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Home , Campbell Plateau, Mesoproterozoic, Zealandia

Andean ISSN: 0718-7092 [email protected] Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Chile

Adams, Christopher J Lost Terranes of : possible development of late Paleozoic and early sedimentary basins at the southwest Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, and their destination as terranes in southern Andean Geology, vol. 37, núm. 2, julio, 2010, pp. 442-454 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Santiago, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173916371010

How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Andean Ge%gy 37 (2): 442-454. July. 2010 Andean Geology formerly Revista Geológica de Chile www.scielo.cl/andgeol.htm

Lost Terranes of Zealandia: possible development of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic sedimentary basins at the southwest Pacific margin of ­ land, and their destination as terranes in southern South America

Christopher J. Adams

GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, . [email protected]

ABSTRACT. Latesl to Ordovician metasedimentary suecessions and Cambrian-Ordovician and Devonian­ Carboniferous granitoids form tbe major par! oftbe basemenl of soutbem Zealandia and adjacenl sectors ofAntarctica and southeastAustralia. Uplift/cooling ages ofthese rocks, and local Devonian shallow-water caver sequences suggest tbal final consolidation oftbe basemenl occurred tbrough Late Paleozoic time. A necessary consequence oftlris process would have been contemporaneous erosion and tbe substantial developmenl of marine sedimentary basins al tbe Pacific margin of Zealandia. Tbese are fouod nowhere al tbe presenl day, suggestiog tbal tbe basins have been losl by !eclonic erosion, perhaps in a margin-parallel dextral translation similar to late Paleozoic-Mesozoic suspect terranes of New Zealand. A probable detrital zircon age pattem is asscmblcd for these lost Zealandia scdimcnts, and thcn comparcd with tbose ofpro- (probable Triassic to Devonian) metasedimentary rocl,. in tbe Chilean archipelago. Significanl Mesoproterozoic, latest -Cambrian and Devonian-Carboniferous detrital zircon age components are common to botb, tbus supporting a possible Chilean !errane destioation for tbese 'Iost terranes of Zealandia'.

Keywords: Zealandia, Detrital zircon ages, Paleozoic, Terrones, Chile.

RESUMEN. Terrenos perdidos de Zealandia: posible desarrollo de cuencas sedimentarias del Paleozoico tardío y Mesozoico temprano en el margen suroccldental del Pacífico de Gondwana y su destino como terrenos en el sur de América del Sur. Las sucesiones metasedimentarias del Precámbrico tardío al Ordovicico y granitoides del Cámbrico-Ordovicico y Devónico-Carbonlfero constitoyen la mayor parte del basamento del sur de Zealandia y sectores adyacentes de laAntártica y el sudeste deAustralia. Las edades de enfriamiento/alzaotiento de estas rocas y la cobertora local de secuencias de aguas someras del Devónico, sugieren que la consolidación definitiva del basamento se produjo durante el Paleozoico tardío. Una consecuencia necesaria de este proceso habría sido la erosión contemporánea y el desarrollo sustancial de cuencas sedimentarias marinas en el margen del Pacífico de Zealandia. Estas no se encuentran en ninguna parte en la actualidad, lo que sugiere que las cuencas se han perdido por erosión tectónica, tal vez en una traslación dextral paralela al margen sintilar a los terrenos del Paleozoico tardio-Mesozoico de Nueva Ze1aoda. Hay uoa agrupación que da uo probable patrón de edad de circones detriticos para estos sedimentos de la perdida Zealandia, comparables con aquellos de rocas metasedimentarias del pre-Jurásico (probable Triásico a Devónico) del archipiélago chileno. Importantes componentes de edades de circones detríticos del Mesoprotcrozoicos, Neoprotcrozoico tardÍo­ Cámbrico y Devónico-Carbonífero son comunes a ambas regiones, favoreciendo así un posible destino chileno para estos 'terrenos perdidos de Zealandia'.

Palabras clave: Zealandia, Edades de circones detríticos, Paleozoico, Terrenos, Chile. Adams/ Andean Geology 37 (2): 442-454. 2010 443

1. Introduction Precambrian-Cambrian, Ross and Delamerian Fold Belts ofAutarctica andAustralia respectively Zealandia is that par! ofthe greater New Zealand (Tessensohnetal., 1981;Adams, 1997;Adams underlain by (Sutherland, and Ireland, 2007). Undoubted Precambrian 1999) and which fonnerly constituted a sector ofthe basement intrusive igneous rocks within tbis Pacific margin ofthe Gondwanaland supercontineot region are very rare (Fioretti el al., 2005), but A tit of Zealandia with the adjacent continental Cambrian-Ordovician granitoid complexes within components ofGondwanaland can be made against the Ross/Delamerian Fold Belts are extensive in easternAustralia by closing the , and the Northern Victoria Land (Tessensohn el al., 1981) ofAutarctica by closing the south­ and SouthAustralia. Devonian-Early Carbonifer­ west Pacific Ocean. This then reveals the original ous granitoids occur in Northern Victoria Land continuity of several late Precambrian and early (Tessensohn et al., 1981; Tonarini and Rocchi, Paleozoic fold belts as demonstrated for example 1994), Marie Byrd Land (Adsms, 1987), Zealandia by common sedimentary basins, plutonic ares and (Muir et al., 1996) and southeastAustralia (Birch, metamorphic belts (Adams, 1981; Bradshaw et al., 2008). Regional deformation and metamorphism 1983; Glen 2005). Despite a large pruportion (95%) throughout is late Ordovician-Silurian (Adsms et ofZealandia being below sea-Ievel and unavailable al., 1975;Adams andKreuzer, 1984; Kreuzeret for study, its geological history compares well with al., 1987; Adams, 1986; FosterandGray, 2000). its Australian andAutarctic continental neighbours, In genera!, the fold belts represent an outward but an important differeoce is that Silurian and Devo­ accretion in late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician nian sedimentary rocks are very local and limited times ofRoss-Delamerianmarginal basins in the and, apar! from a single, tiny (lOO m') Transantarctic Mountains and South . limestone occurrence (Jeokins and Jenkins, 1971), These basins derived their sediment inputs from the Carboniferous is absent the immediately adjaceotAustralian andAntarctic This paper examines tbis striking paucity of Precambrian cratons. Subsequently, in southeast Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary Australia, Zealandia and WestAutarctica, Ordo­ rocks, and proposes that they were in fact developed vician sandstone-dominated successions of the in quite extensive sedimentary basins along the Lachlan Fold Belt (and eqnivalents) developed Zea1andia Pacitic margin, but were then trans1ated, very extensively (5,000 km) at the contemporary as suspect terranes, to southem South America. margin of Gondwanaland (Ireland el al., 1998), with reworlcing from both theAustralian-Autarctic 2. The Zealandia continental basement: a geo­ Precambrian eratons and the Ross-Delamerian logical outline Fold Belts. Although all these successions appear autochthonous with respect to their proposed The pre-100 Ma bascmeot ofthe Zealandia sediment sourees inboard, to harmonise their has three main components: geological history in a spatial sense, Glen (2005) • Au inboard early Paleozoic, Westem Province has nonetheless proposed major strike-slip dis­ comprises, in the Buller Terrane, extensive placement of severa! early Pa1eozoic tectonic sandstone-dominated, turbiditic rocks of Ordo­ blocks within southeastAustralia and the adjacent vician age and minor Devonian, shallow-water Ross Sea regions of Autarctica. successions and, in the Takaka Terrane, Cam­ • Au outhoard, Bastero Province ofLate Paleozoic­ brian to Devonian, shallow-water limestones Mesozoic, tectonostrntigraphic terranes (Fig. 1), and quartzites (Cooper and Tulloch, 1992). The severa! of which have been regarded as alloch­ province probably continues southwards on to thonous (Bishop el al., 1985). Within tbis pmvince the (Adams, 2007) and into there is a westem !errane group represented by Marie Byrd Land, West Autarctica (Bradshaw -arc, volcaniclastic-dominated (mainly et al., 1997; Pankhurst et al., 1998), and also acid-intermediate), foreare sedimentary basins of westwards into the early Paleozoic, Lachlan the Brook Stree!, Murihiku and Duo Mountain­ Fold Bel! of southeast Australia (Foster and Maitai Terranes (Coombs et al., 1976; Ballance Gray, 2000; VandeoBerg et al., 2000; Veevers and Campbelll993; Landis et al., 1999; Rat­ el al., 2000), and more distantly, to the Late tenbury el al., 1998). Volcanic successions are 444 LOST 'IÉRlUNES OF ZEAL.mDL4.: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE P ALEOZOIC AND EARLY MEsOZOIC. ..

LACHL.AN FOLD BELT (Austr.) D NEW ENGLAND FOlO BELT .... WESTERN PROVINCE (NZ) MEDIAN BATHOUTH (NZ) J Early Palaozolc tarTanes (Garbonlferous to Jurassic terranesj -­ and De\IOnlan - carbonlferous plutonlsm ."

lO a a

a

I Australia Australia \ \ / o / o a a ~..

PERMIAN­ JURASSIC 'lDST TERRANES' OF ZEALANDIA

_\ VIIPwi. \Fani

Australlan \"=.-.l Land /' Precambrian---- -, o;- margin I West I Antarcllca l 'i':';'--:"S':fl_ _ ¡.¡....

p 1,000 km 1,000 km

FIG. 1. Tbc Pacific margin ofGondwanaland in a reconstruction showing: left diagram: late Ncoproterozoic-early Paleozoic basoment outcrop (daxk grey shading) acd possibl. goograpbic contiIwations (ligbt grey shading) acd lb. Precam­ brian craton margin (bold broken line). Tbe bold dotted ellipses represent probable areas afIate PaIeozoic-Mesozoic sediment depocentres, that might now form 10st terranes ofZealandia, destined far Chile (suggested tectonic transport direction shown as bold arrows); rigbt diagram: late Paloozoic-Mcsozoic outcrop (dark grey shading) and possiblc geographic continuations (light grey shading). Areas of Jurassic-Cretaceous plutonism are shown as stipple. The bold dashed ellipses represent probable arcas of late Paleozoic-Mesozoic scdiment depocentres that now form suspect terranes in the Eastem Province, New Zealand (bold dotted envelopes),

well represented in lhe Permian, Brook Street etal" 1976), whichis overlain byPermian-Early Terrane, but are rore tbroughout lhe Late Permian Triassic turbidite suecessions oflhe Maitai Group. to , Murihiku Terrane, The Dun An eastem terrane group, comprising lhe Tor­ Mountain-Maitai Terrane is dominated by lhe lesse (composite), Waipapa and Caples Terranes Early Permian, Dun Mountain Ophiolite Bel! (Mackinnon, 1983; Adams et al" 2009), fonns (serpentinites, spilites and ultramafites) (Coombs accretionary complexes (permian lo Cretaceous) Adams/ Andean Geology 37 (2): 442-454. 2010 445

wilh extensive sandstone-dominated turbiditic ouly very locally developed (km-scale) or absent in rocles mainly derived from an adjacent continen­ lhese regions. Except for some acid volcanic rocks tal margin including plutonic and metamorphic in Tasmania, Cambrian (and late Precambrian) igne­ rocles. Acid-intermediate, volcaniclastic sediment ous rocks are similarly rare or absent. No rocks of inputs are pervasive in lhe Caples Terrane, less so this age are known on lhe Campbell Plateau. Also in lhe Waipapa Terrane and rare in lhe Torlesse it cannot be satisfactorily exp\ained how Cambrian Terrane. Volcanic horizons are rare in all three igneous fOcks, occurring as clasts in rare Torlesse terranes. Regional deformation and low-grade conglomerates «0.01 % total) have been transported metamorphism within lhe developing accretion­ large distances (>1,000 km) frem tiny occurrences ary wedge are recorded throughout lhe Triassic, in WestAntarctica (Amundsen Sea), whilst lhere is Jurassic and (mainly) Cretaceous (Adsms et al., no evidence of sand-size detritos travelling similar 1985; Adsms, 2003; Adsms and Maas, 2004). distances frem lhe widespread Devonian granitoids • A Late Permian-, Median in this same sector of lhe Gondwanaland margino Balholilh (Kimhrough et al., 1994; Mortimer Altematively, on lhe hasis ofdetrital U-Pb zircon et al., 1999), which separates lhe Westem and and 40Arl" Ar mica age patterns, Adsms and Kelley Eastem Provinces. (1998); Pickard el al. (2000) andAdsms et al. (2007) In lhe Eastern Province, lhe Torlesse Terrane preferred Torlesse (and Waipapa) terrane sedirnent rocles in particular show petrographic characteris­ provenances within lhe Carboniferous-Triassic plutonic tics (Mackinnon, 1983), geochemical compositions and volcanic complexes of lhe New England Fold (Roser and Korsch, 1999) and radiogenic isotope Belt of northeastAustralia, and to a lesser degree lheir patterns (pickett and Wasserburg, 1989; Frost and hinterland consisting ofPrecambrian-early Paleozoic Coombs, 1989; Wandres et al. (2004a, b); Adsms el rocks within lhe Thomson and Delamerian) fold belts al., 2005)!hat do not match wilh possible sources at (Veevers, 2000; Glen, 2005). Asirnilarpreference was lhe immediate Gondwanaland margin in lhe Westem given for rocks within lhe Caples Terrane (Adsms Province (Adsms, 1997,2007; Gray, 1990; Adsms, et al., 2009). Features such as euhedral ralher !han 2004). Furthermore, whilst lhey lend support to rounded zircon mineral grains (pickard et al., 2000), some altemative provenances, for example wilhin conglomerate horizons (Andrews el al., 1976; Smale, lhe northeast Australia or Antarctic sectors, lhese 1980; Wandres et al., 2004b), grltstones and coarse features do not uneqnivocally confirm such proposals. estuarine sandstones (Andrews, 1974; Retallack, Attention has lherefore been concentrated instead 1983), and plant material (Retallack and Ryburn, upon lheir detrital mica and zircon age populations. 1982) all suggest !hat lhe sandstone successions These similarly exclude any likely source areas at formed relatively close to a contemporary active lhe adjacentmargin oflhe Westem Province ofNew continental margin, and lhe resultant sedirnentary Zealand (which are mainly Cambrian-Devonian basins were subsequently transported tectonically, sedirnentary rocks, and Devonian-Carboniferous as suspect terranes, along lhe Gondwanaland margin plutonic rocks) or lheir eqnivalents in Australia and soulhwards to lheir present New Zealand position (1reland, 1992a; Ireland et al., 1994, Adsms (Adsms et al., 2007) (Fig. 1). This model raises lhe and Kelley, 1998; Pickard et al., 2000; Cawood et possibility lhat equivalent rocks were originally al., 2002; Wandres et al., 2004a; Adsms et al., 2007) present at lhe Zealandia margin and also underwent (Fig. 1). However, lhere is disagreement about any similar tectonic transport elsewhere. alternstive provenances. For example, Cawood et al. (2002) suggested lhat Perrnian sandstones in lhe 3. Late Paleozoic uplift aod erosion in southern Akatarawa microterrane (within lhe Torlesse Ter­ Zealandia rane) had a distant Tethyan origino On a comparison ofpetrographic, geochemical, and age information, Throughout Zea1andia and neighbouriog southeast Wandres et al. (2004a) suggested a West Antarctic Australia and Antarctica, lhe K-Ar and 4OArl"Ar (Amundsen Sea) source for Cambrian boulders in cooling age patterns of lhe early Paleozoic meta­ Torlesse conglomerates. However, these source sedimentary terranes and early and late Paleozoic regions remain unsatisfactory, because rocks oflhe plutonic complexes are all in lhe range 440 to ca. appropriate extent (> 100 km scale), composition 340 Ma (Adsms, 1981, 1986, 1987; Adams and (acid-intermediate), and age (perrnian-Triassic) are Kreuzer, 1984; Adams et al., 1975, 1979; Foster 446 LOST 'IÉRlUNES OF ZEAL.mDL4.: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE P ALEOZOIC AND EARLY MEsOZOIC. •• and Gray, 2000; Kreuzer el al., 1987; Vita el al., 3. Low-medium-grade Late Cambrian-Ordovician 1991; Wright el al., 1991; Tonarini and Rocchi, metasediments of tbe Laehlan Fold Bel! and 1994). These data suggest that substantial basement correlatives in Zealandia and Antarctica. uplift and erosion continued from Silurian to at 4. Devonian to Carboniferous granitoid com­ least mid-Carboniferous times. This could explain plexes, also within tbe Lachlan F old Belt and tbe absence of Carboniferous clastic sedimentary its correlatives, e.g., Karamea Batbolith of rocks in New Zealand. New Zealand. Such exhumation must have been conaiderable S. Late Permian igneous rocks of tbe Median (5-15 km), to bring greenschist facies metasediments Batbolitb or sedimentary rocks of tbe Brook and granitoids to tbe surfaee by tbe Devonian in Street and Murihiku Terranes (Fig. 1). tbe Buller Terrane of N ew Zealand (Bradshaw, Today, the crucial continental basement in 1995), in Northem Victoria Land (Tessensohn el al., southem Zealandia (Campbell Plateau) and 1981), Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica (Grindley and West Antarctica (Marie Byrd Land) is hidden Mildenhall, 1981), and in Tasmania and Victoria, beneatb sea and ice. Since proven outcrop areas Australia (VandenBerg el al., 2000; Birch, 2008), are extremely limited, estimates of tbe extent of but later, by Late Permian time, in the Takaka sources (1 )-(5) are very uncertain. Bradshaw el al. Terrane ofNew Zealand (Rattenbury el al., 1998; (1997) speculated tbat Permian-Jurassic rocks of Bradshaw, 2000). Throughout this broad region, source (5) did indeed continue, as terranes, across Devonian sedimentary cover rocks are invariably the Campbell Plateau into Marie Byrd Land. In local (km-scale), and indicate prevailing shallow­ contrast, Adams (2007), citing uniform regional water, passive margin environments. Devonían magnetic anomaly pattems (Sutberland, 1999), granitoids were also emplaeed in all these areas suggested tbe basement in this region comprised too, and minor associated volcanics are recorded almost entirely pre-Permian sources (3) and (4), in Antarctica (Northem Victoria Land, and Marie perhaps >70%. Byrd Land). Thus, tbroughout late Paleozoic The very extensive sandstone-dominated sueces­ time, tbe Zealandia region was relatively stable, sions of sources (1) and (3) have plutonic, mostly witb restricted shallow-water sedimentation, and granitoid, provenances, and thus, when reworked undergoing steady regional uplift. into contemporary late Paleozoic sediments, would The substantial exhumation of sueh a large base­ contribute tbese characteristics. To tbis would be ment region (1 ,000 km-scale) necessarily implies com­ added similar detritos from granitoid sources (2) mensurate erosion and development of sedimentary and (4). Thus, late Paleozoic sediments would basins along tbe contemporary Zealandia continental be dominated by sands and silts witb relatively margino Surprising1y, no such basins have ever been quartzose compositions, more potassic tban calcic, discovered. It must be concluded that tbey have eitber and witb elevated initial Sr isotopic ratios, >0.708 been completely removed by Mesozoic subaerial (Gray, 1990; Adams, 1997). There is, however, a erosion, or, like tbe Eastem Province sedimentary complication closer to tbe Zealandia margin (and basins, tbey have undergone some form of 'tectonic' present-day New Zealand) where Late Permian erosion, and as 'Lost Terrones of Zea1andia', have sediment contributions from source (5), such been transported elsewhere. as tbe Median Batbolith, and Brook Street and Dun Mountain-Maitai Terranes, might become 4. Sediment inputs into postulated baoino at the important. The extension of none of tbese on to Zealandia margin tbe Campbell Plateau is proven, altbough a linear magnetic anornaly extending 400 km soutbeast of Any late Paleozoic basins developed at tbe New Zealand might be related to tbe Dun Mountain Zealandia margin would have derived tbeir sedi­ Ophiolite Belt (Sutberland 1999; Mortirner el al., ment inputs from an exposed basement hinterland 2002). Ifsource (5) was originally far larger, i.e, tbat included: a large proportion has been removed by erosion, 1. Medium-high-grade metamorphic roelcs (from or if substantial extensions are in faet hidden on late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian protoliths). tbe Campbell Plateau and in Marie Byrd Land 2. Cambrian-Ordovician granitoid complexes of (Bradshaw el al., 1997), then sediments contrib­ tbe Ross and Delamerian Fold Belts. uted from this source would be less quartzose, Adams/ Andean Geology 37 (2): 442-454. 2010 447 more volcaniclastic and with lower bulk initial gin-parallel translation (ca. 2,000 km) as suspect "Sr/"Sr values <0.706. terranes, similar to that of the Eastem Provioce !erranes, theo possible destioation !erranes might be 5. Detrital zircon age patterns in late Paleozoic represented in the Chilean archipelago of southem sediments at the Zealandia margin SouthAmerica, as the Chonos, EastemAndes, and Duque de York Metamorphic Complexes (Faúndez The sediment sources (1 )-(5) would deliver el al., 2002; Hervé and Fanoing, 2003; Hervé el detrita! zircon age characteristics lo the Zealandia al., 2003; Lacassie el al., 2006). These comprise margin as follows: poorly fossiliferous or unfossiliferous, low-grade Souree (1), late Neoproterozoic-Cambrian meta­ siliciclastic metasediments, with exception ofthe sedimentary rocks, haviog two main, and lOughly Duque de York Complex, which has significant equal, groups: late MesoplOterozoic, ca. 1,000- Permian limestones. In general, their age range is 1, lOO Ma, and late N eoplOtelOzoic to Cambrian, on1y poorly estimated as post-Early Permian, pre­ ca. 600-500 Ma. Early Cretaceous. Faúndez el al. (2002) and Lacas­ Souree (2), Ross-Delamerian granitoids haviog sie el al. (2006) compared Permian (and possible primary zircons, ca. 460-500 Ma. Triassic) lOcks in Chilean Patagonia and southem Source (3), early Paleozoic metasedimentary N ew Zealand, and they noted that the Eastem lOcks ofthe Lachlan Fold Belt (and its contioua­ Province terranes also have poorly fossiliferous tions) haviog a combined age signature made up low-grade, metasediments (post-Early Permian from sourees (1) and (2). lo pre-) which include important Source (4), Devonian-Carboniferous, granitoids Late Permian limestones in the Brook Street and and/or associated volcanic lOcks, having primary Dun Mountain-Maitai Terranes (Rattenbury el al., zircons, 430-330 Ma. 1998; Landis el al., 1999). Source (5), granodiorites and diorites of the Zircon age data from the Chilean complexes Median Batholith (Mortimer el al., 1999) or older, cited aboye are summarised in figure 2 (\ower) in intermediate volcaniclastic lOcks in the BlOok Street a similar manner lo the equivalent data from the Terrane (Landis el al., 1999), Murihiku Terrane Permian-Triassic Rakaia Terrane ofNew Zealand (Ballance and Campbell, 1993) or Dun Mountain­ displayed in figure 2 (upper). The Chilean zircon Maitai Terrane, having mostly Late Permian (260- age pattems are seen to contrast with those from 250 Ma) zircons. New Zealand. Since the Rakaia Terrane is allo­ An estimate of their relative extent would sug­ chthonous with respect to the southem Zealandia gest that sources (1)-(3) would be major zircon margin, it has zircon age data !hat do not match contributors to any Zealandia sedimentary basins, the possible basement sourees there. However, the perhaps comprising 60-70% oftota!, with an im­ Chilean zircon data do conform lo that expected of portant but minor contribution, perhaps 20-30%, a Zealandia margin sedimeotary basin. In particular from source (4), and an uncertain, but smallest there is a large zircon component (early Paleozoic input from source (5). This contrasts markedly and Precambrian) compatible with souree-types (1)­ with zircons delivered to the northeastemAustral­ (3), and a significant minor component (Devonian ian Gondwanaland margin to form the Torlesse, and CarbonifelOus) compatible with source-type Waipapa and Caples sedimentary basins, which (4). Permian zircon contributions of source-type were dominated by source (5), ofien 40-50%, with (5) are more significant than predicted, but are only a minor contribution, 30-40%, from sources highly variable, 10-70%, suggesting tbat their (1)-(3), and very little from source (4). These pat­ influence is more local, and perhaps related to tems are exemplified in fignre 2 (upper) by zircon volcanic sources. age distributions in Rakaia Terrane lOcks of the Torlesse Composite Terrane. 7. Discussion

6. Lost terranes of Zealandia in Chilean Patagonia With the exception ofthe Duque de York Com­ plex discussed below, Hervé andFanning (2003) and If the postolated late Paleozoic sedimentary Hervé el al. (2003) inferred from detrita! zircon age basins at the Zealandia margin did undergo a mar- data in the metamorphic complexes of the Chilean 448 LOST 'IÉRlUNES OF ZEAL.mDL4.: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE P ALEOZOIC AND EARLY MEsOZOIC. ••

DI:TRITAL ZlRCON AGI: DATA FORNEW ZEALAND EASTERN PROVINCI: TERRANI:S: PERCENTAGE PROPORTIONS IN GEOLOGICAL PERIODS

J_ _. p".. c ..... "" .. 0nI.c_ ...... TORLESSE COMPOSITE TERRANE -...... T~ RBWI 205 220 RBWI ,• OTQI 220 230 OTQI , lII!RM2 220 230 lII!RM2 4 NGQ2 220 230 NGQ2 4 NGQ2 220 230 NGQ2 4 PUDI 220 230 PUDI , '35 '42 , SElA '51 "O SElA -PAR2 '51 "O -PAR2 • Aviemarc Aviemarc , lillRDW "O lillRDW 6 BMQX35 '" BMQX35 IúbOuT~ 4 KAK3' 251 KAK3' Abtarawa Tenue 4 TAKAIO 251 TAKAIO 3 "" 251 • ""

DETRITAL ZIRCON AGr. DATA roRMETAMORPHIC COMPLEXES 01' C1IILl.ANPÁTAGONIA: PERCENTAGE PROPORTIONS IN GEOLOGICAL PERIODS

Cret. JlII'U. Triu. Per. Carb. :De..-sn Ord-C_ Pretam

CBONOS METAMORPHIC COMPLEX 7 CE9.., 2 CE96-<)3 7 F096-

EASTERN ANDES MJ:TAMORPBIC COMPLEX 7 PE99-32A PE99-32A 7 F098-P17 2 F098-P17 7 FF99-01 • FF99-01 7 FF99-0' FF99-0' 7 Sl99-28C • 2 Sl99-28C 7 SE99-O. , SE99-O. 7 VSllA VSllA 7 PS98-01 PS98-01

MAlNRANGE METAMORPBIC COMPLEX 7 CE96-,. 2 11 11 12 CE96-,. 7 MAlI MAlI

DUQUE DE YOHMETAMORPBIC COMPLEX ALI 1'. • 11 ALI Mili .. ' 12 • Mili Mili, ~..,1,,1 _-,",,--. Mili, ...... 1. Irdand, 1992b 2. Adamuto/., 1998 3.Cawood el 01" 2002 4. Pickard el al., 2000 5. W~dal .• 2OO4t. 6. Adams el al., 2007 7.HervéetaL,2003 •• Herve lIDd FlIIlIling. 2003

FIG. 2. 206pbfl3I{J detrital zircon ages for late Paleozoic-Mesozoic metasedimentary rocles ofthe Torlesse Composite Terrane in New Zca1and (upper), compilcd :from Adams el al. (2007), and metamorphic complcxcs in Patagonian Chile Qower), compilod from Hervé and Fanning (2003), Hcrvé et al. (2003). Age data are divided into selectcd geologica1 periods, and categorised as percentages of the total zircon seto Adams/ Andean Geology 37 (2): 442-454. 2010 449 archipelago, autochtbonous, passive-margin set­ primary souree areas very difficuIt to assess. The tings for tbe origioal sedimentary basins (see also autbors did not eonsider any western provenanees Faúudez el al., 2002). In tbis respect, Augustsson as suggested in tbis work:, and in any case, tbe el al. (2006) reached a similar conclusion for tbe important additional eontribution from zircon Hf­ provenance of detrital zircons in higher-grade isotope data is unavailable to assess its validity. metasediments, of probable original Carboniferous AItbough a Zealandia provenanee seerns distant, age, in tbe maioland part of Chilean Patagonia. it can be seen from figure 3, tbat tbese sourees are Considering only tbe magmatic zircons in tbeir no more distant !han sorne alternatives in eastern datasets (of which age subsets are consequently SoutbAmeriea, for example Brazil, Uruguay, or East often ratber small), significant proportions are Antarctiea. Thus tbe well-developed Mesoprotero­ Mesoproterozoic (> I 0%), early Paleozoic (> I 0%), zoie, early Paleozoie and Devonian-Carboniferous and Devonian-Carboniferous (>15%) in age, all zircon age patterns in Chilean Patagonian metasedi- of which are compatible, in reasonable combina­ tions, witb a Zealandia origio. However, it must be conceded tbat detrital zircon age patterns in comparable late Paleozoic rocks having similar Mesoproterozoic, early Paleozoic and Devonian­ Carboniferous components, are widely recoguised along tbe soutb-central Andes (Chew el al., 2007, 2008; Willner el al., 2008; Bahlburg el al., 2009). Indeed, tbe Mesoproterozoic and early Paleozoic­ late Neoproterozoic detritaI zircon components in particular are also commonIy seen over tbousands ofk:ilometres, throughout East and WestAntarctica andAustralia, often in regions where possible source areas are surprisingly scarce or apparently absent. The examples along tbe Soutb American Pacific margin cited aboye are usually withio accretionary complexes where an autochtbonous relationship at tbe Gondwana margin appears straightforward and probable. Compariog tbe U-Pb ages and Hf-isotope compositions of tbe detritaI zircons from tbese complexes witb possible Gondwanaland primary sources, the autbors cited aboye all suggested sediment provenances in Paleozoic fold belts to tbe northeast and east, and more distantly in tbe terranes? Precambrian cratonic cores ofWestem Gondwana­ land (soutbern , East Antarctica, and central Soutb America). There are abundant sourees for tbe observed Mesoproterozoie and late Neopro­ terozoic zireons, admittedly by long (2,000 km) river transport, in soutbern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. Closer sourees of more limited outcrop, or known from drill-hole oeeurrences, of tbe reqnired appropriate Paleozoie ages (pankburst el al., 2003), were suggested in soutbern Argen­ tina. However, the extensive Mesozoic- sedimentary eover tbere, and subsequent emplace­ FIG. 3. The Pacific margin ofGondwanalandin the late Paleozoic­ Mesozoic showingtbe development ofmajorcontemponuy ment of volurninous Jurassie-Cretaceous igueous depocentres at Ibe Aus1ralia-Zealandia margin, and their eomplexes in soutbern Soutb Ameriea, makes tbe subsequent, margin-parallcl, dextral displaccmcnt as original extent and eontemporary exposure oftbese suspect terrancs. 450 LOST 'IÉRlUNES OF ZEAL.mDL4.: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE P ALEOZOIC AND EARLY MEsOZOIC. .. ments recommend further evaluation of a westem, sedimentary basins, and thus a suspect terrane Zeolandia, provenance. interpretation is permissible. The dominant Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic zircon proportions (>70%) io Ihe Duque Acknowledgments de York complex (Faúndez et al., 2002; Lacassie et M. Fanning and co-workers are Ibanked for access to al., 2006), and significanl proportions (>20%) in Ibeir primaIy Chilean zircon age dataseis. Ihe Chonos and Eastem Andean complexes (Hervé and Fanning, 2003; Hervé et al., 2003) must iodicate References Ihe proximity (allhough not seen) of contemporary volcanic ares, nearer lo Ihe Patagonian margio of Adams, C.J. 1981. Geochronological comparisons of Gondwanoland, !hat effectively blocked Ihe ioput Precambriao aod Paleozoic orogens in New Zealaod, of detrital zircons from older sourees lo Ihe easl. Marie Byrd Laod (WestAotarctica), Northem Victoria The nearest examples of such a magmatic are would Land (EastAotarctica) and Tasmania. In Gondwana be io northern Patagonia (Augustsson et al., 2006). Five (Cresswell, M.M.; Vella, P.; editors). Selected papers and abstracts of papcrs prescntcd at thc 8. Conclusions Gondwana Symposium, No. 5: 191-192. Balkema, Rotterdam. The basernent of soulhern Zealandia was con­ Adams, C.J. 1986. Geocbrooological sludies oflhe Swansoo solidated by Carboniferous times, and constituted Formation ofMarie Byrd Land, WestAotarctica, and extensive tracts latest Precambrian-Ordovician correlation wilh Nor1hern Victoria Land, EastAotarctica, deep-marioe turbiditic metasediments, iotruded by aod Soulb Islaod, New Zealand. New Zealand Jouma! Cambrian-Ordovician and Devonian-Carboniferous ofGeology and Geophysics 29: 345-358. granitoids. A limited sedimentary cover comprised Adams, C.J. 1987. Geochronology of granite terranes in shollow-water Devonian rocks. There may have Ibe Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd land, West Aotarctica. been local, but uncertain, extension oflhe Median New Zealand Joumal of Geology and Geophysics Balholilh (and severol Permian-Triassic terranes) 30: 57-72. io New Zeoland soulheastwarda along Ihe Zeolan­ Adams, C.J. 1997. Initial strontium isotopic signatores of diamargin. Late Precamhrian-Early Paleozoic metasediments frem Substantial uplift of this basement progressed notthem Victoria Land terranes, EastAotarctic. In The through late Paleozoic time (at least Silurian lo Aotarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes Carboniferous), and Ihe consequent erosion and (Ricci, C-A.; editor). Proceedings oflbe Intemational river transport should have provided volumioous Symposium onAntarctic Eartb Sciences, No. 7, Terra sediments, of mainly granitoid compositions, to Aotarctica Publication: 227-236. Siena, ltaly. postulated marioe sedimentary basins at Ihe Pacific Adams, C.J. 2003. K-Ar geochronology of Torlesse margin of Zeolandia. These sediments would have Supergroup metasedimentary rocks in Canterhury, carried detritol zircon populations domioated by New Zealand. Jouma! oflbe Royal Society ofNew Mesoproterozoic, late Neoproterozoic-Cambrian­ Zealaod 33: 165-187. Ordovician, and Devonian-Carboniferous age Adams, C.J. 2004. Rb-Sr age aod strontium isotope char­ components. acteristics ofthe Group, Bullerterrane, New The present-day absence of any such late Zealaod, and correlations at the East Gondwanaland Paleozoic sedimentary basins at the soulhem margio. New Zealand Jouma! of Geology and Geo­ Zealandia continental margio suggests that Ihey physics 47: 189-200. may have been tectonicolly transported elsewhere Adams, C.J. 2007. Paleozoic terranes at the Pacific during the Mesozoic, as suspect terranes in a Occan margin of Zcalandia Gondwana Research dextral, margin-parallel sense, similar lo Ihat of 13: 250-258. the Easlem Province (Permian lo Crelaceous) Adams, C.J.; Kreuzer, H. 1984. Potassium-argon ages of terranes ofNew Zealand. A possible destination alates and phyUites frem lhe Bowers aod Rohertson Bay for Ihese terranes would be io the metamorphic Terraoes, Norlh Victoria Land, Aotarctica. In German complexes of Chilean Patagonia. Detrital zircon Aotarctic Norlh VictoriaLand Expedition 1982/1983 age populations in Iheir metasediments compare GANOVEX III (Roland, N.; editor). Geologisches well wilh Ihose Ihat might be expected in Zeolandia Jahrbuch B6: 265-288. Adams/ Andean Geology 37 (2): 442-454, 2010 451

Adams, C.J.; Kelley, S. 1998. Provenance of Permo­ Adamo, C.J.; Campbell, H.J.; Griffin W.L. 2009. Traciog Triassic and Ordovician metagreywacke terranes !he Caples Terraoe through New Zea1snd usiog detrital in New Zealand: evideoce from "'ArI"Ar dating of zircon age patterns and radiogenic isotope signatures. detrital micas. Geological Society of America Bul- New Zealand Joumal of Geology and Geophysics 1etin 110: 422-432. 52: 223-245. Adams, C.I; Moas, R. 2004. AgeJisotopic characterisation Aodrews, P.B. 1974. Deltaic sedimeots, Upper Triassic of!he Waipapa Group in Northland and Auckland, Torlesse Supergroup, Broken River, Norlh Canterbury, New Zealand, and implications for!he status of!he New Zealand. New Zealand Jouroa1 ofGeology and Waipapa Terrane. New Zealand Joumal ofGeology Geophysics 17: 881-905. andGeophysics47: 173-187. Aodrews, P.B.; Spedeo, I.G.; Bradshaw, ID. 1976. Li­ Adams, C.I; 1re1and, T.R. 2007. Provenance conoections !hological aod palaeontological conteot of!he Car­ bctwccn Late Ncoporotcrozoic and carly Palcozoic bonifcrous - Jurassic Cantcrbury Suite, , sedimentary basios of!he Ross Searegion,Aotarctica, New Zealand. New Zea1snd Joumal of Geology aod sou!heastAustra1ia and southem Zealandia. In Aotarc­ Geophysics 19: 791-819. tic: A Keystone io a changiog (Cooper, AK.; Augustsson, C.; Münker, C.; Bahlburg, H.; Fanning, Barrett, P.; Stagg, H.; Storey, B.; Stump, E.; Wise, W.; C.M. 2006. Provenance oflate Palaeozoic metasedi­ Davey, F.J.; Naish, T.R.; editors). Proceddiogs for!he ments of!he SW Sou!hAmericao Gondwana margio: Intcmational Symposium onAntarctic Scicnccs, a combined U-Pb and Hf-isotope study of single No. 10. U.S. Geological Survey and!he NationalAcad­ detrital zircons. Joumal of!he Geological Society emies Opon FileReport 1047 ExtendedAbstracts:I-4. ofLondon 163: 983-995. Adams, C.J.D.; Harper, C.T.; Laird, M.G. 1975. K-Ar Bahlburg, H.; Vcrvoort, J.D.; Du Frane, S.A.; Bock, B.; ages of low grade metasediments of!he Green1and Augustsson, C.; Reimaon, R.C. 2009. Timiog oferost and Waiuta Groups in Westland and Buller, New formation and recycling in accretionary orogens: Zealand. New Zealand Jouroa1 of Geology and Geo­ Insights learned from !he westcm margin of Sou!h physics 18: 39-48. America. Earth-Science Reviews 97: 227-253. Adams, C.J.; Monis, P.A.; Beggs, J.M. 1979. Age and Ballance, P.F.; CaropbeU, J.D. 1993. The Murihiku arc­ correlation ofvolcanic rocks ofCampbell Island aod relaled basio ofNew Zealand (Triassic-Jurassic). In metamorphic basement of!he Campbell Plateau, Sou!h Pacific Sedimentary Basios (BaUaoce, P.F.; Sou!h-westPacific. New ZealandJouroa1 ofGeology editor). Sedimeotary Basios of!he World 2: 21-33. aod Geophysics 6: 679-691. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Adams, C.J.; Bishop, D.G.; Gabites, J.E. 1985. Potas­ Birch, W.D. (editor) 2008 Geology ofVictoria, Geological sium-argon age studies of a low-grade progressively Society of Australia Special Publication 23, Chapter metamorphosed greywacke sequence, Dansey Pass, 6: 157-193. Sou!hIs1and, New Zealand. Jouroa1 of!he Geological Bishop, G.J.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Laodis, C.A 1985. Pro­ Society ofLondon 142: 339-349. visional terrane map ofSou!h Island, New Zealand. Adams, C.J.; Barley, M.E.; Fletcher, I.R.; Picksrd, AL. In Tectonostratigraphic Terranes, Circum-Pacific 1998. Evidence from U-Pb zircon aod "'ArI"Ar Council for Energy aod Mioeral resourees (HoweU, muscovite detrital mineral ages in metasandstones D.G.; editor). Earth Science Series 1: 515-521. for movement of the Torlesse suspect terrane around Houston, . !he eastern margio of Gondwaoaland. Terra Nova 10: Bradahaw, ID.; Aodrews, P.B.; Field, B.D. 1983. Swao­ 183-189. son Formation and rclatcd rocks ofMarie Byrd Land Adams, C.J.; Pankhurst, RJ.; Maas, R.; Millar, I.L. 2005. and a comparison with the Robertson Bay Group of Nd aod Sr isotopic signatures of metasedimentary Northern Victoria Land. In Aotarctic Earth Science rocks around the South Pacific margin, and impli­ (Oliver, R.L.; James, P.R.; Jago, J.B.; editors). cations for their provenance. Geological Society of AustralianAcademyofScience: 176-189. Caoborra. London, Special Publication 246: 113-142 . Bradshaw, J.D.; Pankhurst, R.J.; Weaver, S.D.; Storey, Adams, C.J.; CaropbeU, H.J.; Griffin, W.J. 2007. Prov­ B.C.; Muir, R.J.; lrelaod, T.R. 1997. New Zcalaod enance comparisons of Permian to Jurassic tecton­ superterranes recognized in Marie Byrd Land and ostratigraphic terranes in New Zea1and: perspectives Thurston Is1aod. In The Aotarctic Region: Geologi­ from dc1rital zircon age pattems. Geological Magazioe cal Evolution and Processes (Ricci, C.-A.; editor). 144: 701-729. Proceediogs of!he Seven!h Intemational Symposium 452 LOST 'IÉRlUNES OF ZEAL.mDL4.: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE P ALEOZOIC AND EARLY MEsOZOIC. ..

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Manuscript receivod: Fobruary 01, 2009; roviscdlacceptod: May 20, 2010.