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Geothermal Exploration and Development Activities in Greece During 1995-1999

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Geothermal Exploration and Development Activities in Greece During 1995-1999 GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN GREECE DURING 1995-1999 Michael Fytikas1, Nikolaos Andritsos2, Grigorios Karydakis3, Nikolaos Kolios3, Dimitrios Mendrinos4 and Maria Papachristou1 1Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geology, GR 54006, Thessaloniki, Greece 2CPERI & Dept. Chemical Engineering, AUTh, P.O Box 1517, GR 54006, Thessaloniki, Greece 3IGME, Dept. of Geothermal Energy, Mesogeion 70, GR 115 27, Athens, Greece 4Omega European Consulting, Navarinou 6, Pefki 15121, Athens, Greece Key Words: geothermal exploration, geothermal uses, country has markedly expanded through the continuation of research update, Greece. and productive activities. The bulk of exploration activities were carried out by the Institute of Geological and Mineral ABSTRACT Exploration (IGME). A map with the geothermal localities in Greece is shown in Figure 1. The paper reviews the research and development activities in geothermal energy in Greece during the period 1995-1999. The low enthalpy geothermal research has proceeded at a Information is also provided on the current status of relative high rate. A significant amount of data and information geothermal direct heat uses. Greece has a great geothermal has been gathered, revealing new geothermal fields (mainly potential. This potential has been confirmed and verified by the low enthalpy fields, most of which are located in Northern discovery and exploration of new geothermal fields during the Greece), or expanding the areas of known fields. Even in past five years (1995-1999). During this period the geothermal Western Greece, which is the least favorable territory in terms research and applications were mainly related to low enthalpy of geothermics, and particularly in the areas of Antirrio and fields. The areas of research include Northern Greece (Thrace, Sykies, promising data have been acquired. Macedonia), NW Greece (Epirus), Chios and Lesvos islands (Aegean Sea). In Thrace, near the village Aristino, a new Geothermal anomalies have been accidentally found in many geothermal field was discovered, the temperature of which other areas, mainly Tertiary–Quartenary basins, while a study approaches 92oC. At the area of Sappes (Thrace), some very of existing irrigation wells has triggered the systematic promising fields were identified through a series of exploration research for new low enthalpy fields. Some of these and production wells. Very interesting fields were also exploration wells are already in use, while others will be discovered in Central Macedonia (Sani and Neo Ryssio utilized in the future. district). In NW Greece (Sykies, near Arta, Epirus) the exploration wells brought to light another geothermal field In some areas of already known geothermal interest a number whose temperature is 48ºC. Finally, in Chios Island the of complementary wells were also drilled in order to better recently discovered geothermal field gave temperatures up to determine the field boundaries and the characteristics of the 90ºC. Many interesting applications and developments have geothermal fluids. Furthermore, in some cases (e.g. in Sidiro- taken place in Greece during the last five years, such as some kastro and Therma-Nigrita) the temperatures that had been additional geothermal heated greenhouses, subsurface soil measured turned out to be higher than the ones already known. heating for early asparagus cultivation, production of spirulina using geothermal energy, heating a hotel in the neighborhood The high enthalpy geothermal applications in the islands of of Nea Apollonia hot springs (Macedonia) and a spa complex Milos and Nisyros have unfortunately exhibited no progress, in Thrace and applications that use heat pumps near Athens mainly because of the negative attitude of the inhabitants to and in Rhodes Island. The geothermal power plant in Milos geothermal exploitation. They believe that such exploitation Island has remained shut down since 1989. would unfavorably affect the fragile ecological balance. For this reason no further research in the high-enthalpy fields of 1. INTRODUCTION these islands was carried out. As is already known (Fytikas 1988; Fytikas et al, 1995 and In summary, the geothermal map of Greece has been enriched 1999; Chiotis et al, 1990) there are two high enthalpy considerably during the past five years. On the other hand, the geothermal fields in Greece, namely Milos and Nisyros, where low enthalpy geothermal applications remain relatively few, seven deep wells identified temperatures of 320ºC and 350ºC and are mainly restricted to the agricultural sector. New respectively. In addition, low enthalpy (T<100ºC) geothermal applications involve underground heating of about 12 ha of fields abound in Greece, mainly in the east and north parts of asparagus cultivation, spirulina aquaculture, heating of a spa the country, as well as in many Aegean islands. Present data complex, as well as use of heat pumps. Finally, a considerable yield a low enthalpy potential exceeding 400 MWt proven and number of new projects related to the aforementioned 800 MWt probable. In 1995 geothermal applications were applications are about to commence. limited to spas and greenhouses. 2. GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION Greece is rich in geothermal waters, since the greatest part of the country is situated on a geodynamically very active area. The geothermal exploration in Greece during the past five During the 1995-1999 period the geothermal potential of years is summarized in Table A. A brief description of the Greece, which had already been characterized as significant, most interesting new findings follows. 199 Fytikas et al. 2.1. Strymon Basin 1995-99. The exploration yielded an area of 25 km2 with geothermal interest, with measured temperatures in existing The Strymon Basin in eastern Macedonia contains several irrigation wells reaching 35ºC at 300 m. Further drilling geothermal fields and is one of the largest geothermal regions exploration is under planning in order to estimate the in Greece, with almost half the geothermal utilization in the geothermal parameters of the area. country. During the period 1995-1999 the geothermal field of Agistro was explored and delimited, the boundaries of the 2.2. Rest of Macedonia known geothermal fields of Therma-Nigrita and Sidirokastro were investigated resulting in new data, and exploration took Regarding the following geothermal fields, the first three had place at the area of Achinos-Ivira which shows geothermal been already identified by 1994, while the others were interest. discovered during the last five years. Remarkable geothermal reservoirs were identified with Eratino: Two new production wells, each 670 m deep, were temperatures in the range 40-75ºC, while additional boreholes drilled yielding about 100 kg/s artesian flow of 75ºC water. drilled by IGME yield over 220 kg/s water. In addition, The water originates from the Miocene sediments and the production tests took place in order to identify the hydraulic identified permeable horizons at a depth of 550-650 m. parameters of the reservoirs, and studies were carried out regarding corrosion and scaling problems. The result of the Nymfopetra: A new production well at 120 m was drilled new exploration data was the stimulation of the interest for yielding 42ºC water utilized for heating an asparagus investment and further development. cultivation. Agistro: Geologically the area is located at the edge of the line Nea Apollonia: Two new production wells 30 m each were of thrust of the Servomacedonian massive over the Rodopian drilled by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki which one. The geothermal reservoir is located at the fractured produce over 100 kg/s water of 56ºC temperature. This water is basement of the metamorphosed rocks of the Rodopian transported 300 m away to a completed, but not in operation, massive, which is covered by a weakly permeable cap which spa complex for balneological and heating purposes. hardly prevents the heat diffusion and the mixing with shallow groundwater. IGME constructed 6 wells (5 exploratory and Neo Ryssio: The field is located near the Thessaloniki airport one productive) reaching depths of 100-300 m, where area. One 600 m deep exploratory well was drilled, which temperatures of 40-47oC were recorded. During the pumping revealed an interesting geothermal gradient within the tests at the productive well the hydraulic parameters were Quartenary-Miocene sediments. Important reservoirs are measured, while the exploitable flow rate was of the order of expected inside the middle Miocene sediments at a depth of 30 kg/s. Geothermal waters belong to the group of carbonate- about 800 m depth with a temperature of 60ºC. calcium-sodium type with a TDS of 0.26 g/L. No corrosion or scaling problems were encountered. The geothermal field Sani-Afytos: Three exploratory wells were drilled down to 600 extends to an area of 3-4 km2. m identifying 40ºC of bicarbonate fluid with artesian flow. Sidirokastro: During 1995-99 additional exploration was Irinoupoli: Two exploratory wells identified a 27ºC fluid of carried out towards north of the existing geothermal field and high salinity at 400 m. yielded positive results. The geothermal reservoir is located at the top of the metamorphic basement (marble). Two boreholes Nissi: Two exploratory wells identified 35ºC of low salinity were opened, one exploratory, 300 m deep, and one fluid and high productivity at 500-580 m. productive, 150 m deep. A geothermal reservoir was located at a depth of 150 m, where temperatures up to 75ºC were Limnochori: Within the basin, two exploratory wells yield over identified, higher that the already identified ones. Pumping 30 kg/s water of 38ºC from the top of the metamorphic tests yielded 22 kg/s flow rate. The geothermal water belongs basement, at 200 m depth. to the group of carbonate-sodium-calcium type with TDS just over 1 g/L. The known extent of the geothermal field was Florina: Wells drilled for irrigation accidentally identified an increased to about 14 km2. area of geothermal interest near the city, along an important fault system. Two 350 m deep production wells yield 110 kg/s Therma-Nigrita: In the past five years additional exploration in of 27ºC water.
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