USGS Scientific Investigations Map 3227 Sheet 3

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

USGS Scientific Investigations Map 3227 Sheet 3 Scientific Investigations Map 3227 U.S. Department of the Interior Prepared In Cooperation With The Sheet 3 of 3 U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Navajo Nation, and Hopi Tribe Pamphlet accompanies map CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS SURFICIAL DEPOSITS Tonto Group (Middle and Lower(?) Cambrian) Qaf Qs Qf Qes Qd Qdl Qdp Qdb Qdm Qdlu Qg1 Qa1 Qg2 Qa2 Qps Qg3 Qa3 Qae Qv Holocene LIST OF MAP UNITS QtrQt Ql QUATERNARY [Some polygons on the map are too small to distinguish the color for unit identification. These m Muav Limestone (Middle Cambrian) QTg4 QTg5 QTg6 QTg7 Pleistocene polygons are labeled where possible. Unlabeled units are attributed in the geodatabase] ba Bright Angel Shale (Middle Cambrian) Pliocene SURFICIAL DEPOSITS Tgs TERTIARY t Tapeats Sandstone (Middle and Lower(?) Cambrian) Miocene Qaf Artificial fill and quarries (Holocene) NEOPROTEROZOIC ROCKS VOLCANIC ROCKS Qs Stream-channel deposits (Holocene) Zs Sixtymile Formation, undivided (Neoproterozoic) Qf Flood-plain deposits (Holocene) Chuar Group (Neoproterozoic) Qi Qsp Qsb Pleistocene QUATERNARY Qes Sand sheet deposits (Holocene) Kwagunt Formation (Neoproterozoic) Zkw Walcott Member (Neoproterozoic) Qd Dune sand and sand sheet deposits (Holocene) Ti Miocene Zka Awatubi Member (Neoproterozoic) TERTIARY Qdl Linear dune deposits (Holocene) Zkcb Carbon Butte Member (Neoproterozoic) Qdp Parabolic dune deposits (Holocene) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Galeros Formation (Neoproterozoic) Qdb Barchan dune deposits (Holocene) Zgd Duppa Member (Neoproterozoic) Km Upper CRETACEOUS Qdm Mixed dune deposits (Holocene) Kd Cretaceous Zgcc Carbon Canyon Member (Neoproterozoic) Qdlu Linear dune and sand sheet deposits (Holocene) Unconformity Zgj Jupiter Member (Neoproterozoic) San Je Qg1 Young terrace-gravel deposits (Holocene) Rafael Middle Jurassic Zgt Tanner Member (Neoproterozoic) Group Jc Qa1 Young alluvial fan deposits (Holocene) YZn Unconformity Nankoweap Formation, undivided (Neoproterozoic to latest Mesoproterozoic) Qg2 Intermediate terrace-gravel deposits (Holocene) Jn MESOPROTEROZOIC ROCKS Qa2 Intermediate alluvial fan deposits (Holocene) Jkn JURASSIC Unkar Group (Mesoproterozoic) Lower Jurassic Qps Glen Jk Ponded sediments (Holocene) Yc Cardenas Basalt (Mesoproterozoic) Canyon Group Jks Qg3 Old terrace-gravel deposits (Holocene) Dox Formation (Mesoproterozoic) Unconformity Qa3 Old alluvial fan deposits (Holocene) Ydo Ochoa Point Member (Mesoproterozoic) Jm Lower Jurassic Qae Mixed alluvium and eolian deposits (Holocene) Ydc Comanche Point Member (Mesoproterozoic) Unconformity Yds Solomon Temple Member (Mesoproterozoic) co Qv Valley-fill deposits (Holocene) cp Upper Triassic Qt Travertine deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene(?)) Yde Escalante Creek Member (Mesoproterozoic) cs Qtr Talus and rockfall deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene(?)) Ys Shinumo Sandstone, undivided (Mesoproterozoic) TRIASSIC Unconformity Ql Landslide deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Yh Hakatai Shale, undivided (Mesoproterozoic) mhm Middle(?) and Lower Triassic QTg4 Older terrace-gravel deposits (Pleistocene and Pliocene(?)) Yb Bass Formation (Mesoproterozoic) ms Lower Triassic mw QTg5 Youngest old terrace-gravel deposits (Pleistocene and Pliocene(?)) PALEOPROTEROZOIC ROCKS Xg Granite (Paleoproterozoic) Unconformity QTg6 Intermediate old terrace-gravel deposits (Pleistocene and Pliocene(?)) Pkh Xgd Granodiorite-gabbro-diorite and granodiorite complexes (Paleoproterozoic) QTg7 Oldest old terrace-gravel deposits (Pleistocene and Pliocene(?)) Pkf Xv Vishnu Schist of Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite (Paleoproterozoic) Tgs Gravel and sedimentary deposits (Pliocene(?) and Miocene(?)) Unconformity Xr Rama Schist and Gneiss of Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite Ptw VOLCANIC ROCKS (Paleoproterozoic) Pt Ptb Qi Intrusive dikes of Shadow Mountain (Pleistocene) Xbr Brahma Schist of Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite (Paleoproterozoic) Unconformity Cisuralian PERMIAN Qsp Pyroclastic deposits of Shadow Mountain (Pleistocene) Pc EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS Qsb Basalt flows of Shadow Mountain (Pleistocene) Unconformity Contact—Contacts between all alluvial and eolian units are approximate and Ti Ph Intrusive dikes (Miocene) arbitrary 35 F Fault—Dashed where inferred or approximately located; dotted where concealed; Unconformity SEDIMENTARY ROCKS bar and ball on downthrown side. Showing fault offset in feet Pe Km Mancos Shale (Upper Cretaceous) Supai Fracture—Open fracture (1 to 12 ft wide) without offset Unconformity Group Upper Pennsylvanian, Kd Dakota Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) Ms Moscovian, Bashkirien, PENNSYLVANIAN Folds—Showing trace of axial plane and direction of plunge and Serpukhovian San Rafael Group (Middle Jurassic) Unconformity F Anticline Je Entrada Sandstone-Cow Springs Sandstone, undivided (Middle Jurassic) Ms Serpukhovian MISSISSIPPIAN F ? Plunging anticline Jc Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) Mr Mississippian M Syncline Unconformity Glen Canyon Group (Lower Jurassic) Upper and Middle M ? Plunging syncline Dtb DEVONIAN Devonian Jn Navajo Sandstone (Lower Jurassic) Unconformity Monocline—Axis at approximate center of dipping limb Jkn Kayenta Formation-Navajo Sandstone transition zone (Lower Jurassic) m Dome Tonto Middle Cambrian Jk Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) ba CAMBRIAN Group Strike and dip of beds t Middle and Jks Springdale Sandstone Member (Lower Jurassic) o Lower(?) Cambrian 35 Inclined—Showing dip measured in the field Great Unconformity Jm Moenave Formation (Lower Jurassic) o Implied—Interpreted from aerial photographs; dip not determined Zs Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) 112°00' 111°00' Strike of vertical and subvertical joints—Interpreted from aerial photographs; 36°30' Zkw co Owl Rock Member (Upper Triassic) K symbol placed where joints are most visible on aerial photographs Marble AIBIT Fault Fence F Preston Mesa Anticline Red Lake Monocline Zka Canyon Limestone Ridge cp Collapse structure—Black dot shows circular collapse structure characterized by Fault O PLAT Petrified Forest Member (Upper Triassic) Crooked Ridge etihW aseM Zkcb strata dipping inward toward a central point. Magenta dot shows circular Antic EAU cs reak Chuar Neoproterozoic Shinarump Member and sandstone and siltstone member, undivided collapse structure characterized by strata dipping inward toward a central B Zgd Shinumo Altar line Group (Upper Triassic) Echo point and brecciated rock Zgcc Moenkopi Formation (Middle(?) and Lower Triassic) HOUSEVALLEY ROCK Eminence Sinkhole Cedar Ridge MARB E Zgj mhm Holbrook and Moqui Members, undivided (Middle(?) and Lower Triassic) cho Wildcat Peak Volcanic vent White Point Fault C LE Cliffs o F l PLA Zgt ms Shnabkaib Member (Lower Triassic) o Boda notserP aseM r way a TEAU Cinder pit d Mesa Unconformity o C mw Wupatki Member (Lower Triassic) East liffs Crooked Ridge Tuba City Syncline YZn Gravel pit The Gap ot Kaibab Formation (Cisuralian) D Unconformity tains Hopi Reservation boundary K aibab e Moon Yon Pkh Harrisburg Member (Cisuralian) Point Imperial Blu Yc nch Moun Hamblin Be Mo Ydo Pkf Fossil Mountain Member (Cisuralian) B noc KAIBAB PLATEAU utte White Point PROTEROZOIC line Unkar C R Middle Mesa huar Ydc Pt Toroweap Formation, undivided (Cisuralian) iv Group e r Mesoproterozoic 160 Yds Ptw Little Hidden Springs Woods Ranch Member (Cisuralian) Little Colorado NAVAJO NATION River Gorge Tuba Butte Yde GRAND Colorado Sy Ptb Brady Canyon and Seligman Members, undivided (Cisuralian) Wash ncline F Ys ault Pc Coconino Sandstone (Cisuralian) Palisades Unconformity 89 Moenave WALHALLA Tuba City Wash sert Ph Blue Spring e Yh Hermit Formation (Cisuralian) PLATEAU Monoc Moenkopi e Monoclin Gold Hill River 160 Yb Supai Group (Cisuralian, Pennsylvanian, and Upper Mississippian) line CANYON Painted D HOPI Pe Esplanade Sandstone (Cisuralian) Moenkopi Blu RESERVATION Xg Shadow ms Cedar Mtn Monoc e Spring Wescogame (Upper Pennsylvanian), Manakacha (Moscovian), and Wata- 89 Coal Mountain Ward Mine Mesa Xgd homigi (Bashkirien and Serpukhovian) Formations, undivided line Collapse Terrace 64 Coconino Plateau 264 Xv Paleoproterozoic Ms Surprise Canyon Formation (Serpukhovian) Shadow Mountain MOENKOPI PLATEAU 36°00' Xr Mr Redwall Limestone, undivided (Mississippian) Index map showing physiographic, cultural, and geologic locations mentioned in the text; also shows approximate Xbr location of major geologic structures. Base derived from 30-m digital elevation model. Dtb Temple Butte Formation (Upper and Middle Devonian) Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Geologic Map of the Tuba City 30’ x 60’ Quadrangle, Coconino County, Northern Arizona This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may vary between electronic plotters and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may change size due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and proportions may not be true on plots of this map. By For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3227/ George H. Billingsley, Philip W. Stoffer, and Susan S. Priest Suggested Citation: Billingsley, G.H., Stoffer, P.W., and Priest, S.S., 2012, Geologic map of the Tuba City 30’ x 60’ quadrangle, Coconino County, northern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations 2012 Map 3227, pamphlet 31 p., 3 sheets, scale 1:50,000 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3227/)..
Recommended publications
  • New Permian Fauna from Tropical Gondwana
    ARTICLE Received 18 Jun 2015 | Accepted 18 Sep 2015 | Published 5 Nov 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9676 OPEN New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana Juan C. Cisneros1,2, Claudia Marsicano3, Kenneth D. Angielczyk4, Roger M. H. Smith5,6, Martha Richter7, Jo¨rg Fro¨bisch8,9, Christian F. Kammerer8 & Rudyard W. Sadleir4,10 Terrestrial vertebrates are first known to colonize high-latitude regions during the middle Permian (Guadalupian) about 270 million years ago, following the Pennsylvanian Gondwanan continental glaciation. However, despite over 150 years of study in these areas, the bio- geographic origins of these rich communities of land-dwelling vertebrates remain obscure. Here we report on a new early Permian continental tetrapod fauna from South America in tropical Western Gondwana that sheds new light on patterns of tetrapod distribution. Northeastern Brazil hosted an extensive lacustrine system inhabited by a unique community of temnospondyl amphibians and reptiles that considerably expand the known temporal and geographic ranges of key subgroups. Our findings demonstrate that tetrapod groups common in later Permian and Triassic temperate communities were already present in tropical Gondwana by the early Permian (Cisuralian). This new fauna constitutes a new biogeographic province with North American affinities and clearly demonstrates that tetrapod dispersal into Gondwana was already underway at the beginning of the Permian. 1 Centro de Cieˆncias da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Piauı´, 64049-550 Teresina, Brazil. 2 Programa de Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Geocieˆncias, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-533 Recife, Brazil. 3 Departamento de Cs. Geologicas, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IDEAN- CONICET, C1428EHA Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 3.Pdf
    A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Nicholls, Keith H. Citation Nicholls, K. (2019). A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 26/09/2021 02:37:15 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/622234 International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2013/01 Erathem / Era System / Period Quaternary Neogene C e n o z o i c Paleogene Cretaceous M e s o z o i c Jurassic M e s o z o i c Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous P a l Devonian e o z o i c P a l Devonian e o z o i c Silurian Ordovician s a n u a F y r Cambrian a n o i t u l o v E s ' i k s w o Ichnogeneric Diversity k p e 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 S 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W) Ichnogeneric Diversity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 c i o 63 z 65 o e 67 a l 69 a 71 P 73 75 77 79 81 83 n 85 a i r 87 b 89 m 91 a 93 C Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W)
    [Show full text]
  • A Mesoproterozoic Iron Formation PNAS PLUS
    A Mesoproterozoic iron formation PNAS PLUS Donald E. Canfielda,b,1, Shuichang Zhanga, Huajian Wanga, Xiaomei Wanga, Wenzhi Zhaoa, Jin Sua, Christian J. Bjerrumc, Emma R. Haxenc, and Emma U. Hammarlundb,d aResearch Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, 100083 Beijing, China; bInstitute of Biology and Nordcee, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; cDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Section of Geology, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; and dTranslational Cancer Research, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden Contributed by Donald E. Canfield, February 21, 2018 (sent for review November 27, 2017; reviewed by Andreas Kappler and Kurt O. Konhauser) We describe a 1,400 million-year old (Ma) iron formation (IF) from Understanding the genesis of the Fe minerals in IFs is one step the Xiamaling Formation of the North China Craton. We estimate toward understanding the relationship between IFs and the this IF to have contained at least 520 gigatons of authigenic Fe, chemical and biological environment in which they formed. For comparable in size to many IFs of the Paleoproterozoic Era (2,500– example, the high Fe oxide content of many IFs (e.g., refs. 32, 34, 1,600 Ma). Therefore, substantial IFs formed in the time window and 35) is commonly explained by a reaction between oxygen and between 1,800 and 800 Ma, where they are generally believed to Fe(II) in the upper marine water column, with Fe(II) sourced have been absent. The Xiamaling IF is of exceptionally low thermal from the ocean depths. The oxygen could have come from ex- maturity, allowing the preservation of organic biomarkers and an change equilibrium with oxygen in the atmosphere or from ele- unprecedented view of iron-cycle dynamics during IF emplace- vated oxygen concentrations from cyanobacteria at the water- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Lost Terranes of Zealandia: Possible Development of Late
    Andean Geology ISSN: 0718-7092 [email protected] Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Chile Adams, Christopher J Lost Terranes of Zealandia: possible development of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic sedimentary basins at the southwest Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, and their destination as terranes in southern South America Andean Geology, vol. 37, núm. 2, julio, 2010, pp. 442-454 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173916371010 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Andean Ge%gy 37 (2): 442-454. July. 2010 Andean Geology formerly Revista Geológica de Chile www.scielo.cl/andgeol.htm Lost Terranes of Zealandia: possible development of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic sedimentary basins at the southwest Pacific margin of Gondwana­ land, and their destination as terranes in southern South America Christopher J. Adams GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Latesl Precambrian to Ordovician metasedimentary suecessions and Cambrian-Ordovician and Devonian­ Carboniferous granitoids form tbe major par! oftbe basemenl of soutbem Zealandia and adjacenl sectors ofAntarctica and southeastAustralia. Uplift/cooling ages ofthese rocks, and local Devonian shallow-water caver sequences suggest tbal final consolidation oftbe basemenl occurred tbrough Late Paleozoic time. A necessary consequence oftlris process would have been contemporaneous erosion and tbe substantial developmenl of marine sedimentary basins al tbe Pacific margin of Zealandia.
    [Show full text]
  • MBMG 657 Maurice Mtn 24K.Ai
    MONTANA BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MBMG Open-File Report 657 ; Plate 1 of 1 A Department of Montana Tech of The University of Montana Geologic Map of the Maurice Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, 2015 INTRODUCTION YlcYlc Lawson Creek Formation (Mesoproterozoic)—Characterized by couplets (cm-scale) and couples (dm-scale) of fine- to medium-grained white to pink quartzite and red, purple, black, A collaborative Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology–Idaho Geological Survey (MBMG–IGS) and green argillite. Lenticular and flaser bedding are common and characteristic. Mud rip-up mapping project began in 2007 to resolve some long-standing controversies concerning the clasts are locally common, and some are as much as 15 cm in diameter. Thick intervals of 113° 07' 30" 5' 2' 30" R 12 W 113° 00' relationships between two immensely thick, dissimilar, Mesoproterozoic sedimentary sequences: the 45° 37' 30" 45° 37' 30" medium-grained, thick-bedded (m-scale) quartzite are commonly interbedded with the TKg TKg Lemhi Group and the Belt Supergroup (Ruppel, 1975; Winston and others, 1999; Evans and Green, argillite-rich intervals. The quartzite intervals appear similar to the upper part of the CORRELATION DIAGRAM 32 2003; O’Neill and others, 2007; Burmester and others, 2013). The Maurice Mountain 7.5′ quadrangle underlying Swauger Formation (unit Ysw), but quartz typically comprises a large percentage 20 Ybl occupies a key location for study of these Mesoproterozoic strata, as well as for examination of of the grains (up to 93 percent) in contrast to the feldspathic Swauger Formation. Except in Qaf 45 Tcg Ybl 40 Ybl Holocene important Proterozoic through Tertiary tectonic features.
    [Show full text]
  • A Template for an Improved Rock-Based Subdivision of the Pre-Cryogenian Timescale
    Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Perspective Journal of the Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222 A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale Graham A. Shields1*, Robin A. Strachan2, Susannah M. Porter3, Galen P. Halverson4, Francis A. Macdonald3, Kenneth A. Plumb5, Carlos J. de Alvarenga6, Dhiraj M. Banerjee7, Andrey Bekker8, Wouter Bleeker9, Alexander Brasier10, Partha P. Chakraborty7, Alan S. Collins11, Kent Condie12, Kaushik Das13, David A. D. Evans14, Richard Ernst15,16, Anthony E. Fallick17, Hartwig Frimmel18, Reinhardt Fuck6, Paul F. Hoffman19,20, Balz S. Kamber21, Anton B. Kuznetsov22, Ross N. Mitchell23, Daniel G. Poiré24, Simon W. Poulton25, Robert Riding26, Mukund Sharma27, Craig Storey2, Eva Stueeken28, Rosalie Tostevin29, Elizabeth Turner30, Shuhai Xiao31, Shuanhong Zhang32, Ying Zhou1 and Maoyan Zhu33 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK 2 School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 3 Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 5 Geoscience Australia (retired), Canberra, Australia 6 Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil 7 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 8 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside,
    [Show full text]
  • Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China
    minerals Article Precambrian Basement and Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China: Constraints from Zircon U–Pb Dating and Hf Isotopes Wei Liu 1,2,*, Xiaoyong Yang 1,*, Shengyuan Shu 1, Lei Liu 1 and Sihua Yuan 3 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China 3 Department of Earthquake Science, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) Received: 27 May 2018; Accepted: 30 July 2018; Published: 3 August 2018 Abstract: Zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses are performed on clastic rocks, sedimentary tuff of the Dongchuan Group (DCG), and a diabase, which is an intrusive body from the base of DCG in the SW Yangtze Block. The results provide new constraints on the Precambrian basement and the Late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China. DCG has been divided into four formations from the bottom to the top: Yinmin, Luoxue, Heishan, and Qinglongshan. The Yinmin Formation, which represents the oldest rock unit of DCG, was intruded by a diabase dyke. The oldest zircon age of the clastic rocks from the Yinmin Formation is 3654 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −3.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4081 Ma. Another zircon exhibits an age of 2406 Ma, with "Hf(t) of −20.1 and a two-stage modeled age of 4152 Ma.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition
    Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an icehouse to greenhouse transition Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kate E. Tierney, M.S. Graduate Program in the School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Matthew R. Saltzman, Advisor William I. Ausich Loren Babcock Stig M. Bergström Ola Ahlqvist Copyright by Kate Elizabeth Tierney 2010 Abstract The Permian is one of the most important intervals of earth history to help us understand the way our climate system works. It is an analog to modern climate because during this interval climate transitioned from an icehouse state (when glaciers existed extending to middle latitudes), to a greenhouse state (when there were no glaciers). This climatic amelioration occurred under conditions very similar to those that exist in modern times, including atmospheric CO2 levels and the presence of plants thriving in the terrestrial system. This analog to the modern system allows us to investigate the mechanisms that cause global warming. Scientist have learned that the distribution of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and lithosphere plays a large role in determining climate and changes in this distribution can be studied by chemical proxies preserved in the rock record. There are two main ways to change the distribution of carbon between these reservoirs. Organic carbon can be buried or silicate minerals in the terrestrial realm can be weathered. These two mechanisms account for the long term changes in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, particularly important to climate.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Turns Over: Hadean–Archean Crust–Mantle Evolution
    Lithos 189 (2014) 2–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Review paper The world turns over: Hadean–Archean crust–mantle evolution W.L. Griffin a,⁎, E.A. Belousova a,C.O'Neilla, Suzanne Y. O'Reilly a,V.Malkovetsa,b,N.J.Pearsona, S. Spetsius a,c,S.A.Wilded a ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and GEMOC, Dept. Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia b VS Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia c Scientific Investigation Geology Enterprise, ALROSA Co Ltd, Mirny, Russia d ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Dept of Applied Geology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth 6845, WA, Australia article info abstract Article history: We integrate an updated worldwide compilation of U/Pb, Hf-isotope and trace-element data on zircon, and Re–Os Received 13 April 2013 model ages on sulfides and alloys in mantle-derived rocks and xenocrysts, to examine patterns of crustal evolution Accepted 19 August 2013 and crust–mantle interaction from 4.5 Ga to 2.4 Ga ago. The data suggest that during the period from 4.5 Ga to ca Available online 3 September 2013 3.4 Ga, Earth's crust was essentially stagnant and dominantly maficincomposition.Zirconcrystallizedmainly from intermediate melts, probably generated both by magmatic differentiation and by impact melting. This quies- Keywords: – Archean cent state was broken by pulses of juvenile magmatic activity at ca 4.2 Ga, 3.8 Ga and 3.3 3.4 Ga, which may Hadean represent mantle overturns or plume episodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Jurassic Dinosaurs on the Move, Gastroliths and Long-Distance Migration" (2019)
    Augustana College Augustana Digital Commons Geography: Student Scholarship & Creative Works Geography Winter 12-8-2019 Late Jurassic Dinosaurs on the Move, Gastroliths and Long- Distance Migration Josh Malone Augustana College, Rock Island Illinois Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/geogstudent Part of the Geology Commons, Physical and Environmental Geography Commons, Sedimentology Commons, and the Spatial Science Commons Augustana Digital Commons Citation Malone, Josh. "Late Jurassic Dinosaurs on the Move, Gastroliths and Long-Distance Migration" (2019). Geography: Student Scholarship & Creative Works. https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/geogstudent/8 This Student Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography: Student Scholarship & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LATE JURASSIC DINOSAURS ON THE MOVE, GASTROLITHS AND LONG- DISTANCE MIGRATION a senior thesis written by Joshua Malone in partial fulfillment of the graduation requirements for the major in Geography Augustana College Rock Island, Illinois 61201 1 Table of Contents 1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: a Bioinorganic Bridge? A
    S CIENCE’ S C OMPASS ● REVIEW REVIEW: GEOCHEMISTRY Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: A Bioinorganic Bridge? A. D. Anbar1* and A. H. Knoll2 contrast, weathering under a moderately oxidiz- Recent data imply that for much of the Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 543 million years ing mid-Proterozoic atmosphere would have 2– ago), Earth’s oceans were moderately oxic at the surface and sulfidic at depth. Under enhanced the delivery of SO4 to the anoxic these conditions, biologically important trace metals would have been scarce in most depths. Assuming biologically productive marine environments, potentially restricting the nitrogen cycle, affecting primary oceans, the result would have been higher H2S productivity, and limiting the ecological distribution of eukaryotic algae. Oceanic concentrations during this period than either redox conditions and their bioinorganic consequences may thus help to explain before or since (8). observed patterns of Proterozoic evolution. Is there any evidence for such a world? Canfield and his colleagues have developed an argument based on the S isotopic compo- n the present-day Earth, O2 is abun- es and forms insoluble Fe-oxyhydroxides, sition of biogenic sedimentary sulfides, 2– dant from the upper atmosphere to thus removing Fe and precluding BIF forma- which reflect SO4 availability and redox the bottoms of ocean basins. When tion. This reading of the stratigraphic record conditions at their time of formation (16–18). O 2– life began, however, O2 was at best a trace made sense because independent geochemi- When the availability of SO4 is strongly 2– Ͻϳ constituent of the surface environment. The cal evidence indicates that the partial pressure limited (SO4 concentration 1 mM, ϳ intervening history of ocean redox has been of atmospheric oxygen (PO2) rose substan- 4% of that in present-day seawater), H2S interpreted in terms of two long-lasting tially about 2400 to 2000 Ma (4–7).
    [Show full text]
  • The Archean Geology of Montana
    THE ARCHEAN GEOLOGY OF MONTANA David W. Mogk,1 Paul A. Mueller,2 and Darrell J. Henry3 1Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 3Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana ABSTRACT in a subduction tectonic setting. Jackson (2005) char- acterized cratons as areas of thick, stable continental The Archean rocks in the northern Wyoming crust that have experienced little deformation over Province of Montana provide fundamental evidence long (Ga) periods of time. In the Wyoming Province, related to the evolution of the early Earth. This exten- the process of cratonization included the establishment sive record provides insight into some of the major, of a thick tectosphere (subcontinental mantle litho- unanswered questions of Earth history and Earth-sys- sphere). The thick, stable crust–lithosphere system tem processes: Crustal genesis—when and how did permitted deposition of mature, passive-margin-type the continental crust separate from the mantle? Crustal sediments immediately prior to and during a period of evolution—to what extent are Earth materials cycled tectonic quiescence from 3.1 to 2.9 Ga. These compo- from mantle to crust and back again? Continental sitionally mature sediments, together with subordinate growth—how do continents grow, vertically through mafi c rocks that could have been basaltic fl ows, char- magmatic accretion of plutons and volcanic rocks, acterize this period. A second major magmatic event laterally through tectonic accretion of crustal blocks generated the Beartooth–Bighorn magmatic zone assembled at continental margins, or both? Structural at ~2.9–2.8 Ga.
    [Show full text]