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Collectiones Museorum Manuscripta Castreniana Realia II, Ethnographica 1 Travaux Ethnographiques De La Société Finno-Ougrienne XXII

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Collectiones Museorum Manuscripta Castreniana Realia II, Ethnographica 1 Travaux Ethnographiques De La Société Finno-Ougrienne XXII Matthias Alexander Castrén Matthias Alexander Matt hias Alexander Castrén (1813–1852) was by far the most signifi cant Finn- ish linguist of the 19th century. In addition to being a linguist he was also a multidisciplinary scholar, equally versatile in the fi elds of ethnography, folklore, mythology, archaeology, history, and human geography. He left behind a huge corpus of fi eld data, collected by himself during prolonged expeditions to Kare- lia, Lapland, Arctic Russia, and Siberia between 1838 and 1849. In the short peri- ods of time Castrén spent in an academic environment, he had litt le opportunity to synthesize his collections, a situation aggravated by his rapidly progressing and ultimately fatal illness. Th erefore, a major part of his scholarly heritage re- mained unpublished when he died. Castrén was appointed Docent of Finnish and Ancient Nordic Languages and Tribes at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki in 1841, and ten years later he became the fi rst Professor of the Finnish Language. M.A. Castrén considered ethnology as a historical science and an instru- ment for describing the early periods of Finnish history. On his expeditions, he carried out ethnographic observations and took notes of the dwellings, cos- tumes, way of life, and customs of indigenous Siberian peoples. According to the programme draft ed by the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Collectiones museorum Castrén collected ethnological artifacts for the Ethnographic Museum in Saint Petersburg, and some items for the Ethnographic Museum of the University of Helsinki. Th e present work concentrates on the collections which describe Castrén’s merits in ethnological studies and museology. Th e primary sources of this publication are the artefacts in the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and the Museum of Cultures / National Museum of Finland in Helsinki. C Edited by Ildikó Lehtinen Manuscripta Castreniana 9 789525 667950 〉 Realia II, Ethnographica isbn 978-952-5667-95-0 (print) isbn 978-952-5667-96-7 (online) Manuscripta Travaux ethnographiques issn 2489-4397 Castreniana de la Société Finno-Ougrienne XXII CColl_mus_kannet.inddoll_mus_kannet.indd 1 226.1.20186.1.2018 111:25:491:25:49 Collectiones museorum Manuscripta Castreniana Realia II, Ethnographica 1 Travaux ethnographiques de la Société Finno-Ougrienne XXII Matthias Alexander Castrén Collectiones museorum Edited by Ildikó Lehtinen Finno-Ugrian Society Helsinki 2017 Contents Matthias Alexander Castrén: Collectiones museorum Manuscripta Castreniana Realia II, Ethnographica 1 Manuscripta Castreniana: Travaux ethnographiques de la Société Finno-Ougrienne XXII 6 A General Preface to the Series Edited by Ildikó Lehtinen by Juha Janhunen Finno-Ugrian Society Editor’s Foreword 9 Helsinki 2017 by Ildikó Lehtinen http://www.sgr.fi/manuscripta/ Editorial Board of the series Manuscripta Castreniana Ulla-Maija Forsberg, Juha Janhunen, Ildikó Lehtinen, Karina Lukin, Timo Salminen Cover picture (Tungus / Evenki footwear, details on p. 47) Peter the Great Museum of Matthias Alexander Castrén: Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences Collectiones museorum Painting on the back by G.D. Budkowski Museum Collections (“Matthias Alexander Castrén”, 1845), photograph National Board of Antiquities, Finland Photograph on the first endpaper (Tungus / Evenki spirit depiction, details on pp. 56–57) Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography The M.A. Castrén Collections (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the Peter the Great Museum of 12 Photographs on pages 26–95 © Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MAE) Photographs on pages 120–143 National Board of Antiquities, Finland, photographed by Ilari Järvinen (pages 120–122 and 131–143, and the lower photograph on p. 123) by Elena Fedorova and Markku Haverinen (pages 124–130 and the upper photograph on p. 123) Map on the last endpaper Anna Kurvinen, Timo Salminen Catalogue 26 Layout and cover Anna Kurvinen Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) The M.A. Castrén Collection of the Russian Academy of Sciences has published their collection on the website in the online catalogue: http://www.kunstkamera.ru/kunst-catalogue/index.seam?c=KASTREN at the Museum of Cultures / 96 the National Museum of Finland © Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura – Société Finno-Ougrienne – by Ildikó Lehtinen Finno-Ugrian Society & Ildikó Lehtinen © Музей антропологии и этнографии имени Петра Великого (Кунсткамера) Catalogue 120 Российской академии наук – Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MAE) & Elena G. Fedorova isbn 978-952-5667-95-0 (print) isbn 978-952-5667-96-7 (online) Index 144 issn 2489-4397 Appendix: A List of Museum Items Prepared by 145 Printon M.A. Castrén During the Expedition Tallinn 2017 Bookstore Tiedekirja Snellmaninkatu 13 FI-00170 Helsinki p. (09/+3589) 635 177 https://www.tiedekirja.fi/ [email protected] Manuscripta Castreniana: A General Preface to the Series Manuscripta Castreniana: A General Preface to the Series Manuscripta Castreniana: Linguistic topics were treated by him in a series of academic dissertations, A General Preface to the Series presented between 1839 and 1850. In addition, he authored grammatical sketches with vocabularies on Ižma Komi and Meadow Mari, published in Latin in 1844 and 1845, respectively. After his last expedition he start- Matthias Alexander Castrén (1813–1852) was by far the most significant ed working on a new series of German-language academic grammars to Finnish linguist of the 19th century. When he died at the young age of which he gave the general title Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. The se- 38, he left behind a huge corpus of field data, collected by himself during ries was authorized and financed by the Russian Imperial Academy of Sci- prolonged expeditions to Karelia, Lapland, Arctic Russia and Siberia from ences in St Petersburg, and the first volume, on Khanty, appeared in 1849. 1838 to 1849. In the short periods of time he spent in an academic environ- In his remaining two years, Castrén managed to complete the manuscript ment, he was largely occupied by university teaching and social activities for a second volume, on Samoyedic. and had little opportunity to synthesize his collections, a situation aggra- With Castrén’s death, however, the future of his grammars was vated by his rapidly progressing and ultimately fatal illness. Therefore, in danger, and the series would have been discontinued had it not been and in spite of his active production of specialized articles, reviews and taken up by his colleague Anton Schiefner (1817–1879). From 1852 to 1861, travel reports during his lifetime, a major part of his scholarly heritage Schiefner rapidly completed the project by editing and publishing, not remained unpublished when he died. Ever since, the fate of this legacy only the Samoyedic volume, but also five other volumes of Castrén’s lin- has stood in the focus of Finnish linguistics. guistic field data, as well as a reissue of the Khanty volume. To these, he In Castrén’s lifetime it was said that he had “written the grammars of added the German editions of five volumes of Castrén’s lectures and ear- fourteen languages”, but the actual number of separate idioms document- lier publications, including letters and travelogues, which were also being ed by him is much larger, coming close to thirty. Moreover, although his made available in parallel Swedish versions under the name Nordiska resor main focus was the Samoyedic branch of Uralic, he also recorded several och forskningar, published between 1852 and 1870. This 12-volume interna- Finno-Ugrian idioms, including varieties of Finnic, Saamic, Mari, Komi and tional series immediately consolidated Castrén’s reputation and has been Khanty, as well as languages and dialects belonging to the Turkic, Mongol- used as a basic tool of reference ever since—even for languages for which ic, Tungusic and Yeniseic families. With most of these languages, he was more extensive descriptions have subsequently become available. the first to collect any kind of coherent grammatical information, which, In spite of the extremely valuable contribution made by Schiefner to moreover, was complemented by lexical collections of varying sizes. Not Castrén’s legacy, it was almost immediately realized that even more need- surprisingly, he is today regarded as the founder of not only Uralic, but ed to be done. For one thing, there remained important parts of Castrén’s also Altaic and Palaeosiberian linguistics. An important feature of his ap- materials that were not included in the series published by Schiefner. proach was that he worked in the framework of a consistent linguistic Moreover, Schiefner, who was not a field linguist, occasionally made mis- theory, close to what is today known as “basic grammar”. takes when reading and interpreting Castrén’s handwritten materials, It has to be added, however, that Castrén was not only a linguist, which were not always in an accessible format. The idea of republishing but a multidisciplinary scholar equally versatile in the fields of ethnogra- Castrén’s data in a more complete and correct form was first suggested as phy, folklore, mythology, archaeology, history
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