen, N. and Lostal, M., 2016. The destruction of cultural property in the Syrian conflict: legal implications and obligations. International Journal of Cultural Property, 23(1), 1- 31. ONLINE De Cesari, C. 2015. Post-colonial ruins: Archaeologies of political violence and IS, Anthropology Today 31,6, 22-6. ONLINE Gerstenblith, P. 2016. "The destruction of cultural heritage: A crime against property or a crime against people?". The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 15, 3:337 - 93. ONLINE Isakhan, B. 2013. "Heritage destruction and spikes in violence: the case of Iraq." In J.D Kila and J.A. Zeidler (eds.) Cultural Heritage in the Crosshairs: Protecting Cultural Property during Conflict, Leiden: 219-47 INST ARCH AG 22 KIL Isakhan, B. 2015. "The Iraq legacies and the roots of the ‘Islamic State’." In B Isakhan (ed.) The Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 War to the ‘Islamic State, Edinburgh: 223-35. ONLINE Isakhan, B., 2015. Creating the Iraq cultural property destruction database: calculating a heritage destruction index. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(1), 1-21. ONLINE Islamic Human Rights Commission. "Whose Hajj is it anyway?". Wembley: IHRC, http://www.ihrc.org.uk/publications/briefings/11763-whose-hajj-is-it-anyway, 2016. Joy, C.L., 2016. The politics of heritage management in Mali: from UNESCO to Djenné. Routledge. INST ARCH DCF JOY. Meskell, Lynn. 2018. A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace. Oxford University Press. ON ORDER Plets, G. 2017. Violins and trowels for Palmyra: Post-conflict heritage politics. Anthropology Today 33,4: 18-22. ONLINE Kila, J. and Zeidler, J. eds., 2013. Cultural heritage in the crosshairs: protecting cultural property during conflict. Brill. INST ARCH AG 22 KIL Kornegay, K. "Destroying the shrines of unbelievers: The challenge of iconoclasm to the international framework for the protection of cultural property." Military Law Review 221 (2014): 153-82. ONLINE

28 Lababidi, R., and H. Qassar. 2016. "Did They Really Forget How to Do It?: Iraq, Syria, and the International Response to Protect a Shared Heritage." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 4, no. 4 (2016): 341-62 ONLINE Lamprakos, M. 2015. Building a World Heritage City: Sanaa, Yemen. London. INST ARCH AG LAM; ONLINE Lostal, M. 2017. International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case-Studies of Syria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Cambridge. ONLINE Nassar, A. E. "The International Criminal Court and the Applicability of International Jurisdiction under Islamic Law." Chicago Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2003): 587-96. ONLINE Pollock, S., 2016. Archaeology and Contemporary Warfare. Annual Review of Anthropology, 45, 215- 231. ONLINE Shahab, S. and Iskahan, B. 2018. ‘The ritualization of heritage destruction under the Islamic state’. Journal of Social Archaeology 18,2: 212-33. Smith, C, H. Burke, C. de Leiuen, and G. Jackson. 2016. “The Islamic State’s Symbolic War: Da’esh’s Socially Mediated Terrorism as a Threat to Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Social Archaeology 16 (2): 164–188 INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Veintimilla, D. J. 2016. "Islamic law and war crimes trials: The possibility and challenges of a War Crimes Tribunal against the Assad Regime and ISIL." Cornell International Law Journal 49: 497- 519. ONLINE. Walasek, H. 2016. Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. Abingdon. INST ARCH DARD WAL

Heritage in the Middle East De Cesari, C. 2016. ‘Ottonostalgias and Urban Apartheid’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5,2: 339-57. ONLINE Lafrenz-Samuels, K., 2009. Trajectories of development: International heritage management of archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa. Archaeologies, 5(1): 68-91. INST ARCH Pers; ONLINE Sidi, A. O. 2012. "Maintaining Timbuktu’s unique tangible and intangible heritage." International Journal of Heritage Studies 18, no. 3: 324-31. ONLINE Rabbat, N. 2016. "Heritage as a right: Heritage and the Arab Spring." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 5,2: 267-78. ONLINE Rico, T. 2017. The Making of Islamic Heritage: Muslim Pasts and Heritage Presents . Springer. ONLINE. Bernbeck, R. 2010. Heritage Politics: Learning from Mullah Omar? In R. Boytner et al. (eds.) Controlling the past, owning the future: the political uses of archaeology in the Middle East, Tucson, 27-54. INST ARCH DBA 100 BOY Bernbeck, R. and S. Pollock 2004. The political economy of archaeological practice and the production of heritage in the Middle East. In L. Meskell & R.W. Preucel (eds). A companion to social archaeology, Oxford, 334-352. INST ARCH BD MES; ONLINE Meskell, L. (ed.) 1997. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, 140-58. INST ARCH Issue desk MES; AG MES. Shaw, W. 2017. ‘In Situ: The Contraindications of World Heritage’ International Journal of Islamic Architecture 6,2: 339-65. ONLINE Starzmann, M.T. 2012. Archaeological fieldwork in the Middle East: Academic agendas, labour politics and neo-colonialism. In S. van der Linde et al. (eds). European archaeology abroad: Global settings, comparative perspectives, 401-14. Leiden. INST ARCH AF LIN

4. ONLINE RESOURCES

The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook. Pdfs of certain readings will be posted on Moodle.

29 The online reading list is available at http://readinglists.ucl.ac.uk/lists/2BC9819C-5C12-244D-F14C- C4DD031B3207.html

Of the major collections of Islamic art held in museums around the world, some offer excellent websites, presenting thematic overviews and image catalogues. Students should browse these websites to familiarise themselves with Islamic material culture, using the images for essays where necessary. Particularly useful are:

Islamic World, British Museum, London http://islamicworld.britishmuseum.org/ Islamic Middle East, Victoria & Albert Museum, London http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/i/islamic-middle-east/ Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/4/837 Islamic Art, The David Collection, Copenhagen http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic Arts of the Islamic World, Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/islamic.asp Islamic Art, Metropolitan Museum, New York http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/museum-departments/curatorial-departments/islamic-art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum, New York http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Islamic

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES Qantara – Mediterranean Heritage http://www.qantara-med.org/ Discover Islamic Art, Museums with No Frontiers http://www.discoverislamicart.org/index.php Islamic Arts and Architecture http://islamic-arts.org/ ArchNet, Islamic Architecture Community, Aga Khan Project http://archnet.org/library/ Aga Khan Visual Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936 Encyclopaedia Iranica http://www.iranicaonline.org/

5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this course are: Main Library (Ancient History, History, Art, Classics) Other accessible libraries in the vicinity of UCL which have holdings relevant to this course include: Senate House Library http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/ School of Oriental and African Studies http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/ (This has a fantastic collection and UCL students are able to borrow books without charge) The Institute of Classical Studies Library http://library.icls.sas.ac.uk/admission-membership.htm (Reference free to postgraduate students). British Library http://www.bl.uk/ - please note that this resource is primarily for doctoral students, but may be of help for details of more advanced research when writing your essays.

30 Islamic Museum Collections in London British Museum Jameel Galleries, V&A Museum Petrie Museum Brunei Gallery, SOAS

Arabic Courses Course units in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are offered by the UCL Centre for Languages and International Education.

Other good (fee-charging) evening courses on offer in London are: SOAS Language Centre (MSA, Quranic Arabic, Levantine, and Egyptian) https://www.soas.ac.uk/languagecentre/languages/arabic/ UCL CLIE Evening Courses http://www.ucl.ac.uk/clie/foreign-languages/evening-courses/ Ibn Jabal Institute (emphasis on classical Arabic) http://www.ibnjabal.com/home/

Other UCL and intercollegiate courses on the Islamic world MA options in UCL History; architecture and archaeology options at SOAS (especially options co- ordinated by Prof. Scott Redford and Dr. Simon O’Meara).

Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email [email protected]), which will also be available on the IoA website.

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INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA website. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Course Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

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