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Wild Food in an Urban Environment: Freshwater Fish Consumption in the Archaic Town of Forcello (Northern Italy)

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Wild Food in an Urban Environment: Freshwater Fish Consumption in the Archaic Town of Forcello (Northern Italy) anthropozoologica 2021 ● 56 ● 5 Wild food in an urban environment: freshwater fish consumption in the archaic town of Forcello (northern Italy) Hannah RUSS & Angela TRENTACOSTE art. 56 (5) — Published on 2 April 2021 www.anthropozoologica.com DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION / PUBLICATION DIRECTOR : Bruno David Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Joséphine Lesur RÉDACTRICE / EDITOR: Christine Lefèvre RESPONSABLE DES ACTUALITÉS SCIENTIFIQUES / RESPONSIBLE FOR SCIENTIFIC NEWS: Rémi Berthon ASSISTANTE DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITOR: Emmanuelle Rocklin ([email protected]) MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT: Emmanuelle Rocklin, Inist-CNRS COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD: Louis Chaix (Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, Genève, Suisse) Jean-Pierre Digard (CNRS, Ivry-sur-Seine, France) Allowen Evin (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Bernard Faye (Cirad, Montpellier, France) Carole Ferret (Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, Paris, France) Giacomo Giacobini (Università di Torino, Turin, Italie) Lionel Gourichon (Université de Nice, Nice, France) Véronique Laroulandie (CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, France) Stavros Lazaris (Orient & Méditerranée, Collège de France – CNRS – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France) Nicolas Lescureux (Centre d'Écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Montpellier, France) Marco Masseti (University of Florence, Italy) Georges Métailié (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Diego Moreno (Università di Genova, Gènes, Italie) François Moutou (Boulogne-Billancourt, France) Marcel Otte (Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique) Joris Peters (Universität München, Munich, Allemagne) François Poplin (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Jean Trinquier (École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France) Baudouin Van Den Abeele (Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgique) Christophe Vendries (Université de Rennes 2, Rennes, France) Denis Vialou (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Jean-Denis Vigne (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Arnaud Zucker (Université de Nice, Nice, France) COUVERTURE / COVER : Scène de la Tombe des Inscriptions, nécropole de Monterozzi, Tarquinia (c. 520 av. J.-C.). Tracé du XIXe siècle par C. Ruspi. Crédits : Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI). Photo : H. Behrens (D-DAI-ROM 2018.1279) / Scene from the Tomb of the Inscriptions, Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia (c. 520 BC). Nineteenth- century tracing by C. Ruspi. Credits: German Archaeological Institute (DAI). Photo: H. Behrens (D-DAI-ROM 2018.1279). Anthropozoologica est indexé dans / Anthropozoologica is indexed in: – Social Sciences Citation Index – Arts & Humanities Citation Index – Current Contents - Social & Behavioral Sciences – Current Contents - Arts & Humanities – Zoological Record – BIOSIS Previews – Initial list de l’European Science Foundation (ESF) – Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) – Research Bible Anthropozoologica est distribué en version électronique par / Anthropozoologica is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org) Anthropozoologica est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, avec le soutien du CNRS. Anthropozoologica is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris, with the support of the CNRS. Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Zoosystema, Geodiversitas, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie, Mycologie, Comptes Rendus Palevol. Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél. : 33 (0)1 40 79 48 05 / Fax : 33 (0)1 40 79 38 40 [email protected] / https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2021 ISSN (imprimé / print) : 0761-3032 / ISSN (électronique / electronic) : 2107-08817 Wild food in an urban environment: freshwater fish consumption in the archaic town of Forcello (northern Italy) Hannah RUSS Angela TRENTACOSTE Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG (United Kingdom) [email protected] (corresponding author) [email protected] Submitted on 19 May 2020 | Accepted on 1 November 2020 | Published on 2 April 2021 Russ H. & Trentacoste A. 2021. — Wild food in an urban environment: freshwater fish consumption in the archaic town of Forcello (northern Italy). Anthropozoologica 56 (5): 71-85. https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2021v56a5. http://anthropozoologica.com/56/5 ABSTRACT In northern Italy’s Po Plain, Etruscan cities flourished during the Archaic period c( . 6th-4th centuries BC), thanks to an organized and dynamic commercial network that linked these centres with Italy, Europe, and the Mediterranean. This new urban network had a significant impact on the territory it occupied, and zooarchaeological studies document the emergence of a new agricultural strategy and livestock improvement. While there is ample evidence for how these Etruscan communities shaped their urban environments and agricultural hinterland, their relationship with wild resources – outside of prestige hunting – is poorly understood. As a result of taphonomic and recovery biases, zooarchaeological as- semblages representing small wild taxa like fish and birds are rare. In this context, the fish bone as- semblage from the Archaic harbour town of Forcello offers an exceptional opportunity to investigate KEY WORDS wild resource exploitation in an urban context. Here we present an initial analysis of the ichthyological Iron Age, Etruscan, assemblage and place results in their broader zooarchaeological and cultural context. Results suggest a subsistence, fishing strategy that privileged large, line-caught fish, with a significant degree of continuity in species palaeoeconomy, representation over pre- and proto-history. While the amount of food furnished by fishing was minimal biodiversity, Po Plain, compared to that from domestic livestock, wild foods including fish were the main source of diversity in fluvial environments. the diet: a role which may have influenced their relatively greater visibility in Etruscan ritual practices. RÉSUMÉ Alimentation sauvage en milieu urbain : consommation de poissons d'eau douce dans la ville archaïque de Forcello (Italie du Nord). Les villes étrusques de la plaine du Pô, au nord de l'Italie, ont prospéré pendant la période archaïque (c. vie-ive siècles av. J.-C.) grâce à un réseau commercial organisé et dynamique qui les reliait à l'Italie, l'Europe et la Méditerranée. Ce nouveau réseau urbain a eu une grande influence sur le territoire qu'il occupait et des études zooarchéologiques démontrent l'émergence d'une nouvelle stratégie agricole ainsi que l'amélioration de l'élevage. Bien qu'il existe de nombreuses preuves de la manière dont ces com- munautés étrusques ont façonné leur environnement urbain et leur arrière-pays agricole, leur relation avec les ressources sauvages – en dehors de la chasse de prestige – est mal comprise. En raison des biais taphonomiques et de collecte, les assemblages zooarchéologiques comprenant de petits taxons sauvages ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2021 • 56 (5) © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.anthropozoologica.com 71 Russ H. & Trentacoste A. comme les poissons et les oiseaux sont rares. Dans ce contexte, l'assemblage d'arêtes de poisson de la ville portuaire archaïque de Forcello offre une occasion exceptionnelle d'étudier l'exploitation des ressources sauvages dans un contexte urbain. Nous présentons ici une première analyse d'assemblage MOTS CLÉS ichtyologique et situons les résultats dans leur contexte zooarchéologique et culturel plus large. Les Âge du fer, Étrusques, résultats suggèrent une stratégie de pêche qui privilégie les gros poissons pêchés à la ligne, avec un subsistance, degré significatif de continuité dans la représentation des espèces par rapport à la préhistoire et à la paléoéconomie, protohistoire. Si la quantité de nourriture fournie par la pêche était minime comparativement à celle biodiversité, plaine du Pô, du bétail domestique, les aliments sauvages, dont le poisson, étaient la principale source de diversité milieux fluviaux. alimentaire, ce qui peut expliquer leur présence dans les pratiques rituelles étrusques. et al. 1993; Fiorentino et al. 2004; Trentacoste 2016; Bosi N et al. 2020). However, within the Etruscan urban network, a new and particular agricultural strategy emerged. Uniquely Lake Garda in the region, Etruscan cities focused on pork production ITALY and consumption, and pig bones often account for 50% or more of livestock remains recovered from Etruscan cities in northern Italy (Trentacoste 2016). These communities also Mincio River improved their livestock, producing larger sheep and goats Adriatic Sea (Trentacoste et al. 2018). Adria River In this increasingly anthropogenic landscape, wild resources Forcello Canàr Frattesina took on a new role. In mammal bone assemblages, wild taxa Po River become increasingly rare over later prehistory, illustrating a reduction in hunting and increasing reliance on domestic live- stock (De Grossi Mazzorin 1989; Riedel 1994; Cattabriga & 100 km Curci 2007). The choice of prey also appears to have changed over this period, with a shift towards larger game like red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus,
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