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Makna Gaya Bahasa Syair Lagu Perjuangan Indonesia Pendekatan Teks Dalam Konteks Sejarah

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Makna Gaya Bahasa Syair Lagu Perjuangan Indonesia Pendekatan Teks Dalam Konteks Sejarah MAKNA GAYA BAHASA SYAIR LAGU PERJUANGAN INDONESIA PENDEKATAN TEKS DALAM KONTEKS SEJARAH F.X. Nugroho H.P. Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta, Jl. Parangtritis km 6,5 Yogyakarta. Email: [email protected] Abstrak This research was done by comparing the texts of the three types of poems, then interpreting the meanings of nationalism according to them. Especially, the mes- sage of the language styles of the national song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda, is analyzed symboli- cally or poetically in the context of nationalism. From this research, some conclu- sions or results can be drawn. First, colonialism produces nationalism. Second, the poem Tanah Air expresses romantic nationalism which only admires the natural beauty of Sumatra. Third, the poem Aku reveals realistic nationalism which is based on the real resistance of the Indonesian people to expel the colonialist from Indone- sia and reach the Independence of the Indonesian people. Fourth, the song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda communicates human nationalism which asks the whole Indonesian people to do the best for the welfare of the whole Indonesian people and country. All lan- guage styles of the song lyrics are stuck on and signify the meaning of the human nationalism. Meaning of Figures of Speech in Indonesian Heroic Songs Lyrics: Tectual Approach in View of Historical Context Abstract This research was done by comparing the texts of the three types of poems, then interpret- ing the meanings of nationalism according to them. Especially, the message of the language styles of the national song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda, is analyzed symbolically or poetically in the context of nationalism. From this research, some conclusions or results can be drawn. First, colonialism produces nationalism. Second, the poem Tanah Air expresses romantic national- ism which only admires the natural beauty of Sumatra. Third, the poem Aku reveals realistic nationalism which is based on the real resistance of the Indonesian people to expel the coloni- alist from Indonesia and reach the Independence of the Indonesian people. Fourth, the song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda communicate human nationalism which asks the whole Indonesian people to do the best for the welfare of the whole Indonesian people and country. All language styles of the song lyrics are stuck on and signify the meaning of the human nationalism. Keywords: makna gaya bahasa, nasionalisme, lagu perjuangan, pendekatan teks dan konteks 64 F.X. Nugroho H.P., Makna Gaya Bahasa Syair Lagu Perjuangan Indonesia Pendekatan Teks dalam Konteks Sejarah 65 PENDAHULUAN lagu perjuangan Indonesia secara simbo- lik atau puitik itu harus dikaitkan dengan Memaknai teks syair lagu perjuan- kesejarahan bangsa Indonesia karena ke- gan Indonesia menuntut cara berpikir sejarahan bangsa Indonesia menjiwai gaya simbolik karena gaya bahasanya memang bahasa syair lagu perjuangan Indonesia. bersifat simbolik atau puitik. Menurut Ja- Menurut sejarahnya, bangsa Indonesia kobson. dalam bahasa puitik, yang pen- pernah dijajah atau ditindas oleh bangsa ting bukan acuannya tetapi pesannya kolonial selama kurang lebih tiga ratus sehingga kata-kata atau gaya bahasanya lima puluh tahun. Sebagai akibat dari pen- dipilih/dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk jajahan itu, di satu sisi, bangsa Indonesia mengemban/ mewakili pesannya secara sangat menderita lahir dan batin karena ti- tepat (efektif) dan indah (Jakobson, dalam dak merasakan kasih sayang, tetapi di sisi Teeuw, 1984:73-77). Misalnya, hubungan lain, menjadi sadar akan identitasnya yai- kata-kata ‘aku’ dan ‘ibuku’ dalam teks sy- tu tekad dan semangat untuk bangkit dari air lagu Indonesia Raya yang merupakan, penindasan dan penjajahan, untuk bersa- salah satu teks syair lagu perjuangan Indo- tu dari perpecahan dan perpisahan, dan nesia, adalah simbol hubungan cinta kasih untuk membangun manusia Indonesia antar sesama warga bangsa. Dalam contoh baru dengan peradaban dan kebudayaan ini, cara berpikir simboliknya terletak di yang baru pula. Kesadaran akan identitas mana ? Cara berpikir simboliknya dapat bangsa dan suasana kebatinan seperti ini- dijelaskan sebagai berikut. ‘Ibuku’ berarti lah yang menjiwai gaya bahasa syair lagu ‘orang yang melahirkan aku’. Orang yang perjuangan Indonesia karena gaya bahasa melahirkan aku’ berarti ‘orang yang mem- syair lagu perjuangan Indonesia memang pertaruhkan nyawanya atau jiwanya un- dilahirkan atau diciptakan untuk kesada- tuk aku’. ‘Orang yang mempertaruhkan ran dan karena suasana seperti itu. Den- nyawanya atau jiwanya untuk aku’ berarti gan demikian, menurut peneliti, pemak- ‘orang yang mencintai aku’. Dengan demi- naan gaya bahasa syair lagu perjuangan kian, ‘aku wajib untuk mencintai ibuku’. Indonesia secara simbolik atau puitik itu ‘Aku’ dan ‘ibuku’ adalah representasi harus ditempatkan dalam kerangka kesa- dari para warga bangsa. Hubungan para daran dan suasana seperti itu. Misalnya, warga bangsa diharapkan seperti hubun- hubungan cinta kasih antar para warga gan ‘aku’ dan ‘ibuku’ yang didasari oleh bangsa yang dilambangkan melalui kata- semangat cinta kasih untuk mencapai ke- kata ‘aku’ dan ‘ibuku’ dalam teks syair sejahteraan hidup bangsa Indonesia lahir lagu Indonesia Raya, dapat dimaknai seba- dan batin. Gaya bahasa seperti itu disebut gai hubungan yang saling mengembang- gaya bahasa kiasan atau khususnya di- kan atau membangun sehingga seorang sebut metafora. Menurut peneliti, pesan warga bangsa dapat menikmati harkat inilah yang ingin disampaikan oleh teks dan martabatnya sebagai manusia. Kalau syair lagu Indonesia Raya kepada para war- begitu, benarlah apa yang dikatakan oleh ga bangsa melalui gaya bahasanya seperti Bronislaw Malinowski bahaa mempelajari itu. Kemudian, ada beberapa sinonim dari teks tidak terbatas pada kata-katanya saja, kata ‘Raya’ yaitu ‘besar . ‘agung’, ‘kuat’, tetapi juga pada kanteks situasi maupun dan ‘megah’, tetapi yang dipilih di antara budayanya yang melingkupi teks itu se- kata-kata itu adalah kata ‘Raya’ agar bunyi hingga pemaknaan teks itu akan menjadi /a/ pada akhir kata ‘Raya’ berekuivalensi lebih bermakna (Malinowski, dalam Djo- dengan bunyi /a/ pada akhir kata ‘Indo- harnurani, 1999:94). Dalam kaitan ini, me- nesia’ sehingga terdengar indah dan pe- mang ada korelasi antara teks dan konteks. sannya lebih terasa. Gaya bahasa seperti Uraian di atas menunjukkan betapa itu dihamakan a-sonansi. pentingnya gaya bahasa syair lagu per- Namun demikian, agar lebih ber- juangan Indonesia bagi kemajuan atau makna, pemaknaan gaya bahasa syair pembangunan karakter bangsa karena aja- 66 HARMONIA, Volume 12, No.1 / Juni 2012 rannya tentang jiwa dan semangat warga METODE bangsa untuk mencintai bangsa, negara, dan tanah air Indonesia demi kejayaan Penelitian ini menggunakan bebe- bangsa, negara, dan tanah air Indonesia. rapa pendekatan antara lain bahasa (teks Ajaran seperti itu disebut nasionalisme. dan konteks), histori, musik, dan kom- Karena alasan itulah maka perlu dilaku- posisi, dan sastra. Bahan kajian diambil kan penelitian terhadap gaya bahasa sy- lagu-lagu perjuangan yaitu Indonesia Raya, air lagu perjuangan Indonesia untuk me- Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada mahami apa sesungguhnya makna atau Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda dan ajaran nasionalisme yang terkandung syair karya para sastrawan sebagai bahan didalamnya. Ini artinya, penelitian harus pembanding. Data yang terkumpul dia- dilakukan melalui analisis simbolik atau nalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dengan puitik, dan historis, karena hanya dengan menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan cara itu makna atau ajaran nasionalisme tersebut di atas. yang sesungguhnya dapat dipahami atau digali. Ada sejumlah teks syair lagu perju- HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN angan Indonesia, misalnya: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Latar Belakang Penciptaan Teks Syair Pahlawan, Bangun Pemudi Pemuda, dan Lagu lain-lain. Dalam tulisan ini. penulis men- Yang pertama dianalisis teks syair gambil satu teks syair lagu sebagai sampel lagu Indonesia Raya yang dilahirkan atau yaitu teks syair lagu Indonesia Raya (syair diciptakan pada abad ke-20, tepatnya pada pertama) saja. Karena teks syair lagu Indo- tahun 1928 (Siagian, 1975:11). Bagi Dunia nesia Raya dilahirkan atau diciptakan atas Ketiga, termasuk Indonesia. abad itu diju- dasar sejarah perkembangan nasionalisme luki sebagai Abad Nasionalisme (Kartodi- di Nusantara, maka di bagian awal peneli- rdjo, 1999:ix). Perkembangan nasionalisme tian ini dipaparkan latar belakang sejarah merupakan reaksi terhadap imperialisme kelahiran atau penciptaan teks syair lagu dan kolonialisme. Pada abad itu, sebagai Indonesia Raya dalam konteks nasionalis- akibat dari penjajahan yang menimbulkan me. Kemudian, bagian berikutnya adalah penderitaan lahir dan batin bagi bangsa perbandingan teks syair lagu Indonesia Indonesia, bangsa Indonesia menyadari Raya karya W. R. Supratman dengan teks identitasnya sebagai bangsa yang harus puisi Pujangga Baru Tanah Air karya Mo- bangkit dari penindasan dan penjajahan, hamad Yamin, dan puisi angkatan 45 Aku harus, bersatu dari perpecahan dan per- karya Chairil Anwar. Perbandingan ini pisahan, dan harus membangun manusia bertujuan untuk mengetahui persamaan/ Indonesia baru dengan peradaban dan ke- perbedaan bentuk dan isi teks - teks itu,
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