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Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation

Volume 10 Article 17

2007 The egetV al Goddess in the Tomb of the Typhon Wayne L. Rupp Jr. Florida State University

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Recommended Citation Rupp, Wayne L. Jr. (2007) "The eV getal Goddess in the Tomb of the Typhon," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 17. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol10/iss1/17

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Vegetal Goddess in the Tomb of the Typhon

by Wayne L. Rupp, Jr.

he Hellenistic Tomb of the Typhon, discovered in 1832 and located in the in , housed the burials of the aristocratic Pumpu family and have been used from the third quarter of the third century BC until T 1 the Roman Imperial period. This tomb’s painted decoration includes a marine frieze, a pro - cession of men being led by demons, and, on opposite sides of one pillar, a winged, anguiped male and a winged, vegiped female. 2 This winged Rankingottin or Rankenfrau (Fig. 1), referred to by Steingraber as a possible Lasa or by Brendel as a caryatid, will be the focus of this article, for she seems more significant than either of these labels indicates. 3 Discussions of this tomb often dwell on the relationship between the “Typhon” and the anguiped of the Altar of and at Pergamon and do not account for the iconographic predecessors of the vegetal goddess. 4 The importance of this figure will be demonstrated, and a proposal for her identity will be made, after relating her iconography to the conventions used in depicting vegetal goddesses in contexts from the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. The image of a plant-human hybrid can be found in many areas in the Mediterranean world and appears “from the Crimea to South , from Egypt to

Macedonia, from to and figure 1 – Line Drawing of the Vegetal Goddess in the 5 .” Representations of this goddess Tomb of the Typhon (After Brendel 1995, fig. 319)

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follow a general pattern. She often fulfills an ornamental function and is depicted frontally and symmetrically with the human portion of her body forming between volutes and acanthus tendrils. The upper part of the figure is human and often naked, and the lower portion is either covered from the waist down by leaves creating a skirt for the figure or acanthus tendrils that take the place of legs. 6 She sometimes wears a 7 figure 2 – Silver Plaque from the Bomford Collection (Illustration by polos or is winged. C. Buisson) Stoop cites numerous iconographic variations of this goddess and notes that the “most striking variation” occurs in her use as the decora - tion of a capital supporting architectural elements. Interestingly, he does not refer to the sim - ilar function of the vegetal goddess in the Tomb of the Typhon. The origins of the vegetal goddess have not been settled but seem closely tied to that of its pendant figure in the tomb, the so-called Typhon. Using the motif of the anguiped giant as their primary evidence, Pallottino and Steingraber state that the Typhon and the vegetal goddess are motifs from Asia Minor with Pergamon as the most probable site of origin and the Great Altar as a precedent. 8 Curtius proposes an Eastern origin for this goddess, 9 and Stoop suggests Asia Minor , without specifically mentioning Pergamon , as the place of her origin .10 In discussions of a royal Thracian tomb near the village of Sveshtari that contains a similar goddess, Boardman proposes that the vegetal goddess is a Thracian motif , while Valeva places the goddess’ origin in Greece, specifical - ly Athens .11 In a recent article, de Grummond discusses the possible connections between Pergamon and the figure 3 – Kyathos Handle with “Potnia Theron” (Illustration by Tomb of the Typhon in relation to the early appear - C. Buisson)

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ances of anguiped giants in Italy. While she does not mention the vegiped goddess, she does demonstrate that giants appear in Italy long before the creation of the Altar of Zeus. 12 Cristofani cites evidence of anguiped figures appearing in Etruria as early as the second half of the sixth century BC. 13 Thus, the use of both the vegetal goddess and the anguiped giant in the Tomb of the Typhon can no longer be used as evidence for an Eastern origin of the iconography of the veg - etal goddess. Both Cristofani and de figure 4 – Athrpa Mirror (After Bonfante 1983, fig. 25) Grummond have shown that giants have earlier precedents elsewhere, and Colonna has demonstrated that the Tomb of the Typhon does not date later than the third quarter of the third century BC. We must look somewhere other than Asia Minor for her origins, and, like the “Typhon ”, the vegetal goddess appears earlier in Italy than in Asia Minor. An Italian origin for the iconography of this goddess is a possi - bility that must be considered . Two early appearances of this goddess , or one of her variations , come from Italy. A sil - ver plaque from Italy, possibly Southern Etruria, in the Bomford collection dated by Brown to the second half of the seventh century BC is perhaps the earliest (Fig. 2). In the center of the plaque, which may have been a buckle of some sort, is a “female bust surmounting a palmette” with two pairs of curling necks that end in lion and griffin heads springing from her waist. 14 While this goddess is not strictly vegetal, she is quite similar to the goddess in the Tomb of the Typhon and also to two later pieces found in South Russia. 15 On this plaque, she appears as a purely ornamental figure, and there are no contextual clues for understanding her meaning; one possibility is that she served an apotropaic function similar to that of the . Valentini’s study of the appearance of the potnia theron on bucchero vases also provides an early Etruscan example of the vegetal goddess. The handle of a kyathos from Chiusi , dating to the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century BC , is decorated with a goddess holding a pair of birds (Fig. 3). She wears a polos and the lower half of her body is replaced by an incised rosette and

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vegetal tendrils. 16 An example of the Rankenfrau from the fourth century BC appears in the exergue of the Athrpa mirror (Fig. 4). The subject matter of the mirror concerns the ill-fated of two mythological couples, Turan and Atune , and Atlenta and Meliacr. In both cases , the death of the male, which is allud - ed to by the boar’s head and Athrpa holding the nail of fate, occurred after a boar hunt. 17 This mir - ror demonstrates a great deal of thematic unity, which is continued even into the exergue. The five figure 5 – Gold Clothing Plaque from Kul Olba (Illustration by C. Buisson) figures present in the mirror appear to stand on top of this goddess as if she indicates a ground line and the earth. Here she functions as the setting of the myth and as a earth goddess, a reminder of the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. These are only a few examples of this goddess from Etruria and . This figure was also commonly used as decoration in South Russia and Thracia , where many examples are contemporary to the fourth century Italian images of the goddess. 18 Stoop assumes that she appears so frequently in South Russian art due to the popularity of a myth found in Herodotos 4.8-10 that attributes the origin of the Scythians to the union of an anguiped goddess and Herakles, 19 and scholars have often associated the motif of the Rankenfrau with this anguiped goddess. 20 This figure is not given a name by Herodotos, but she is surely an earth/ goddess and does bear great similarity to the Rankenfrau . One example linked to Herodotos’ tale appears on a plaque from Kul Oba dated to the first half of the fourth century BC and is quite similar to the earlier Bomford Plaque (Fig.5). An anal - ogous figure was also used to decorate a horse frontlet from Bolshaya Tsimbalka (Fig. 6). This frontlet depicts the goddess with plant and serpentine tendrils that end in horned-lion, griffin, and ’s heads. 21 A Thracian tomb near the village of Sveshtari presents yet another variation of this goddess that is stylistically close to the Scythian Rankenfrau (Fig. 7). 22 In this tomb , dating to the first half of the third century BC , she has been multiplied into ten individualized fig -

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figure 6 – Gold Frontlet from Bolshaya figure 7 – “Caryatid” in the Sveshtari Tomb Tsimbalka (Illustration by C. Buisson) (Illustration by C. Buisson)

ures (Fig. 2). 23 Though they vary in age, each wears the same garment, a chiton “rendered decoratively as an upturned calyx made up of three acanthus leaves.” 24 They, like the - dess in the Tomb of the Typhon, have been labeled caryatids because they are depicted with upraised arms that appear to support the ceiling of the tomb. Surely, they are meant to be viewed as the same sort of earth mother that is present in the Tomb of the Typhon, and they may be there for a similar reason, as a reminder of the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Valeva also suggests that they may be present as mediators who would aid in the transition between life and death; this is a function that Etruscan demons are thought to perform in tombs and may be the function of the Rankenfrau of the Tomb of the Typhon. 25 Now that this goddess has been examined in several contexts, her identity may be proposed. When the Rankenfrau appears in Scythian and Thracian contexts, she is identified

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as an earth mother or an incarnation of the Great Goddess. 26 Our knowl - edge of Scythian mythol - ogy is scanty and our pri - mary source is Herodotos, as mentioned earlier. However, there are other accounts of this Scythian ; she appears in , Diodorus 2.43, and the Tabula Albana .27 Herodotos and Valerius Flaccus do not name this goddess, but Diodorus refers to her as Hora and the Tabula Albana refer to her as . In all of these cases, we receive this myth through foreign figure 8 – Celsclan Mirror (After Colonna 1976-7, Fig.1) intermediaries who syn - cretized the goddess with their own equivalents. While Herodotos does not give her a name, he does provide the Greek equivalents for several members of the Scythian . One goddess that he men - tions who has been equated with the Rankenfrau by Artamanov, Rayevski, and Bessonova is Api or Ge-Api, an earth mother. 28 In the Thracian context, we have no specific name for this goddess , due to a lack of written sources, but her function is discussed by Marazov as a goddess of death and rebirth and as a representative of the continuity of a ruling family or class and its ancestor cult. 29 Our knowledge of Etruscan myth also suffers from a lack of written sources, but we do have a fair amount of knowledge concerning the pantheon of Etruscan from var - ious sources, particularly Etruscan mirrors and other visual arts. The Etruscan earth moth - er has been identified as Cel Ati by Colonna , based on a mirror bearing the inscription “Celsclan ” (Fig. 8) and several votive statuettes that bear the name of Cel. 30 The name Cel also appears on the Piacenza liver in one of the infernal regions, which may help to confirm this identification. 31 The Rankenfrau in the Tomb of the Typhon may be a representation of Cel. This does not seem unlikely since Cel is associated with the , which may be supported by her appearance in this tomb. The figure on the opposite side of the column is a giant and may be one of her offspring. In the Tomb of the Typhon , she may serve as an intermediary between life and death, as Valeva has suggested for the goddesses in the Sveshtari tomb. Lastly, she acts as a support for the ceiling of the tomb, which is below ground and securely in her domain.

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This goddess, who has been glossed over in discussions of the Tomb of the Typhon, is representative of a class of images that represent the primal earth mother. I would assert that she is no mere caryatid; she is Mother Earth, born of the first generation of gods and mother to a host of goddesses that imitate and reduplicate her in successive generations. Her function and meaning should not be underestimated or overshadowed by her offspring after whom the Tomb of the Typhon was named. She should also not be overlooked because she often appears in an “ornamental” context; instead we should see her commonality and pop - ularity in art as references to her continuous presence in the world around us.

Wayne L. Rupp, Jr. Department of Classics Florida State University Dodd Hall 105 Tallahassee, FL 32306-1510 [email protected]

NOTES

1. Steingräber (2000, 241) suggests that the tomb was in use from the “second quarter or middle of the second until the first century BC, and was reused in the Roman Imperial period.” However, Colonna (1984, 23) has convincingly argued that the tombs in Tarquinia were no longer painted after the end of the third or beginning of the second century BC and he dates the Typhons to the third quarter of the third century BC. 2. Steingräber 1986, 349. 3. Steingräber 1986, 349; see also Brendel 1995, 419. 4. Pallottino 1952, 128; see also Steingraber 1986, 347. 5. Stoop 1960, 49. 6. Another motif that is similar to the Rankenfrau and popular on Apulian vases is the image of a female head rising from the calyx of a lotus blossom. Stoop (1960, 66) clas - sifies this particular image as a “western” variant of this goddess’ iconography, and Castriota (1995, 66-7, 76) notes the possibility of identifying this figure as the god - dess “,” the fertilizing breeze. Valeva (1995, 340) and Schauenburg (1957, 218) have suggested that this image had no bearing on the development of the Rankenfrau . This latter view seems simplistic since both of these images are of a hybrid female, part human and part plant, and they must possess similar meanings. The two types of vegetal goddess also appear in the same context as subsidiary ele - ments of decoration. 7. Stoop 1960, 52. 8. Steingräber 2000, 242. 9. Curtius 1958, 196.

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10. Stoop 1960, 56-7, 63. 11. Boardman 1993, 191-2; see also Valeva 1995, 340. 12. De Grummond 2000, 259. 13. Cristofani 1969, 223. 14. Brown 1974, 24. 15. Ustinova (1999, 95) equates the vegetal goddess and the anguiped goddess in all of her variations. 16. Valentini 1969, 423. 17. Von Vacano 1960, 10-3. 18. Haynes (1989, 247-57) notes the similarity between the Italian and Russian images. 19. Stoop 1960, 57. 20. Stoop 1960, 57; see also Ustinova 1999, 94; Valeva 1995, 340-1. 21. Tsetskhladze 1998, 72. 22. Tsetskhladze 1998, 72. 23. Fol, A. et al 1986, 129. 24. Fol, A. et al 1986, 64. 25. Valeva 1995, 351. 26. Valeva 1995, 349. 27. Ustinova 1999, 87-90. 28. Ustinova (1999, 91-92) does not support this identification and instead proposes that she was the daughter of Ge-Api by a river god, due to her lack of universality and her participation in “quasi-romantic myths.” However, the appearance of this figure in a “quasi-romantic” context does not preclude universality, and in ’s Ge does participate in such myths. 29. Marazov 1998, 46-9. Ustinova (1999, 97) implies the same concept for this goddess in Scythian art. 30. Colonna 1976-7, 45-62. 31. Colonna 1976-7, 56.

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Cristofani, M. 1969. “La tomba del ‘Tifone’ Cultura e societ à di Tarquinia in età tardo Etrusca. ” Atti della Accademie nazionale dei Lincei 14: 213-56. Curtius, L. 1958. “Die Rankingottin” in Torso: Verstreute und Nachgelassene Schriften von Ludwig Curtius . Stuttgart. de Grummond, N.T. 2000. “Gauls and Giants, Skylla and the Palladion: Some Responses.” In From Pergamon to Sperlonga . Edited by N.T. de Grummond and B.S. Ridgway, 60-79. Berkeley . Fol, A., M. Chichikova, T. Ivanov, T. Teofilov. 1986. The Thracian Tomb near the Village of Sveshtari . Sofia . Haynes, S. 1989. “Die Schlangenbeinige Gottin und Verwandtes .” In Festschrift fur Jale Inan . Edited by N. Basgelen , 247-57. Istanbul. Marazov, I. ed. 1998. Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians Treasures from the of . New York. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1975. From the of the Scythians . New York . Pallottino, M. 1952. Etruscan Painting . Cleveland. Schauenburg, K. 1957. “Zur Symbolik Unteritalischer Rankenmotive. ” RM 64: 198-221. Spaeth, B.S. 1996. The Roman Goddess . Austin . Steingräber, S. (ed. ) 1986. Etruscan Painting . New York. Steingräber, S. 2000. “Pergamene Influences on Etruscan Hellenistic Art.” In From Pergamon to Sperlonga . Edited by N.T. de Grummond and B.S. Ridgway, 60-79. Berkeley . Stoop, M.W. 1960. Floral Figurines from South Italy . Assen . Tsetskhladze, G.R. 1998. “Who Built the Scythian and Thracian Royal and Elite Tombs?” OJA 17: 55-92. Ustinova, Y. 1999. The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom . New York. Valeva, J. 1995. “The Sveshtari Figures (an Attempt to Specify Several Hypotheses) ,” Thracia 11: 337-52. Valentini, G. 1969 . “Il motivo della potnia theron sui vasi di bucchero. ” StEtr 37: 413-42.

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