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ZINĀTNISKIE Rfiksti Fictfi Ciniversitfitis Lfitviensis fife ISSN 1407-21 57 L6TVI]fiS UNIVERSITĀTES ZINĀTNISKIE RfiKSTI fICTfi CINIVERSITfiTIS LfiTVIENSIS 629 NfiUDfi. DZiVESSTILS. IDENTITĀTE Veltījums Georgam Zimmelam - dzīves filosofam an sociologam firma Stepčenko (red.) MONEY- LIFE STYLE. IDENTITY Dedicated to Life Philosopher and Sociologist Georg Simmel Anna Stepchenko (ed.) LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTE Socioloģijas nodaļa NAUDA. DZĪVESSTILS. IDENTITĀTE Veltījums Georgam Zimmelam - dzīves fllosofam un sociologam "Naudas fīlosofijas" (1900) simtajā gadadienā Anna Stepčenko, krājuma sastādītajā un zinātniska redaktore 629. sējums Rīga 2000 Nauda.Dzīvesstils.Identitāte: LU Zinātniskie raksti /Zinātniskā redaktore A.Stepčenko, Dr.phil.-Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, 2000.- 220 Ipp. Redkolēģija: Leonīds Ioņins, Dr. hab. phil., profesors (Maskava, Valsts universitāte - Ekonomikas augstskola) Otheins Rammštedts, Dr. hab. phil., profesors (Bīlefelde, Bīlefeldes universitāte) Anna Stepčenko, Dr. phil., docente (Rīga, Latvijas Universitāte) Brigita Zepa, Dr. soc, asoc. profesore (Rīga, Latvijas Universitāte) Zinātniskā recenzente Maija Kūle, Dr. hab. phil., profesore Grāmata izdota ar Latvijas Universitātes Vēstures un filozofijas fakultātes un Latvijas Zinātnes padomes programmas "Sociālā attīstība un drošība" finansiālu atbalstu. © Autoru kolektīvs, 2000 © Tulkojums no vācu valodas Anna Stepčenko, Ināra Karlsone, Antra Kļaviņa, 2000 LU Zinātniskie raksti, 629. sej. 5 SATURS Priekšvārds 7 Zimmels G. Nauda modernajā kultūrā 13 Zimmels G. Lielpilsētas un garīgā dzīve 27 Rammštedts O. Georga Zimmela "Naudas filosofija" 39 Stepčenko A. Nauda un dzīvesstils 54 Buceniece E. Individuālais likums, sabiedrība, nauda 72 Zunde A. Naudfilozofiskas impresijas 80 Kursīte J. Naudas mītiskie aspekti 102 Fiļipovs A. Identitāte un telpa Georga Zimmela socioloģiskajā domā 114 Baņkovska S. Marginalitāte un identitāte Zimmela darbos: par svešinieka socioloģiju 127 Tisenkopfs T Globalizācija un identitātes pārfigurācija / Globalisation and reconfigurating identity 137 Dāboliņš A. Jautājums par sociāli kulturālo identitāti fenomenoloģiskās metodes skatījumā 172 Dobelniece S. Nabadzības kultūras veidošanās Latvijā 195 Karlsrūens T. No dzīves filosofijas uz simbolisko formu filosofiju. Zimmela epistemoloģiskais pavērsiens vēlīnajos darbos 203 Autores un autori 211 Short Summaries of the Articles 214 LU Zinātniskie raksti, 629. sej. 7 PRIEKŠVĀRDS Ja zināšanas man par ārējo vien būtu Un es tās gribētu ar Dao saskaņot, Tad ņemtu vērā to, kas ir jau izpaudies. Kur līdzeni un plati lielie ceļi, Tur tauta cenšas apkārtceļus iet. Kur ceļas krāšņas valdītāju pilis, Tur nezāles aug laukos, tukšums apcirkņos. Kur dižie staigā izrotātos tērpos Un katrs nēsā asu ieroci, Kur liela izvēlība ēšanā un dzeršanā, Kur mantu sakrāts pārmērīgi daudz, Tur valda laupītāju likums, nevis Dao. Laodzi Sacerējums par Dao un De. LIII Grāmatas "Nauda. Dzīvesstils. Identitāte" izveidei ir vairāki gan formālas, gan saturiskas iedabas motīvi. 1998. gads bija zīme, kas rosināja apliecināt pateicību un cieņu dzīves filosofijas un socioloģijas klasiķim Georgam Zimmelam, kura mūža skaitliskās robežas ir 1858.-1918. gads. Radās ideja par konferences rīkošanu, ko atbalstīja profesore Maija Kūle un profesors Otheins Rammštedts, kura ieteiktais elegantais tēmas formulējums "Nauda, dzīvesstils un jaunās identitātes" guva tūlītēju pārrunu dalībnieku atzinību, jo tas meta tiltu pāri gadsimtam un savienoja tematus, kurus iztirzājis Zimmels un kuri ir aktuāli pārmaiņu sabiedrībā šeit un tagad. Tā 1998. gada maijā Rīgā, Latvijas Universitātē tika sarīkota kamerstila starptautiska zinātniska konference ar nosaukumu "Nauda, dzīvesstils un jaunās identitātes" 2000. gadā aprit 100 gadi, kopš nācis klajā G.Zimmela nozīmīgais socioloģiskais darbs "Naudas filosofija" Šis darbs ir socioloģijas klasika un kultūras vērtība, kas ir plaši, bet visbiežāk anonīmi reproducēta XX gadsimta Rietumu kultūrā. 8 LU Zinātniskie raksti, 629. sēj. Dzi|āks ir saturiskas iedabas motīvs, kas saistīts ar sociālo izziņu. Mēs, kuriem ir lemts dzīvot, rīkoties, just, domāt pārmaiņu laika sabiedrībā, vēlamies izzināt un saprast tagadnes sociālās dzīves reālijas, gribam atrast loģiskas likumsakarības reizēm it kā haotiskos un iracionālos notikumos. Naudsaimnieciski orientētas sabiedrības izziņā Zimmels ir ļoti labs skolotājs un gids. Zimmels savu mūžu ir veltījis sabiedrības izziņai, interakcijas formu apzināšanai un cilvēka dzīves apcerei. Analīzē un refleksijā gūtās atziņas par identitāti, naudas fenomena būtību, naudas ietekmi uz indivīdu mijiedarbību un modernā laikmeta sociālo dzīvesstilu, tātad lielā mērā arī individuālo dzīvesstilu joprojām ir mūsdienīgas. Krājuma saturiskās struktūras pamatelementi ir naudas, dzīvesstila un identitātes temats. Naudas filosofiju un socioloģiju krājumā papildina naudas mitoloģija. Kā papildinājums ir uzlūkojams arī izziņteorētiskais materiāls par Zimmela veikto Rembranta portretu jēgas meklējumu, kas Zimmelu - dzīves filosofu mudināja pievērsties simbolisko formu konceptam. Rakstu izkārtojuma loģika ir tāda, ka tematisko bloku ievada materiāls, kas ir vistiešāk saistīts ar Zimmela analīzi vai arī tam piemīt lielāka vispārīguma pakāpe. Raksti ir veidojušies trejādi: daļa rakstu ir autentiski konferencē nolasīti referāti, daļa rakstu ir pārveidoti referāti vai gluži jauni, nupat radīti teksti, un komplementāri klāt nācis ir teksts par naudas mitoloģiju. Šeit un tagad notiekošo saimniecisko un garīgo pārmaiņu sabiedrībā apziņas fokusā ir nonākusi nauda. Nauda kapitālismā ir ne vien saimnieciskās, bet arī sociālās dzīves organisks elements. Tās trūkums dara neiespējamu cilvēka cieņu nepazemojošu dzīvi sabiedrībā. Indivīds bez naudas kļūst sociāli izslēgts un subjektīvi viņš izjūt ierobežojumus un ciešanas. Sociālā izslēgtība nozīmē izolāciju, kas nav paša izvēlēta, informācijas, komunikācijas, izglītības, veselības aprūpes ierobežojumu vai pat liegumu, drošības redukciju un izdzīvošanas apdraudējumu. Sociāli izslēgtajam indivīdam ir vairāk brīvības no citu varas un sociālajām konvencijām, vienlaikus viņam ir mazāk brīvības iespējās. Tādēļ praktiskās dzīves gudrība liek pelnīt naudu, taču teorētiski var saistīt jautājums, kas tad īstenībā ir nauda? Kas nauda ir objektīvi? Lai neapmaldītos līdzekļu un mērķu labirintā, kas veidojas saistījumā ar naudu, būtu noderīgi tikt skaidrībā, kāda ir šī iekāres priekšmeta un tādēļ arī manipulācijas līdzekļa - naudas - būtība, īpašības, un kā šīs īpašības ietekmē indivīdu interakciju, sociālo un individuālo dzīvesstilu. Tādēļ ikvienam būtu lietderīgi Georga Zimmela "Naudas filosofiju" izlasīt vai arī par tajā veikto naudas un tās ilgtspējīgās sociālās ietekmes analīzi kaut ko uzzināt vismaz pārstāsta, lai ar naudu saistītās izjūtas un vērotās norises kļūtu racionāli izgaismotas. LU Zinātniskie raksti, 629. sēj. 9 Cita pārmaiņu sabiedrības aktualitāte, reizēm pat ar eksistenciālu skanējumu, ir identitātes jautājums. Indivīdiem un grupām pārmaiņu laikā ir saasināti aktualizējušies jautājumi par to, kas viņi ir, kādi viņi ir, kas un kādi viņi varētu kļūt, kāds ir viņu tagadējais statuss, kāda ir viņu pozīcija? Daudzu indivīdu un grupu sociālais statuss īsā laikaposmā ir tik radikāli mainījies, ka ir vajadzīgs ilgstošs apziņas darbs, lai ar to aprastu konservatīvākā psihes daļa. Identitātes maiņas vai pēkšņas aktualizācijas pieredzē ir iekļāvušās dažādas skalas pārstāvošas bagātnieka, nabaga, bezdarbnieka, pilsoņa, nepilsoņa, bezvalstnieka, svešinieka, latvieša, cittautieša, eiropieša identitātes. Daudzi esam kļuvuši gaisīgi brīvi indivīdi, nomināli esam brīvi, bet reāli esam kā putni bez spārniem, kuru dzīve ir nedroša un iespējās pārlieku ierobežota, jo dzīvojam monetārajā dzīvesstila, bet paradoksālā kārtā vairākumam tajā nākas dzīvot tikpat kā bez naudas. Pārmaiņu laikā mums visiem ir nācies mainīt savu individuālo dzīvesstilu, jo radikāli ir mainījies sociālais dzīvesstils. Spiestā kārtā vai brīvprātīgi, neapzināti vai apzināti mums ir nācies iekļauties naudsaimniecības deter­ minētajā, globālajā monetārajā dzīvesstila. Notiek dzīvesstilu interference. Individuāli diferencēto dzīvesstilu sinhroni pārklāj sociālo slāņu diferencētais dzīvesstils un abi neizbēgami iekļaujas globālajā monetārajā dzīvesstila un pakļaujas tā likumībām. Monetārā dzīvesstila būtiskās izpausmes ir izvērsti analizējis Zimmels darba "Naudas filosofija" noslēguma daļā, un referāts par šo analīzi ir iekļauts šajā krājumā. Zimmela dzīvesstila analīze ir atzīta par hrestomātisku bāzi dzīvesstilu pētniecībā Rietumos. Autoru kopa ir interdisciplināra un internacionāla. Autori ir Latvijas, Krievijas un Vācijas Zimmela mantojuma pētnieki, filosofi, filoloģe, sociologi, kas pētnieciski pievērsušies krājuma saturā fiksētajām parādībām. Ir pamatoti šo grāmatu saukt par integratīvu daudzējādā ziņā, tā integrē dažādu nozaru dažādu tautu speciālistus, tā integrē pagātni tagadnē un tagadni pagātnē. Krājumu ievada divi pirmo reizi latviski tulkoti, bet citviet plaši pazīstami Zimmela teksti "Nauda modernajā kultūrā" (1896) un "Lielpilsētas un garīgā dzīve" (1902./1903. gada ziemā Drēzdenē nolasīts referāts). Šie apjomā miniatūrie teksti ir teorētiskās socioloģijas mazo formu šedevri. Amerikas Savienoto Valstu sociologiem vēlāk publicētais referāta "Lielpilsētas un garīgā dzīve" teksts kļuva par fundamentu urbānās socioloģijas nozares izveidošanai. Abi šie atsevišķi publicētie teksti modificēti ir iekļauti fundamentālajā darbā "Naudas filosofija" Par darbu "Naudas filosofija" un tā kultūrvēsturisko rezonansi izvērsti raksta Bīlefeldes universitātes Socioloģijas
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