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Etruscan Italy Etruscan italy as seen by students Study Materials ENGLISH VERSION Brno 2018 EDITORS Anna Krčmářová, Tomáš Štěpánek, Klára Matulová, Věra Klontza-Jaklová Published only in the electronic form. These study materials are available on the webpage of ÚAM MU Brno (http://archeo-muzeo.phil.muni.cz/). These study materials were created under the auspices of Masaryk University at Department of Archeology and Museology within the grant project FRMU MUNI / FR / 1298/2016 (ID = 36283). Etruscan italy as seen by students Excursion participants, Volterra 2017. ENGLISH VERSION Brno 2018 Introduction The excursion to Italy was held from 29th May till 7th June 2017 and was organized by students of Department of Archaeology and Museology of Masaryk University in Brno. The main intention was to present the Etruscan landscape in its natural settings to students of Classical Archaeology and related fields of study. The excursion took place within the grant project FRMU ID-MUNI / FR / 1298/2016 (ID = 36283). This excursion completed following Classical Archaeology courses: AEB_74 (Etruscan and Central Europe) and KLBcA25 (Etruscans in the context of Ancient World - Etruscology), KLMgrA31 (Excursion) but it was considerably valuable as well for students of History and Ancient history. All students had to be active in the period of its organization in order to complete the course and get the credits. Before the field trip, they had to attend a seminar to get acquainted with each visited site and the individual essay’s topics have been shared with students. The selection of topics was based on their own interest. Students were allowed to work in smaller groups or completely independently. The task was to write a historical and archaeological overview of each site before the trip and then analyze a specific artefact, or group of artifacts during the excursion. Individual topics were presented, commented and further discussed already during the study trip. The final essays are submitted in this study material volume together with photo documentation taken by students themselves on the visited archaeological sites and museums. We would like to thank all of those who took part in the excursion, whether as participant or as organizer and helped to ensure the smooth course of the study trip. Special thanks belong to Dr. Dagmar Vachůtová. Last but not least, we would like to thank Masaryk University for their financial support, as well as Faculty of Arts which provided special scholarship for students. 3 THE SITES AND MONUMENTS VISITED DURING THE EXCURSION: 1. VITERBO: Museo Civico, Museo Nazionale Etrusco 2. TARQUINIA: Museo Nazionale Etrusco, necropolis 3. CERVETERI: Museo Nazionale Cerite, necropolis 4. BOLSENA: city sightseeing 5. ORVIETO: Musei Archeologici Civico e Faina, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Orvieto 6. VULCI: Museo archeologico nazionale di Vulci, Archeological Park 7. PIOMBINO/POPULONIA – Museo Archeologico del territorio di Populonia a Parco Archeologico di Baratti e Populonia 8. VOLTERRA: Museo Etrusco Guarnacci, acropolis and necropolis 9. FLORENCE 4 Map 1. Etruscan sites, 2017. Source of the map: https://maps.google.com/ 5 Etruscan italy as seen by students Table of contents I. Sites CAERE Veronika Florianová, Barbara Nováková POPULONIA Petra Kijovská, Alena Pukanczová, Romilda Tengeriová TARQUINIA Miriam Molnárová, Michal Smíšek TARQUINIA – TARCHUNA Barbora Chabrečková, Veronika Šurániová VITERBO Linda Melicherová VOLSINIE Anna Hanzelková, Klára Matulová, Lucia Ščasníková VOLTERRA Michaela Faltýnková, Andrea Loukotová VULCI Aneta Bunžová, Vladimír Oulehla 6 II. Specialized Topics ORIENTALIZING PERIOD Natálie Kosmelová, Kristína Rašlová ETRUSCAN BRONZE ARTIFACTS Aneta Bunžová, Vladimír Oulehla SYMBOLS AND MYTHOLOGY OF ETRUSCAN FUNERARY URNS FROM MUSEO ETRUSCO GUANARCCI’S COLLECTION IN VOLTERRA Michaela Faltýnková, Andrea Loukotová ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE Linda Melicherová METALLURGY IN POPULONIA Petra Kijovská, Alena Pukanczová, Romilda Tengeriová ETRUSCAN CANDELABRAS Veronika Florianová, Barbara Nováková BUCCHERO POTTERY Anna Hanzelková, Klára Matulová, Lucia Ščastníková 7 I. Sites CAERE Veronika Florianová Barbara Nováková Cerveteri (etr. Ceisra, ph. Kyšry, gr. Chaire, Agylla, lat. Caere) is a town located in the region of Lazio in Italy. It is situated about 40 km northwest of Rome and placed in not very extensive landscape shaped by tuff. Two rivers running through the area divide it to three parts. The total area is about 150 ha. There are necropolises such as Banditaccia, Monte Abatone and Sorbo in the nearby hills of the central plateau. The plateau was originally considered as the main settlement of the area. Close to the shore of the Tyrrhenian Sea, there were important ports called Pyrgi (Santa Severa), Alsium (Palo) and Punicum (Santa Marinella). According to the mythical tradition, the city was founded by Pelasgians during the beginning of the Iron Age (9th century BC) and it quickly became one of the most important Etruscan cities. In the first half of 8th century BC the occupants of Caere were in contact with Phoenicians and Greeks, who were interested in local mines full of copper, tin, iron, lead and alum mined in nearby mountains the Monti della Tolfa. The city reached its peak in the beginning of the 7th century BC (the Orientalizing Period) when the rule was based on ancestry. The rulers (principles) were in the forefront of the gentes. The gentes social organization can be compared with the model of Greek aristocracy. The most significant gentes were known for their luxury and wealth which positively influenced the empowerment of the city as well as the sea trade, which was the key instrument for export of bronze and pottery products. On the other hand, there were amazing imported goods in Caere – metal tableware and products from ivory, which were imported from the Near East, as well as Greek painted ceramic, bronze artefacts, wine amphorae and so on. During the 6th century BC (in the Archaic Period) the population of the city was 25 000 – 30 000 and it was still keeping a prestigious statute amongst the most important Mediterranean trade centers. During the Archaic Period, there were Greek craftsmen from Asia Minor present at Caere. As a consequence, we can perceive the progressing influence of the Ionic style in every aspect of art in many Etruscan cities. Even though the trade was on top during this period, there was a political conflict between the citizens of Cerveteri and the Phocaean Greeks. The 8 Phocaeans, after they were defeated by the Persians, founded a trading post on the isle of Corsica and, according to Herodotos, they were participating in the battle of the Sardinian Sea in the year 540 BC. In this battle, there were Etruscans and Phoenicians on one side and Greeks on the other. The Etruscans, forming league with the Phoenicians, won the conflict and they forced Greeks out of Corsica. In between the two nations, they split the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Captured Greek soldiers were stoned in Cerveteri or sold into slavery in Carthago. Not long after the battle, plague started to spread in Etruria which lead the citizens of Cerveteri to build a thesauron for the god Apollo in Delphi, which means the city was the only Etruscan one with a thesauron in Delphi. Because of their massive contact with Greeks, the culture of the city of Cerveteri was strongly hellenized in the Archaic Period. Attic pottery artefacts found in the Etruscan tombs – for example the works of Euphronios – clearly illustrate the influence. City In case of Caere, the information we know about the urban settlement are not very distinct. The reason is the aim of the excavation at the beginning which was focused, quite understandably, on the necropolis. The settlement itself was unfortunately taken into consideration quite recently. Fortunately, we can find a lot of urban information just by looking at the necropolis itself – it was partly constructed to resemble the city nearby. The necropolis copies the street pattern of the 6th century BC Caere. The certain fact is that the city originated as many others in the same area, by synoikism, which in this case basically means that one bigger Villanovan settlement (around 1000 inhabitants) got united with several smaller, nearby settlements. This process happened during the 8th century BC. In the time of its biggest glory, the city of Caere covered circa 15x bigger area than the city today and in the 6th century BC it counted between 25 000 – 30 000 inhabitants. The oldest settlement of the plateau, on which one of the most important Etruscan cities was later built, was situated in the part called Vignali (there were some urns dated to the 9th century BC found). Unfortunately, there is no fixed settlement left from the Iron Age. The oldest existing construction material dated to the 7th century BC on the site is located in the area called Madonella. A settlement with cisterns, civil buildings and construction material recorded in the main urban area of Caere – the part is called Campetti – is dated the same. By the end of the 7th century, the whole plateau is occupied, even the part with the necropolis of Banaditacia and Monte Abatone. 9 Another prominent area is Vigna Parrochiale which was primarily a necropolis between the 9th and 8th centuries BC. The necropolis was covered by a palace, basements, pounds and warehouses during the 6th century. There was also an archaic temple dedicated to Hera in this complex. The palace was destroyed in 490 BC and an Etruscan style temple with an ellipsoid building used probably for gatherings and games was erected in its place. This area was also used for tuff quarrying – the tuff was used for the sanctuary Manganello (around there almost all the buildings are made from quadratical tuff blocks). Another sacred area was located in the part called Sant´Antonio which is in the west part of the plateau, which marks the main build-up area of the city.
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