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Glass and Glass Production in the Near East During the Iron Age

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Glass and Glass Production in the Near East During the Iron Age Glass and Glass Production in the Near East during the Iron Age Evidence from objects, texts and chemical analysis Katharina Schmidt Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-154-2 ISBN 978-1-78969-155-9 (e-Pdf) © Katharina Schmidt and Archaeopress 2019 Cover image: Inlaid glass bowl from the Amman Citadel, © École biblique/ Department of Antiquities, Jordan, photo: Johannes Kramer All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com To my family and Samar Contents List of Figures ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v List of Tables ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ vi Sources for Plates Illustrations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii 1. Foreword and Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1.1. Aims and objectives ........................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. Primary and secondary production and the principles of chaîne opératoire ...........................................................4 1.3. Previous studies on glass in the ancient Near East ....................................................................................................4 1.4. Geographical and chronological framework ...............................................................................................................6 1.4.1 Assyria and Babylonia .............................................................................................................................................6 1.4.1.1 The Neo-Assyrian period ..............................................................................................................................6 1.4.1.2 The Neo-Babylonian period ..........................................................................................................................7 1.4.2 Levant ........................................................................................................................................................................7 1.4.2.1 History and chronology of the Levant ........................................................................................................7 1.4.2.2 ‘Phoenicia’ and related terminological difficulties ..................................................................................8 1.5. The beginnings of glass production in ancient Mesopotamia ..................................................................................9 2. Glass and Glassy Materials: Definitions and Material Properties ��������������������������������������������������������������������������11 2.1. Glass ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 2.1.1 Physical properties and chemical composition ................................................................................................11 2.1.2 Melting properties and workability ..................................................................................................................12 2.1.3 Weathering effects ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 2.2. Glassy and sintered materials: definitions and compositions ...............................................................................13 2.2.1 Faience .....................................................................................................................................................................13 2.2.2 Glassy faience .........................................................................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Frit ............................................................................................................................................................................14 2.2.4 Glazes .......................................................................................................................................................................15 2.2.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................16 3. Archaeological Contexts: Sites with Iron Age Glass Finds ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3.1. Assyria .............................................................................................................................................................................17 3.1.1 Aššur .......................................................................................................................................................................17 3.1.1.1 Ištar and Nabû temples �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 3.1.1.2 Graves �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 3.1.1.3 Other contexts ..............................................................................................................................................19 3.1.2 Khorsabad ...............................................................................................................................................................20 3.1.3 Arslan Taş ...............................................................................................................................................................20 3.1.4 Nimrud ...................................................................................................................................................................21 3.1.4.1 Ninurta Temple ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 3.1.4.2 Northwest Palace ..........................................................................................................................................21 3.1.4.3 Burnt Palace ..................................................................................................................................................22 3.1.4.4 Fort Shalmaneser .........................................................................................................................................23 3.1.4.5 Summary........................................................................................................................................................25 3.1.5 Nineveh ...................................................................................................................................................................26 3.1.6 Sultantepe ...............................................................................................................................................................26 3.1.7 Til Barsip ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 3.1.8 Ziyaret Tepe ...........................................................................................................................................................26 3.2. Babylonia.........................................................................................................................................................................27 3.2.1 Babylon ...................................................................................................................................................................27 3.2.1.1 Graves �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 3.2.1.2 Other contexts ..............................................................................................................................................27 3.2.1.3 Duleym ...........................................................................................................................................................28 3.2.2 Eridu .......................................................................................................................................................................28 3.2.3 Isin ...........................................................................................................................................................................28 3.2.4 Kiš ............................................................................................................................................................................29
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