ANNALES

Thessaloniki 2009

du 18e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE C Y M B C Y M B

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B ANNALES

du 18e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

Editors Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

Editing Committee Nadia Coutsinas Ian C. Freestone Sylvia Fünfschilling Caroline Jackson Janet Duncan Jones Marie-Dominique Nenna Lisa Pilosi Maria Plastira-Valkanou Jennifer Price Jane Shadel Spillman Marco Verità David Whitehouse B

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Couverture / Cover illustration The haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm. © 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece. The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ‘A haematinon bowl from Pydna’, p. 69.

© 2012 Thessaloniki AIHV and authors ISBN: 978-90-72290-00-7 Editors: Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

AIHV Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass http: www.aihv.org Secretariat: The Corning Museum of Glass One Museum Way B

M Corning NY, 14830 USA

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CONTENTS

PRÉFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA ...... xiii

PREFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA ...... xv

GREEK LITERARY SOURCES

STERN MARIANNE EVA Ancient Greek technical terms related to glass production ...... 1

2nd MILLENNIUM BC / BRONZE AGE GLASS

NIGHTINGALE GEORG Glass and faience and Mycenaean society ...... 7

SMIRNIOU MELINA, REHREN THILO, ADRYMI-SISMANI VASSILIKI, ASDERAKI ELENI, GRATUZE BERNARD Mycenaean beads from Kazanaki, Volos: a further node in the LBA glass network ...... 11

ARCHONTIDOU-ARGYRI ΑGLAÏA, VAVLIAKIS GEORGE Mycenaean Psara - The glass finds ...... 19

BIRON ISABELLE, MATOÏAN VALÉRIE, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS JANE Scientific analysis of glass from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria) ...... 27

ERTEN EMEL Early ancient glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey ...... 33

NICHOLSON T. PAUL, JACKSON M. CAROLINE The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake? ...... 38

RÖHRS STEFAN, SMIRNIOU MELINA, MARÉE MARCEL The British Museum’s Amarna fish scientifically studied ...... 44

IKEDA KAZUMI Core-formed glass vessels from Sinai peninsula, Egypt ...... 48

AZUMA YOKO, TANTRAKARN KRIENGKAMOL, KATO NORIHITO, AND NAKAI IZUMI Scientific analysis of ancient glass collections of the Miho Museum ...... 51

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LIARDET FRANCES

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NENNA MARIE-DOMINIQUE B

M Les contenants à huile parfumée façonnés sur noyau dans les dépôts votifs des sanctuaires grecs : l’exemple de l’Artémision de Thasos ...... 61

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C IGNATIADOU DESPINA A haematinon bowl from Pydna ...... 69

OIKONOMOU ARTEMIOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS Analytical and technological study of blue glass from Thebes, Greece: An overall assessment ...... 75

READE J. WENDY, DUNCAN JONES JANET, PRIVAT KAREN Iron Age and Hellenistic monochrome glasses from Gordion ...... 81

HELLENISTIC GLASS

PATERA IOANNA, NIKOLAIDOU-PATERA MARIA Hellenistic tomb at the ancient city of Philippi ...... 87

CONNOLLY PHILIP, REHREN THILO, DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ARGYROULA, ARACHOVITI POLYXENI The Hellenistic glass of Pherai, Thessaly ...... 91

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, KARATASIOS IOANNIS, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS PAVLOS Corrosion morphology of Hellenistic glass finds in relation to manufacture techniques ...... 98

PLOYER RENÉ Glass from the excavations in the so-called ‘Hellenistic’ town of Palmyra. A preliminary report ...... 104

AUTH H. SUSAN The Denderah cache of glass inlays: A possible votive pectoral ...... 109

GRADEL CORALIE Les verres d’époques hellénistique et romaine dans le royaume de Méroé ...... 114

ROMAN GLASS

BREMS DIETER, BOYEN SARA, GANIO MONICA, DEGRYSE PATRICK, WALTON MARC Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for glass production in antiquity ...... 120

DIANI MARIA GRAZIA, TONINI CRISTINA Nouvelles attestations de verres antiques dans le Musée de Lodovico Pogliaghi – Varèse (Italie) ...... 128

SAGUÌ LUCIA, SANTOPADRE PAOLA, VERITÀ MARCO Technology, colours, forms, and shapes in the 2nd century glass opus sectile materials from the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome ...... 133

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, LEONELLI CRISTINA, CORRADI ANNA The earliest wall mosaics and the origin of Roman glass in Italy: archaeological considerations for an archaeometric study ...... 139

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, NIKITA KALLIOPI, VERONESI PAOLO, B HENDERSON JULIAN, LEONELLI CRISTINA, ANDREESCU-TREADGOLD IRINA M Glass in mosaic tesserae: Two interdisciplinary research projects ...... 145

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C DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE BRIGITTE Le verre du Quartier de la Maison aux mosaïques à Érétrie (Eubée, Grèce) ...... 151

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MALAMA PENELOPE, DARAKIS KONSTANTINOS M

Die Kunst der Glasherstellung in Amphipolis während der römischen Zeit ...... 158 B

MCCALL BERNADETTE Use or re-use: Late Roman glass finds from the Nea Paphos Theatre site, Cyprus ...... 165

STOLYAROVA K. EKATERINA Chemical composition of glass and faience beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis ...... 171

JACKSON CAROLINE, PRICE JENNIFER Analyses of Late Roman glass from the Commandant’s House of the fort at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK ...... 175

ROBIN LAUDINE L’artisanat du verre à Lyon-Lugdunum (France) durant le Haut-Empire ...... 183

LOUIS AURORE La place du mobilier en verre dans les sépultures gallo-romaines de Champagne-Ardenne (France) . . . . 190

BULJEVIĆ ZRINKA Glass from the Lora Cemetery at Split ...... 197

FADIĆ IVO, ŠTEFANAC BERISLAV Workshop stamps on square bottles from the Zadar region ...... 206

DRĂGHICI CRISTINA Glassware from Tomis: Chronological and typological aspects ...... 211

HANSEN LUND ULLA The Early Roman painted glass from Zaborów, Poland ...... 217

GREIFF SUSANNE On the relationship between enamelled glass and other opaque glass technologies: The colour red . . . . . 224

TARTARI FATOS Les nouvelles trouvailles de verre antique à Dyrrhachium ...... 231

ROMAN / EARLY CHRISTIAN GLASS

COUTSINAS NADIA Le matériel en verre de la cité d’Itanos (Crète orientale) ...... 233

PAPAGEORGIOU METAXIA, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS Technological and typological investigation of Late Roman glass mosaic tesserae from Ancient Messene, Greece ...... 241

SAKALIS ANASTASIOS, TSIAFAKI DESPOINA, ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS, TSIRLIGANIS C. NESTOR Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of Late Roman glass from Thessaloniki ...... 249

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA Past Conservation Interventions on the Kenchreai opus sectile panels: The Greek approach ...... 254

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA, LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, TILIGADA DIMITRA B A triple ark for the Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels: M Preventive conservation and access at the Isthmia Archaeological Museum ...... 261

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M Glass finds from Antinoopolis, Egypt ...... 272

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JEREMIĆ GORDANA Glass artefacts from Roman and Late Roman fortification at Saldum on the Middle Danube. Social and economic background ...... 284

GENÇLER GÜRAY ÇIĞDEM Early Byzantine glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş) ...... 292

BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS

BARAG P. D AN Stamped glass pendants from Syria: From Constantine the Great to the Arab conquest ...... 300

ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS Gold-glass tile decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki ...... 301

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, MOROPOULOU ANTONIA Byzantine gold-leaf glass tesserae:A closer look at manufacturing technique and decay ...... 307

ATİK ŞENİZ Three Byzantine gold-glass pieces ...... 309

VERITÀ MARCO, ZECCHIN SANDRO Scientific investigation of Byzantine glass tesserae from the mosaics on the south chapel of Torcello’s Basilica, Venice ...... 315

JAMES LIZ Glass and the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics ...... 321

CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ ÜZLIFAT Recent glass finds in Istanbul ...... 326

WINTER TAMAR Glass vessels from excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ...... 333

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS

PILOSI LISA, STAMM KAREN, WYPYSKI T. MARK An Islamic cameo glass fragment in the Metropolitan Museum of Art ...... 341

SWAN M. CAROLYN Spatial and temporal considerations of technological change: Examining Early Islamic glass ...... 346

BOULOGNE STEPHANIE, HARDY-GUILBERT CLAIRE Le verre décoré issu des fouilles du site d’al-Shihr au Yémen ...... 351

MOSSAKOWSKA-GAUBERT MARIA e e B Verres de l’époque byzantine - début de l’époque arabe (v -viii siècle) : M objets provenant des ermitages en Égypte ...... 357

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FREY ANNETTE, GREIFF SUSANNE B Early Medieval glass beads with metal tubes ...... 373

BROADLEY ROSE, GARDNER CARLOTTA, BAYLEY JUSTINE The Church Lane assemblage: Early Medieval glass-working in the shadow of Canterbury Cathedral. . . 379

RADIČEVIĆ DEJAN Medieval glass bracelets from Banat Territory ...... 385

MĂNUCU-ADAMEŞTEANU GHEORGHE, POLL INGRID Bracelets en verre découverts dans les nécropoles de Isaccea - Vicina, département de Tulcea (Xe - XIIIe siècles) ...... 389

KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. JERZY, KIERZEK JOACHIM, FREESTONE C. IAN, MAŁOŻEWSKA-BUĆKO BOZENA, NAWROLSKA GRAŻYNA The composition of window glass from the cesspits in the Old Town in Elbląg, Poland...... 395

ČERNÁ EVA, HULÍNSKÝ VÁCLAV, MACHÁČEK JAN, PODLISKA JAROSLAV On the origin of enamel-painted glass of the 12th-14th centuries in Bohemia ...... 401

KRIŽANAC MILICA Scent bottles from Kotor, Montenegro ...... 409

ZEČEVIĆ EMINA Glass of Novo Brdo and its significance in Late Medieval glass production...... 414

POST BYZANTINE / VENETIAN / FAÇON DE VENISE GLASS

PAYNTER SARAH The importance of pots: The role of refractories in the development of the English glass industry during the 16th / 17th centuries ...... 419

SCOTT B. REBECCA, SHORTLAND J. ANDREW, POWER MATTHEW The interpretation of compositional groupings in 17th century window glass from Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford ...... 425

CAEN JOOST M. A. The production of stained glass in the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries: Materials and techniques ...... 430

MEEK S. ANDREW, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS A. JANE North-western European forest glass: Working towards an independent means of provenance ...... 437

MEDICI TERESA Revisiting the ‘Moura glass treasure’: New data about 17th century glass in Portugal...... 442

MORETTI CESARE, TONINI CRISTINA, HREGLICH SANDRO, MARIA DIANI GRAZIA “Lead glass with wonderful emerald colour”. A parallel between one of Antonio Neri’s recipes

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C From didactic stained glass windows of medieval cathedrals to the redemptive divine lightin Matisse’s Vence Chapel...... 453

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GREINER-WRONOWA ELŻBIETA, PUSOSKA ANNA, WRONA JAROSŁAW B

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C DE VIS KRISTEL, CAGNO SIMONE, VAN MOL WILLY, SCHALM OLIVIER, JANSSENS KOEN, CAEN JOOST The decolourization of manganese-stained glass: The conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness ...... 463

18th AND 19th CENTURY GLASS

LAURIKS LEEN, DE BOUW MICHAEL, QUENTIN COLLETTE, WOUTERS INE 19th century iron and glass architecture: Common construction details of cylinder and crown glass on iron sash bars ...... 469

VAN GIFFEN ASTRID, EREMIN KATHERINE, NEWMAN RICHARD The Harvard Glass Flowers and more: A technical study ...... 475

JARGSTORF SIBYLLE Mosaikglas/Millefioriglas - Probleme der Zuordnung und Herkunftsbestimmung ...... 481

AFRICAN AND ASIAN GLASS

IGE O. AKIN Ancient glassmaking in Ile-Ife, Southern Nigeria ...... 486

BORELL BRIGITTE Han period glass vessels from the gulf of Tonking region:Aspects of their technology ...... 491

INDEX OF ΑUTHORS ...... 497 B

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PRÉFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

’ai le grand plaisir de vous présenter les Annales du 18e congrès de l’Association JInternationale pour l’Histoire du Verre et je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont fait que cette publication paraisse dans les meilleurs délais, les auteurs au premier chef, le comité de lecture et surtout les éditeurs du volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-présidente, puis membre du bureau de l’AIHV durant les années 2006-2012 et Anastassios Antonaras.

Le 18e congrès de l’AIHV s’est tenu à Thessalonique du 21 au 25 septembre 2009. Il a été dédié à Clasina Isings qui est venue, via une video, nous offrir ses meilleurs vœux au début des sessions. Tous nos remerciements vont d’abord au Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui a organisé l’ensemble de cette manifestation et au Musée de la civilisation byzantine qui a accueilli nos sessions dans le tout nouveau auditorium, utilisé pour la première fois pour notre congrès. Remercions aussi les amis du Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui ont soutenu ce congrès avec entre autres, le beau sac décoré de balsamaires-oiseaux ; la préfecture de Thessalonique qui nous ont accueillis à la fin de ces journées. Et enfin, du fond du coeur, tous nos remerciements vont à Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras et au comité d’organisation pour avoir réuni tous leurs efforts pour organiser ce congrès et nous offrir l’occasion de nous rencontrer une nouvelle fois pour partager nos découvertes et nos réflexions sur ce matériau qui nous passionne tous.

Durant les trente-trois sessions organisées en parallèle, 95 contributions orales et 55 posters ont été présentés, montrant ainsi la vitalité de la recherche sur l’Histoire du Verre dans l’ensemble du monde scientifique. Grâce au dynamisme du comité grec, après une découverte de la ville à l’orée de notre congrès, des promenades thématiques ont été organisées afin de mieux connaître les différents aspects de Thessalonique, ville hellénistique et romaine, ville byzantine, ville ottomane avec son importante communauté juive et ville du xxe siècle. En outre, les excursions post-congrès ont permis aux participants de découvrir le cœur de la Macédoine avec les cités de Vergina et de Dion, ainsi que le lac de Pikrolimni, producteur de natron dans l’Antiquité et encore aujourd’hui, les villes d’Amphipolis et de Philip- pes ou encore de faire une croisière autour du Mont Athos.

Ce volume réunit 84 contributions qui couvrent un arc chronologique très vaste depuis le deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours, et touchent à tous les aspects B

de l’histoire du verre, avec une bonne interconnexion entre l’archéologie, l’histoire M de l’art et l’archéométrie. Une part importante est réservée aux débuts de l’histoire du

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dans le monde hellénistique avec des communications portant sur le Proche- B

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la vaisselle et des ornements et étude en fort développement de l’emploi du verre dans les mosaïques pavimentales et pariétales. Les communications sur le monde islamique s’inscrivent dans la lancée inaugurée au 15e congrès et attestent la vitalité de la recherche dans ce domaine. La présentation de découvertes et études portant sur la Grande Bretagne, l’Italie, le Kosovo, le Montenegro, le Portugal, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Serbie et la Tchéquie alimentent le débat sur le verre à l’époque médiévale et post médiévale en Europe. xviiie et xixe siècles ne sont pas en reste, avec des communications sur le verre dans les toits, les fleurs de verre et le verre mosaïqué et on dispose aussi de communications sur le verre en Chine méridionale et en Afrique subsaharienne.

Lors de l’assemblée générale, le bureau de l’AIHV a été renouvelé. Jan Egbert Kuipers, trésorier et Ian Freestone, que l’on doit remercier pour leur dévouement et leur efficacité, ont présenté leur démissions. De nouveaux membres ont été élus : Irena Lazar, organisatrice du 19e congrès en 2012, comme vice-présidente et Huib Tijssens, comme trésorier. Déjà présents dans le bureau, Despina Ignatiadou a été élue comme membre, Jane Spillman a été réélue comme secrétaire général, David Whitehouse comme membre, et j’ai moi-même été réélue comme présidente. Le comité exécutif réunissant six membres élus ainsi que les représentants des associations ou comités nationaux a été en partie renouvelé, avec l’élection de Fatma Marii et de Yoko Shindo, tandis que Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani ont été réélues. Nous avons déploré le décès lors du congrès de deux de nos membres, Sarah Jennings d’Angleterre et Claudia Maccabruni d’Italie.

Les préparatifs pour le 19e congrès se déroulent sous la houlette d’Irena Lazar. Le congrès se tiendra à Piran en Slovénie du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 (www. aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). Après l’accent mis sur la Méditerranée orientale au con- grès de Thessalonique, une nouvelle avancée vers les informations et les membres d’Europe Centrale sera effectuée à Piran. B

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PREFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

have great pleasure in presenting you with the Annales of the l8th congress of I the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, and I wish to thank all those who have ensured that this publication appears with the least delay: princi- pally the authors, the academic committee, and especially the academic editors of the volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-president, and member of the board of the AIHV for the years 2006-2012 and Anastassios Antonaras.

The 18th congress of the AIHV was held in Thessaloniki from September 21st- 25th, 2009. It was dedicated to Clasina Isings, who came, via a video, to offer us her best wishes. Here we have to warmly thank the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki which has organized the whole manifestation, and the Museum of Byzantine Culture, which has hosted our sessions in the brand new auditorium of the Museum, used for the first time for our congress. All our warm thanks also to The Friends of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki who supported the organization of the congress among the others with the nice bag decorated with bird-balsamaria, and The Prefecture of Thessaloniki, who has hosted us at the end of the congress. Last, but not the least, from the bottom of our heart, our thanks go to Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras and the Organizing committee for their hard work in organizing this congress and for offering us the opportunity to meet once again to share our discoveries and our thoughts on this wonderful material, glass, to which we are all dedicated.

During the 33 parallel sessions, 95 oral communications and 55 posters were presented, displaying the vitality of research on the history of glass in the scientific world. Thanks to the energies of the Greek Committee, after a first glance at Thessaloniki at the beginning of our congress, thematic visits were organised to discover the different aspects of Thessaloniki. Hellenistic and Roman city, Byzantine city, Ottoman city with its important Jewish community, contemporary city. In the post-congress trips, the participants were able to visit the heart of Macedonia, with the cities of Vergina and Dion, and the Pikrolimni Lake, producing natron in Antiquity and still today, the ancient cities of Amphipolis and Philippi, or to make a cruise around Mount Athos.

This volume brings together 84 contributions, which cover a vast chronological span from the second millennium BC up to the present day, touching on all B

aspects of the history of glass with a good networking between archaeology, M history of art and archaeometry. An important part is devoted to the beginnings

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millennium BC, and the developments in the Hellenistic world with papers B

M covering the Near East, Egypt and Sudan, Greece and Turkey. The Roman and Byzantine worlds are approached from two directions: the study of the production

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and consumption of vessels and ornaments and the expanding study on the glass in mosaic pavements and walls. The papers on the Islamic world build on the start made at the 15th congress and show the vitality of research in this area. The presentation of discoveries and research coming from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania and Serbia, fuels the debates about glass during the medieval and post-medieval period in Europe. The 18th and 19th centuries are not ignored, with papers dealing with glass in roofs, glass flowers and mosaic glass and there are also studies dealing with African and Asian glass.

During the General Assembly the board of the AIHV changed. Jan Egbert Kuipers (Treasurer) and Ian Freestone, to whom we extend all thanks for their work, submitted their resignations. The newly elected members were Irena Lazar, organizer of the 19th Congress in 2012, as Vice President, and Huib Tijssens, as Treasurer. Already present in the board, Despina Ignatiadou was elected member, were re-elected Jane Spillman as General Secretary, David Whitehouse as member, and I as President. The executive committee which assembled six elected members as well as the presidents of the national Associations or Committees, was partly renewed, with the election of Fatma Marii and Yoko Shindo; Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani were re-elected. We mourned during the congress the recent death of two long time members, Sarah Jennings from England and Claudia Maccabruni from Italy.

The preparations for the 19th congress are progressing under the guidance of Irena Lazar. The congress will be held at Piran (Slovenia) from September 17th to September 21st 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). After the wider opening towards eastern Mediterranean members effectuated during the Thessaloniki Congress, we will receive in Piran more information and members coming from Central Europe. B

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THE HARROW CHALICE: EARLY GLASS OR EARLY FAKE?

Paul T. Nicholson, Caroline M. Jackson

EARLY EGYPTIAN GLASSES ir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797-1875) is one of time. Height 2 1/2 inches. Some of these vases ap- Sthe great pioneers of Egyptology1. After studying pear to be the false “murrhina” mentioned by ancient at Harrow he went to Oxford, but left without com- Greek and Latin scholars, - an imitation of the stone pleting his degree2. He then served in the army but in which was doubtless fluor-spar, so common in Derby- 1820 was persuaded by Sir William Gell (1777-1836) shire, but nought from other countries in old times, as to abandon a military career for the study of archaeol- we learn from Pliny. In those the arrangement of the ogy, particularly that of Egypt. colors [sic] differed from the present specimen, hav- In 1821 he moved to Egypt where he was to re- ing broader and more decided lines and hard zigzags, main for the next 12 years, leaving only to visit Nubia as may be seen in the bottles marked fig. 335, 339 in and surrounding deserts. Most of his time in Egypt vol. II of this catalogue under the head of glass.”7 was spent residing at Thebes, and living in the tomb By “glass porcelain” Wilkinson almost certainly of Amethu, known as Ahmose (TT83)3. His long stay means faience in this instance and it is possible that in Egypt and particularly his residence in Thebes gave the confusion over the material arose because the ves- him an unrivalled knowledge of the country, its in- sel was complete when it entered the Harrow collec- habitants and its archaeology. His book, Manners and tion and as such no broken section could be observed. Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, was published in The sketch given by Wilkinson (Fig. 1) suggests that 1837 and remains in print to the present day4. the piece was indeed complete and in good condition, During his time in Egypt he not only recorded the but at some time, probably after 1887 when Budge de- monuments but collected antiquities. Some of these scribed it, the vessel was broken, pieces lost and poor- he gave to the British Museum, but his personal col- ly restored. The break, whilst regrettable, does make it lection was given to Harrow School in a generous ges- clear that the piece is glass. ture designed to interest young scholars in archaeolo- gy. As well as his own hand-written catalogue the col- lection was later catalogued by Sir Wallis Budge (1857- 1934)5. The collection, which includes some glass, was re-catalogued in the 1990s by Dr. Shaw6. The most interesting piece of glass in the collec- tion is a small, chalice-like footed cup or goblet. Budge (1887) describes it rather summarily in his catalogue but Wilkinson’s own description of 1864 is more in- formative: “549. Cup of colored “glass porcelain.” these are usually an opaque glass. From Thebes, of Egyptian Fig. 1: Entry for the chalice in John Gardner Wilkinson’s catalogue note- book at Harrow School (1864). Note that the vessel is shown as com- B 1. Thompson 1992. plete. (Photo: P. T. Nicholson, reproduced courtesy of the keepers and M 2. Dawson et al. 1995, 443. governors of Harrow School) 3. Thompson 1992, 101-5.

4. Wilkinson 1837. Y

C 5. Budge 1887. 7. Wilkinson’s handwritten catalogue is kept at the Old Speech Room Gal- 6. Shaw 1991. lery Museum at Harrow School.

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Number Shape/Type Body colour Technology M

Munich ÄS630 Chalice Light Blue Core-formed B Ashmolean E2451 Chalice Light Blue Core-formed MMA23.9* Lotus Chalice Light Blue Cast & cold worked BM 24391 Kohl pot with lid Light Blue Drilled and cold worked UC 19657 Kohl pot (no lid) Light Blue Drilled and cold worked MMA26.7.1179 Kohl pot (no lid) Light Blue Drilled and cold worked Cairo 24959 Kohl pot (lid only) Dark Blue Cold worked Cairo 24961 Handled vessel Light Blue Core-formed Cairo 24960 AND Rounded vessel Light Blue Core-formed Brooklyn 53.176.4 BM 47620 Jug Light Blue Core-formed with powdered glass decoration MMA26.7.1175* Krateriskos Marbleised “Glassy faience” – probably core formed

* Indicates Wadi Qirud provenance

Table 1: List of vessels assigned to the reign of Thutmose III (Nichol- Fig. 2: The Harrow Chalice. Ht. 6.0 cm. (Photo: John Morgan). son 2006: 14).

The vessel (Fig. 2) is made of a turquoise blue body The list includes three chalice type vessels, one of glass, beneath whose thickened rim is a single line of them – the lotus chalice now in the Metropolitan Mu- dark cobalt blue glass followed by a poorly executed seum of Art9 is securely provenanced as coming from swag of yellow. Several more swags of cobalt blue fol- the tomb of the foreign wives of Thutmose III at the Wa- low before another single yellow swag and more cobalt di Qirud10. This lotus chalice also bears the king’s name. blue running down onto the foot. The vessel is not a Whilst this piece is believed to be cast and cold worked particularly accomplished piece, but the quality of the there are two other chalice-type vessels which are core- glass is good and it is core-formed. formed. Unfortunately Wilkinson says nothing about how The best known of these is that in the Munich col- or where he acquired the piece. Some of his antiqui- lection11, a light blue vessel with swagged decoration ties came from his own excavations, others he bought in dark cobalt blue and yellow. This piece also bears the whilst in Egypt and still others may have been acquired cartouche of Thutmose III, added at something of an an- subsequently through contacts in Egypt. All that is gle in the middle of the body. This vessel was original- known for certain is that it was in Wilkinson’s posses- ly part of the Dodwell Collection and was purchased in sion by the time he wrote his catalogue in 1864. Thebes in 1832. Its original provenance is not known12. Shortland (2001) has pointed out that turquoise Last amongst this group of chalice vessels is a plain blue glass, like that used for the chalice, is the most blue example from Gurob and now in the collection of common body colour for glass in the time of the phar- the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford13. This piece comes aoh Thutmose III (1479-1425 B.C.). Whilst the colour from Loat’s excavation of Tomb 058 at Gurob14 and its is common, the form is less so, but there are parallels for this shape at this early period of Egyptian glass. 9. MMA 23.9 8 B Shortland (2001) followed Nolte in assigning 12 10. Lilyquist 2003. M glass vessels or vessel fragments to the reign of Thut- 11. ÄS630 We have not been permitted to examine this piece so our com- ments are based on published sources only.

mose III, most are light blue. These are listed in Table 1. 12. Nolte 1968, 48-49. Y

C 13. E2451. 8. Nolte 1968, 12-3. 14. Loat 1905, 7 and Pl.IV: 43.

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date has largely been based on comparisons with the Syria, artificers were brought in, about 1500 B.C., and B 15 16 M Munich vessel made by Fossing and by Nolte . glass making became a flourishing and varied industry” Of the three vessels, the Munich example is the largest Petrie17 this view comes from the known campaigns of

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at 8.1 cm high, followed by the Gurob example at 7.6 cm Thutmose III who conquered the kingdom of Mitanni and the Harrow chalice at 6.0 cm. All are turquoise or light from whence the earliest glass seems to come. Oppenhe- blue in colour, with the Harrow and Munich examples ap- im’s (1973) study, looking at loan words for glass which parently being closest in colour. All are core-formed. It is had entered Egyptian, supported the view that the ear- unfortunate that the two decorated examples lack prove- liest glass probably came to Egypt from Mesopotamia, nance, and that the provenanced example is dated mainly and that the earliest glassworkers were probably import- by comparison with an unprovenanced piece. ed too. Thus it may be under Thutmose III that we see Against this background one must ask whether the glassmaking become an Egyptian craft. Analytical da- Harrow vessel is genuine. Even as early as Wilkinson’s ta may therefore be helpful in determining whether the time in Egypt, fakes were common and frequently end- Harrow vessel was made at newly established Egyptian ed up in European collections as a result. Nicholson’s workshops or was imported from the Near East. original publication of the vessel (2006) regarded the Major elements of the blue glass were determined piece as likely to be genuine because (1) it is of an unu- using electron microprobe analysis at the Universi- sual form and therefore not an obvious subject for a fake, ty of Manchester (a mean of 5 iterations) and trace ele- (2) it was collected by Wilkinson who, through his res- ments using laser ablation ICP-MS at Imperial College idence in Thebes would have known the forgers as well London (a mean of 3 iterations). The sample for analy- as the dealers and (3) because its colour and technolo- sis was taken when the glass was re-conserved, and on- gy seemed to fit with the other vessels believed to be the ly a very small chip (approx. 2 mm diameter) of the tur- time of Tuthmosis III. quoise blue glass was available from the interior of a bro- That the form is a genuine one seems to be con- ken section of the body of the vessel (the deep cobalt firmed by the finding of the Gurob vessel in 1903, dec- blue and yellow decoration were not available for sam- ades after the Munich and Harrow pieces are known. pling as this would have damaged the exterior of the ves- The purchase of the Munich piece by Dodwell in 1832 sel). When compared to Shortland and Eremin’s (2006) is contemporary with Wilkinson’s time in Egypt and it is data of mean values for opaque turquoise glasses from not impossible that the two pieces came from the same Egypt and from Mesopotamia it is evident that the com- source, whether that source was genuine or fake. position of the Harrow vessel is very similar in many re- At the time of Nicholson’s 2006 paper it was not pos- spects (Table 2). It is a soda-plant-ash based glass and sible to obtain permission to sample the Harrow vessel is coloured with copper and opacified with calcium an- glass in order to undertake analyses which might deter- Egypt1 Mesopotamia1 mine whether or not the piece had an ancient Egyptian Harrow composition. However, in 2008 the piece was made avail- (n=8) (n=15) SiO 61.22 61.64 64.25 able, along with other items from the Harrow Collection, 2 Al2O3 0.65 0.76 0.95 for conservation and analysis was kindly permitted. The Fe2O3 0.42 0.43 0.27 conservation and sampling work was carried out by Mr. MgO 3.75 4.48 4.25 Philip Parkes of the School of History and Archaeology CaO 5.77 8.55 7.63 at Cardiff University. We are indebted to Dr. Leder and to Na2O 16.37 17.88 16.41 the keepers and governors of Harrow School for permis- K2O 2.23 1.89 2.27 sion to make the analysis and to present the results here. CoO b.d. 0.02 0.05 CuO 3.08 1.37 0.95 Sb2O5 2.45 1.34 1.35 ANALYTICAL WORK SnO 0.07 0.10 0.01 Cl 1.38 0.88 0.83 It was hoped that the analyses might show not only Table 2: Major element composition of the Harrow Chalice. (1) Com- whether the piece was indeed ancient but might sug- parative data taken from the means of the turquoise glasses analysed B

M gest whether or not it had been made in Egypt. As ear- by Shortland and Eremin (2006). (b.d – below detection) ly as 1925 Petrie stated that “as soon as Egypt overran

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C 15. Fossing 1940, 8 n.6. 17. Petrie 1925, 72. It should be noted that this paper is actually a report 16. Nolte 1968, 49. by a third party on a lecture given by Petrie.

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The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake?

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4,5 Egyptian Cobalt glass M

4,0 Egyptian Copper glass B

Mesopotamian Cobalt glass 3,5 Mesopotamian copper glass 3,0 Harrow Chalice

2,5

2,0 O (wt%) 2 K 1,5

1,0

0,5 Fig. 3: Potassium and magnesi- um oxide concentrations. Data 0,0 for Egyptian and Mesopotamian 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 glasses taken from Shortland and MgO (wt%) Eremin 2006. timonate, typical of many light turquoise vessels from only two much later sites and so the data may provide on- Egypt and Mesopotamia. There are no compositional ly a conservative estimate of the element ratios; it is pos- characteristics which would suggest it is of modern or- sible that earlier Egyptian glasses may have had slightly igin. It has concentrations of chlorine typical of other different compositions which would fall within the values Egyptian glasses (Table 2) and at concentrations which seen for the Harrow chalice. would suggest it is not of modern origin18. Shortland et al.22, also suggested that titanium and The ratios of potassium and magnesium in the Har- zirconium were present at different concentrations in row vessel fall into the group of Egyptian and Mesopo- glasses from Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Egyptian tamian glasses coloured with copper from Amarna and glasses exhibiting higher concentrations of both ele- Malkata analysed by Shortland and Eremin19. Howev- ments (Fig. 4). Inevitably there is some overlap, as with er, on the basis of the major element chemistry alone it is most datasets. However, when the ratio for the Harrow not possible to suggest whether the piece is of Egyptian chalice is plotted onto the data form Shortland et al. or Mesopotamian origin. (2007) it is apparent that it falls securely within the dis- In order to further examine the question of origin, tribution of the two elements given for Egyptian glass- trace element analysis was carried out. The ratios of lan- es (385 ppm Ti; 41 ppm Zr). This would suggest that the thanum (2.9 ppm) against chromium (10.9 ppm) in the vessel was made in Egypt and is of Late Bronze Age date, chalice were plotted (Fig. 3), this time using comparative a view which might be supported on stylistic grounds. data from Shortland et al.20. These authors found that lan- thanum was generally in lower concentrations in Mesopo- CONCLUSION tamian than in Egyptian glasses, and the ratios of the two elements differed between the two provenances. The Har- The analyses therefore suggest that the chalice is indeed row chalice falls between the ranges of these samples for ancient, and on the basis of the data currently available the Egyptian vessels from Amarna and Malkata and the was probably made in Egypt, though whereabouts in Mesopotamian ones from Nuzi and Tell Brak. Its nearest Egypt cannot as yet be suggested. Furthermore the Har- neighbours are, however, from Malkata, though little can row piece seems to form part of a group with those from be made of this plot alone and further exploration of the Munich and Gurob. Whilst all these pieces are compe- trace element data is needed. It should be noted that the tent they are not so well made as the renowned juglet data reported by Shortland et al.21 encompass data from of Thutmose III in the British Museum collection. This B

has no known parallel in glass, though it is similar to M 18. Freestone et al., 2008, 166. the apparently much larger vessel shown in the tomb

19. Shortland and Eremin 2006. Y

C 20. Shortland et al. 2007. 21. Shortland et al. 2007. 22. Shortland et al. 2007.

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7 B

M 6

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C Nuzi 5 Tell Brak Amarna Malkata 4 Harrow Chalice (blue) La (ppm) 3

2

Fig. 4: Lanthanum and Chromium 1 concentrations for the Harrow chalice. Other comparative data taken from Shortland et al., 2007. 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cr (ppm)

14140000

EgyptEgypt 12012000 MesopotamiaMesopotamia HHarrowarrow ChaliceChalice 10010000 )

m 880000 p p ( Ti (ppm) 600

400

Fig. 5: Titanium and Zirconium 220000 concentrations for the Harrow Chalice. Other comparative data taken from Shortland et al., 2007. 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Zr (ppm)(ppm)

of Rekhmire (TT100)23. The decoration of the British often drilled and cold-worked. It is tempting to see in Museum piece also has Near Eastern parallels. It may these core-formed pieces a move away from the treat- be that the piece, which according to both Budge 24and ment of glass as an artificial stone which is to be worked Cooney25 probably came from the tomb of Thutmose in the manner of any other stone toward the treatment III (KV34), was made specially as a high status gift or of glass as a material in its own right. Three other piec- was made in Egypt by the most skilful craftsmen, per- es from the 12 listed above are also core-formed and haps brought in from Mitanni. Certainly it seems to probably belong to this same transitional time. A final have been produced by different hands than those which piece, the well known Krateriskos26 has been classified made the chalices. as ‘glassy faience’ by Lilyquist et al.27 and so has only pe- The British Museum juglet, and the chalices, how- ripheral relevance to this debate. ever share a common technology – that of core form- We may conclude then that the Harrow chalice is ing. This makes them distinct from 5 of the 12 pieces of genuine and was probably made in Egypt. Whilst it has B

M Thutmose III glass (Table 1) which were cold-worked, no secure provenance it does seem to belong to a group

23. Davies 1943, Pl. XXI. Y

C 24. Budge 1925, 391. 26. MMA 26.7.1175. 25. Cooney 1976, 70-1. 27. Lilyquist et al. (1993, 13-14)

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Y of similar vessels which have been dated to the reign of to analyse the Harrow Chalice and to publish our results M

Thutmose III and which in turn probably belong to the here. We are also grateful to Professor Ian Freestone of B very beginning of a glass industry in Egypt, a time when Cardiff University for his helpful comments on the paper cold-working, especially drilling, was being replaced by presented at the Thessaloniki meeting. Dr. Ian Shaw first core-forming. It seems at least possible that those mak- drew our attention to the vessel in Harrow and we are in- ing or directing the work on these earliest core-formed debted to him for this and for putting us in touch with Dr. pieces may have been the craftsmen which Petrie sup- Leder. Thanks are given to Mr David Plant, University posed were brought in to Egypt from “Syria” by which is of Manchester for undertaking the EPMA analysis, and meant Mesopotamia/Mitanni. to the NERC ICP-MS facility in Ascot (especially Beniot Disch and Kym Jarvis) and to NERC for supporting the trace element analysis (Jackson - NERC OSS/340/0207). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr. Philip Parkes of Cardiff University kindly undertook We are indebted to Dr. Carolyn Leder and the Trustees the sampling, sample preparation and re-conservation of and Governors of Harrow School for their permission the chalice and we are grateful for his help.

REFERENCES Budge, E.A.W., 1887. Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities Nolte, B., 1968. Die Glasgefässe im alten Ägypten. Berlin, from the Collection of the Late Sir Gardner Wilkinson. Bruno Hessling. Harrow, J. C. Wilbee. Oppenheim, A.L., 1973. ‘Towards a history of glass in the Budge, E.A.W., 1925. The Mummy. Cambridge, Cambridge ancient Near East.’ Journal of the American Oriental So- University Press. ciety, 5 (93), 259-66. Cooney, J.D., 1976. Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the Petrie, W.M.F., 1925. ‘Glass found in Egypt’. Transactions of British Museum, v. 4, Glass. London, British Museum the British Newcomen Society, 5, 72-76. Publications Ltd. Shaw, I., 1991. Sir John Gardner Wilkinson: The Egyptian Davies, N.De G., 1943. The Tomb of Rekh-mi-Rē at Thebes. Collection. Harrow, The Herga Press. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Shortland, A.J., 2001. ‘Social influences on the development Dawson, W.R., Uphill, E.P. and Bierbrier, M.L., 1995. Who and spread of glass technology' in Shortland A.J., ed., Was Who In Egyptology. London, Egypt Exploration The Social Context of Technological Change: Egypt and Society. the Near East, 1650-1550 B.C. Oxford, Oxbow Books, Fossing, P., 1940. Glass Vessels before Glass Blowing. Copen- 211-222. hagen, Ejnar Munksgaard. Shortland, A.J. and Eremin, K., 2006. ‘The analysis of sec- Freestone, I.C., Gudenrath, W. And Cartwright, C., 2008. ond millennium glass from Amarna and implications ‘The Hope Goblet reconsidered. I. Technological Con- for the origins of Egyptian glass'. Archaeometry, 42, siderations’. JGS 50, 159-169. 141-151. Lilyquist, C., 2003. The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Tu- Shortland, A.J. Rogers, N. and Eremin, K., 2007. ‘Trace ele- thmosis III. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of ment discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopota- Art. mian Late Bronze Age glasses’. Journal of Archaeologi- Lilyquist, C. and Brill, R.H. with Wypyski M., 1993. Studies cal Science 34, 781-89. in Early Egyptian Glass. New York, Metropolitan Mu- Thompson, J., 1992. Sir Gardner Wilkinson and his Circle. seum of Art. Austin, University of Texas Press. Loat, L., 1905. Gurob. London: Quaritch. Wilkinson, J.G., 1837. Manners and Customs of the Ancient Nicholson, P.T., 2006. ‘Glass vessels from the reign of Thut- Egyptians. London, John Murray. mose III and a hitherto unknown glass chalice’. JGS 48, 11-21.

PAUL T. NICHOLSON CAROLINE M. JACKSON B

M School of History Archaeology and Religon Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield Cardiff University West Court, Mappin Street

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C Cardiff, CF 10 3EU, UK Sheffield S1 4DT, UK [email protected] [email protected]

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