THE XX COTVGRESS
THE WORLD ECONOMY: A COMMON RESPONSIBILITY
The Socialist International held its Twentieth Congress at the headquarters of the United Nations in Netv York on 9-11 September 1996. More than one hundred and fifly parties and organisations from every continent took part. Some seven hundred delegates together with other parties of the United States and elsewhere represented the political parties social democratic orientation and from the UN diplomatic and organisations which belong invited to take part in the community brought the to the Socialist International Congress. Additional guests from numbers to around one thousand. Our venue, the General Assembly Hall of the United Nations, lent a particular DECISIONS OF T}IE XX CONGRESS REGARDING MEMBERS}IIP solemnity and symbolism to the CHANGE OF STATUS TO FULI MEMBERSHIP debates. ALBANIA: Social Democratic Party, PSD The XX SI Congress, which ALGERIA: Socialist Forces Front, FFS was opened by our president, CAPE VERDE: African Independence Party of Cape Verde, PAICV Pierre Mauroy (see page 4), had CHILE: Party for Democrary, PPD on its agenda three main CHILE: Socialist Party of Chile, PS themes: 'Markets serving people, HAITI: Party of the National Congress of Democratic Movements, KONAKOM not people serving markets', HUNGART Hungarian Socialist Party, MSZP peace, IVORY COAST Ivory Coast Popular Front, FPI 'Making keeping peace' MONGOLIA: Mongolian Social Democratic Party, MSDP and'A human rights agenda for NICAMGUA: Sandinista National Liberation Front, FSLN the twenty-first century'. Debating those themes were FULI MEMBENSHP social democratic leaders from ESTONIA: M66dukad around the world, some of MEXICO: Party of Democratic Revolution, PRD whose reflections are printed on POLAND: Social Democracy ofthe Republic of Poland, SdRP POLAND: Union of Labour, UP the preceding pages. They SLOVAK REPUBLIC: Party of the Democratic Left, SDL included heads of government: SLOVENIA: United List of Social Democrats, ZL Gro Harlem Brundtland, first vice-president of the Socialist COI{SULTATIVE STATUI International and then prime ARGENTINA: Radical Civic Union, UCR minister of Norway; Ant6nio CAMEROON: Social Democratic Front, SDF Guterres, prime minister DOMIMCA: Dominica Labour Party of EQUATORIAT GUINEA: Convergence for Social Democracy, CPDS Portugal, who introduced the GABON: Gabonese Party of Progress, PGP first Congress discussion on the MALI: African Party for Solidarity and Justice, ADEMA-PASJ World Economy; Chancellor MAURITIUS: Mauritius Militant Movement, MMM Franz Vranitzky of Austria; Prime MEXICO: Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI Minister Paavo Lipponen of MOZAMBIQUE: Frelimo Party Finland; Prime Minister Gyula NIGER: Party for Democracy and Socialism of Niger, PNDS Horn of Hungary, and Prime PANAMA: Democratic Revolutionary Party, PRD ROMANIA: Democratic Party, PD Minister Navin Ramgoolam of ROMANIA: Romanian Social Democratic Party, PSDR Mauritius. Other distinguished figures OBSERVER STATUS attending included Shimon ANGOLA: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA Peres, former prime minister of ARMENIA: ARF Armenian Socialist Party Israel; Felipe Gonziiez, former AZERBAIJAN: Social Democratic Party of Azerbailan, SDPA prime minister of Spain; Rafl BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, SDp BiH BOTSWANA: Botswana National Front, BNF Alfonsin, former president of EL SALVADOR: Democratic Parry PD Argentina; Rodrigo Borja, former GEORGIA: Citizens'Union of Georgia, CUG president of Ecuador; and Pedro HAITI: Lavalas Political Organisation, OPL Pires, former prime minister of INDIA: Janata Dal Cape Verdc, as well as the leader IRAN: Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdiitan, PDKI of the Party o.f European FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, SDUM MOLDOVA: Social Democratic Party of Moldova Socialists in the European MONTENEGRO: Social Democratic Party of Montenegro, SDPM Parliament, Pauline Green. TERRITORIES I.INDER PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY Fatah Among the many guests were Bill Jordan, general secretary of ASSOCIATED ORGANISATION STATUS the ICFTU, Yvan Rybkin, since Intemational League of Religious Socialists appointed secretary of the Security Council of Russia, and leading representatives of the US International's work and In elections to the SI Democratic Party and trade commitments in the coming presidium, Pierre Mauroy was re- union movement. years. elected president and Luis Ayala Boutros Boutros-Ghali, As the highest statutory body was. re-elected secretary general. secretary-general of the United of the International, the Twenty-five vice-presidents were Nations, addressed the Congress Congress decides on the also elected. The members of the (see page 6). admission of new member new presidium are listed The delegates adopted parties and organisa$ons. In the overleaf. detailed Declarations on the period since the XIX Congress in An important initiative of the three main themes, as well as a 1992 an unprecedented number XX Congress was the Resolution setting out the of applications for membership establishment of a neq high- International's perspective on has been received from parties in level commission, to be chaired curent developments in every every continent. The Congress by Felipe Gonz6lez. The continent and region, on the admitted 33 new parties to commission will examine the question of local authorities and various categories of aspirations of social democracy in support of the United membership, as well as a new and the role of an, expanding Nations. These maior policy associated organisation. Full and increasingly global Socialist documents, which are printed in membgrship was also granted to International in today's fast- full at the end of this report, will a number of consultative and changing and interdependent guide the Socialist observer parties. (see page 24). world. PRESIDIUM ELECTED BY THE XX CONGRESS
PRESIDEIIIT Pierre Mauroy First elected ai the XIx sI Congress, Berlin, 199.2, in succession to willy Brandt. Mayor of Lille. Former first seoetary of the Socialist Party, PS, Frunce.Tonier prifie ministq of iiiiii.
vlCE PNESIDEIIIT' Gro Harlem Brundtland (First vice-oresident) party, 26 Former leader of the Norwigian Laboir bNe. Former pime minister of Norway. Rolando fuaya Monse Leader of the'National Liberatiott pafly, pLN, Costa Rica. Tonv Blair Leader ofthe Labour Party, Great Bitain. Leonel Brizola Leado of the Demooatk Labour Party, PDT, Brazil. Formo gwemor of the state of Rio ile laneiro. Philippe Busouin Lead?iof the Socialist party, pS, Belgium. Massimo D'AIema Leader of the Demooatic Party of the Lefr, pDS, Italy. Ousmane Tanor Diens Firct seoetary of the So"cialist pafi pS, Senegal. Minister of state. Felipe Gonz6lez Lead* party, psoE. of the spanish socialist workers' Formo prime minister of Spain. Ant6nio Guterres Leader of the Socialist Party, pS, porfrgaL prime minister of portugal. Gytla Horn Liader of the Hungaian Socialist party, MSzp. pime minister of Hungary. l Erdal Inonti Former leail* of the Republican People\ Party, CHP, Turkey. Former foreign minister anit deputy pime minister of Turkey. Lionel Jospin t First seoetary of the socialist party, ps, France. Former minist* of education. ,i Oskar tafontaine Leadu of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD. fuime minister of the State of Saarland.
i22\:r':fii\tr"ish sociat Democratic party, sDp prime ministei of Fintand. Wim Kok party, Leader of the Netherlands Labour pvilA. prime minister of the Netherlanils. Alexa McDonoush Leader of the Neti Demooatic party, NDpNpD, Canada. Pedro Paris Montesinos President of Democratk Action, AD, Vutezuela, Jaime Paz Z,amoru Leader of the Revolutionary Left Movement, MIR, Bolivia. Formo presidmt of Bolivia. Shimon Peres Leader of the Israel Labour party. Former pime minister of Israel. Gdran Persson Leader of the swedish social Demooatic party, sAp. prime minister of sweilen. Poul Nynrp Rasmussen. Leader'of the social Democtatic party, Dmmark. prime minister of Dmmark. Costas Simitis Leailer of the pAsoK, Panhellk socialist Movemmt, Greece. prime minister of Greece. Anselmo Sule Leader of the Social Democratic Radical party, pRSD, Chile. Makoto Tanabe Formo Leader of the Social Demooatk party, SDp, lapan. Franz Vranitzky ,Leader of the *icial Demooatic party of Austria, spoe. chancellor of Awtria. Er-Offlclo: Pauline Green party Leader of the Group of the of European sociarists, pES, European parliament Jos€ Francisco Pefla G6mez Chair of the SI Committee for Latin America and the Caibbean, SICLAC Audrey Maclaushlin Presidmt of Socialist Intemational Women, SIW Rudolf Schamins hesident of tfie PZrty of European Socialists, pES Nicola Znsaretti Presidmt ofthe Intemational Union of Socialist youth, MSy
SECNETANY GENERAL Luis Avala First ebded at the XVIr sI congress, stockholm, 19g9. Re-elected at the XN congress, Berlin, THE WORLD ECONOMY The Need for o New System of Collective Responsibility
NTRODUCT'ON conditions for conservative ideals to unsafe nuclear plants could easily gain prestige. The neo-liberal ideas replay the Chemobyl catastrophe. 'We believe quite simply that markets acquired such a universal character must serve people and not the other way that some considered them the main 3. Facing these new realities, we around.' $ohn Smith) result of the global information age. stand at a crossroads: Underlying the ultra-liberal model of o either we mobilise our traditions of 1. A new age is emerging based on development there is the idea that solidarity, iustice and globalisation of the world economy. money and the budget are all that cooperation to tackle the problems This has positive aspects such as matter. we face today and in the increased economic efficiency, a new Fifteen years later, these foreseeable future; impetus to world trade and output, conceptions have failed to deliver . or we disregard our values and more and better products and their promise and have led to traditions and leave global resource seryices to consumers at lower prices unprecedented imbalances, allocation only to the invisible - and as well as new market opportunities. frustrated expectations and often insensitive - hand of the The Socialist International widespread inlustice: market. welcomes this development. But we . inequality and poverty are Democratic states should direct also need a new system of collective ravaging the developed and their policies to benefit their people responsibility offsetting the negative developing economies - over a without sacrificing efficiency gains effects of globalisation such as billion people are now living in from the markets. The SI rejects the financial fu rbulence, uneven absolute poverty and the gap inevitability of unemployment and development, increasing inequality, between rich and poor hai widened under-employment, and supports high levels of unemployment, social to unprecedented dimensions; national and multilateral efforts in exclusion and social unrest. . technical progress has generated the search for fulI employment, Globalisation has increased the new jobs but also technological including ioint international action power of multinational corporations, unemployment, and many skilled for a high level of effective demand, manipulators of foreign exchange and well trained people are the social negotiation of working markets and intemational nowadays working in less qualified time and employment creation in organisations at the expense of jobs, often part-time, without the social sphere and preservation governments, electors and the security and at minimal pay. In and enhancement of the democratic process. many countries unemployment has environment. We have a positive view of the reached levels unprecedented since We should recall that promoting development of society and the the period between the two World the values of democracy, justice and potential for sustainable growth and Wars; redistribution in every country and development with high levels of o despite a higher per capita among countries has always been employment. But crucial choices income in many parts of the world the top pdodty of the SI since its have to be made. Political democrary and the advances in medicine during inception. must prevail over economic and this century, millions of people die financial oligarchy. We need a new each year from avoidable and system of collective responsibility to curable diseases; restore effective decision-making o in Central and Eastern Europe TOWARDS A NEW powe$ to elected governments and transition has been accompanied in SYSTEM OF COLLECTIVE thereby reinforce their accountability the short term by drastic falls in RESPONS'B'LITY to their electorates. income, employment and life expectancy; 4. Globalisation in an age of 2. In the"last decades we witnessed a . local armed conflicts, reflecting networked intelligence is the main manifold multiplication of world ethnic disputes or control over local trend in today's world economy. This wealth. But progress has been at high resources, are causing massive is unavoidable and in some respects social cost. From the early 1980s the casualties, mainly among unarmed positive: ultra-liberal model, based'on the civilian populations; o information technology allows an gospel of economic deregulation and . the widening gap between rich economy based on knowledge, the disregard of social concerns, was and poor, both within and among key assets being intellectual assets. disseminated worldwide. The lack of nations, has hit women and children What matters is a company's ability modernisation of state institutions especially hard. to attract, retain and continually and their unfitness to deal with the . environmental degradation and increase workers' knowledge, economic and fiscal disturbances in ecological disasters have become innovation and creativity; many nations helped to create the commonplace, while decrepit and o information is more and more handled in digital form, compressed This failure has been due in part to a framework for regional and global and transmitted at the speed bf dogmatic insistence on deflaiion. cooperation. light, creating informati6n In this context, such a The SI cannot adopt the highways-. approach Through these highways multilateral review should address of the neoliberals, who preadd a vast web of relationships ii takihg the related issues of irade, democracy for the developing shape,innovating " and every ispect of investment and the re-cycling of reforming economies yet deny them economic and social life; surpluses. International irade-is the basic economic cohditions o relations for between producers and increasingly determined by foreign development and social welfare, consumers thus are becoming direct investment. At the 6ame ti"me, making their democratic experience interactive. In some areas the old the_combination of high technology extremely fragile. That is why co{poration is being disaggregated, with the least cost labdur has democracy needs to be reinforced replaced by by clynamic clusters of qualified the assumptions of a new system of collective individuals and entities. The new conventional compirative responsibility, and new policies enterprise, to in order to succeed, must advantages theory to the exclusion reinforce democracv itsellf. adiust to changing business of sub-Saharan Africa and much of Democracy meairs the right to conditions in real time. Latin America. Re-cycling of alternation oi power. Globalisation But efiective has disintegrated surpluses should be'not Snly democrary means that political the former bipolar world, giilng - way between the developed and'newlv parties must be able to implement to a more volatile geopolitical industrialising counlries but also' alternative programmes environment. in It has brought gains towald.s a wider group of developing government. The main reason for to the advanced countriei anii countries. voting is the real possibility of several of the developing economies Due to its nature, its world range changing policies. Indefiniie of Asia. But not all countries have and its long-standing commitmenl austeriry permanent poverty and been gains. included in such Most of to the cooperative principles of the mass unemployment devalue and i Africa, much of Latin America and a pgst-wa{ Bretton Woods system, the discredit democracy itself. Changing significant part of Asia have been SI is well placed to addresS these this depends subst6ntially on thE " I excluded. Also, the gainers have not issues and make a decisive international economic framework I won through globalisation l;l alone. contibution to their solution. and the behaviour of intemational Most of the newly indlrstrialising The Slrecognises the inspiring institutions. Both should provide the rii economies of the Pacific rim have work by the Commission on Global macro-economic environment in succeeded through policies for Governance, chaired by Ingvar which new economic and social governing markets and variants on a Carlsson and Shridath hamlphal. tts programmes become possible. But mixed economy which have reiected report, Our Global Neighbourhood, democracy also means that the the neoJiberal path. is based on values whiih we fully political system must ensure that There are two ways to conceive share and offers concrete proposils political reform, sound policies political and the approach to on how the world can run common economic developmentbenefit all globalisation: affairs. Without improved global social groups and is not put into . the. responsible way, taking into economic governance, human ieopardy by social inequilities or consideration diverse iegional security will be endangered. coruption. realities, and the social cohesion of Globalisation has promoted the different societies, thereby dominance of economic over social contributing to the globai TEN MA'N TASKS interests, devaluing the political improvement of economic and process. As the process of social wellbeing and preserving the 6. For the SI, ten main tasks lie globalisation has limited the role of environment. This is the SI ahead in the second half of the 9Os: the nation state, cooperation has to approach:globalisation, in order to o consolidation of democracy; be strengthened and legitimised by be an element of progress, must be . promotion of employment and more efficient internatibnal politically - . regulatid. better living standards;' institutions. We need an effective the ultra-liberal way, without . coordination of national policies; intemational system of collective social and environmenial . promotion of free and faii trade - responsibility to safeguard the concerns,which will globalise the case for a WTO social market economy and the povefty, not only in the developing clause; environment. At the same time we countries but also and increasirigly" . strengthening of financial need to promote the active in the developed countries, tendirig assistance; participation of people with their to standardise r social rights at their" reviewing the functioning of own structures of representation and lowest level; Bretton Woods institutions; org-anisation, contributing to a . regtonal and global cooperation; global civil society at local, regional 5..The responsible way, allowing for o reinforcement of social iights; and national leveis. a tarrer tunctioning of the trade- o achieving equality and systems, requires stronger enhancing women's rights; Ptomotion of employment ond international cooperation and a o sustainable development and lMng stondords comprehensive review of the Bretton protection of the environment. Woods institutions and the rules 8. The SI approach envisages the and disciplines of the WTO. lhe consolldatlon of democrocy promotion of a new model of ryith reason, at the Naples G7, sustained and sustainable President- Clinton called for a 7. The universality of representative development, as well as adapting the multilateral review of the democracy is a key value both to the welfare state, the most importani functioning of the IMF and the SI and to all democratic parties. But achievement of democratic World socialism Bank, on the grounds that the end of the Cold War^and the in this century. The new model must they had failed to he-lp Africa, Latin spread of representative democracv take account of the evolution of America and Russia to achieve the created expectations which cannot society, scientific and technological success of the Paciftc rim economies. be fulfilled without a new progress, demographic trends, environmental constraints and eliminates low-skilled and/or routine o sustained levels of public migration. This implies: iobs. Of all the new technologies, investment in infrastructure, . a permanent decrease of the information and communication technology and skills, aiming at unemployment rate, enabling the technology (ICT) is the most more economic efficiency and the young and the long-term pervasive and transformative. creation of more and betier iobs; unemployed entering the labour Therefore, we must concentrate on . creation of intemational financial market to undertake proper industries, infrastructures and instruments to correct temporary training and to attain to a better life; technologies of the 21st century in payment and fiscal imbalances and . national and multilateral efforts order to remain competitive ana to to offset speculative capital flows. in the search for fuIl meet economic and social This requires a close co- employment,including ioint aspirations. The quality and the ordination of the international international action for a high level quantity of the new technologies effects of national economic policies. of effective demand, the social will be decisive for the productivity The G7 group has not been able to negotiation of working time, of the global economy.' adequately fulfil this coordinating - employment creation in the social Too often a mismatch between role. In addition, G7 economies sphere and preservation and demand and supply of labour has represent a diminishing share of the enhancement of the environment; prevented placing'the right people world economy and trade. o a sustained rise of living in the right place' and significant We support the creation of an standards, which involves the investments in education and Economic Security Council (an improvement of living conditions to training, especially in the less and enlarged G7) within the UN acceptable levels. least developed countries. Technical framework, as a wav to effectivelv . national and multilateral assistance programmes also have to co-ordinate internaiional econo.iric initiatives on migration, to regulate be stepped up and upgraded. But if it policy and to address global issues flows, to guarantee the social rights is crucial for developing countries to such as the stability of exchange of migrant workers and their invest in human capital, this by no rates and international capital flows, families,and to support the means implies that the effort the avoidance of fiscal competition economic and social development of undertaken by developed countries and the creation of global - low income countries. can be slackened. Implovement in programmes to reduce Improving living standards, qualifications and skills is crucial to unemployment and stimulate together with a more just improving lob security and economic recovery. This forum is distribution of income and wealth, remuneration without endangering also required to iricrease the are of crucial importance for competitiveness. It is also effective in cooperation of international political, economic and social helping to prevent long-term financial institutions within the UN reasons. In particular, they unemployment, to the degree that it framework. strengthen confidence in democratic promotes iob mobility. The form of such an Economic institutions, give a new impetus to Security Council could combine a external relations and improve the Co-ordlnotlon of notionol policies given number of additional efficiency of policies. Moieover, the permanent members with a variable highest growth economies have the 9. The globalisation of the world membership of smaller countries. A least unequal income distribution economy has strongly reduced the new structure on these lines would and unemployment. effectiveness of natiohal economic both be more representative of High unemployment, policies. A cooperative approach is global realities and constitute a underemployment and social required to launch a global manageable forum for the exercise of exclusion constitute the most serious economic recovery which implies collective responsibility. problem of our time, and a the need for: significant threat to democrary. The . a framework to stabilise and Promotlon of free ond foir trude - policy of 'laissel-faire, laissez-passer' control international financial the cose for o WfO sociol clouse has failed in this area, as it failed 60 flows,render the functioning of years ago during the great intemational markets more 10. Trade through full utilisation of depression. This issue has to be transparent,and avoid the the concept of competitive addressed by international co- destabilisation of the economic advantage represents the way to ordination of national economic policies of elected governments. significantly improve welfare policies, through a global recovery Serious consideration should be without ieopardising progress in the programme promoting trade, given-to a turnover tax on purely reduction of inflation and budget income, welfare and employment. speculative foreign exchange deficits. Moreover, trade is clearly Reducing unemployment without transactions. Such a tax,proposed by the first level at which cooperation facing the danger of inflation Nobel prize winner yami's T6bin, becomes critical. Thus we have to requires more.and better investment, should include all maior financial ensure a system of collective both in material and in human markets; responsibility that avoids capital. o co-ordinated action in the protectionism. Small and medium enterprises reduction of the level of interest But it is also clear that if trade is account for more than two out of rates worldwide to reduce the cost of to contdbute to world welfare, it three iobs. They are vital for new job capital and borrowing and stimulate must be consistent with a rise of creation in both industry and investmenu living standards. In particular, services. AIso in some cases o ioint action to control operators import barriers (quotas and dutiep) globalisation can be successfully in off-shore markets, in particular to as well as subsidies regarding the' realised at micro-level, with the fight against tax evasion, corruption production and export of transfer of technology, more likely and money laundering; agricultural products by the through networks of regional, local o fiscal policies which encourage developed countries, which impose and associative enterprises. employment and penalise pollution significant costs on developing New technology creates new iob of the environment and depletion of nations, should be reduced. On the opportunities but at the same time it non-renewable natural resources; other hand, the generalised system of preferences (GSP) providing for way, at the basic needs of the o increase in the amounts lent by lower tariff rates for iome expiorts of population ensuring'minimum international financial institutioni, pooier countries should be made standards... in nutrition, housing, financed.if necessary by an increase more flexible and efficient. health, the environment, education, in their capital subscription; Trqde should generate - cooperation social services and basic income,. : lew allocation of Special Drawing {"! i9Ur, not competition for jobs. (Stuart Houand) Rights (SDRs), in favour of Wild competition decreases _In addition, a close monitoring of developing countries and countries remuneration levels, qualifications, aid programmes is needed to enstire in transition. social protection, safety and effectiveness and the inclusion of a environment quality. It ultimately social conditionality, together with Revlewlng the functlonlng ol t{r- reduces product quality and traditional financial conditionality. Brctton Woods lnstltutbns aggregate demand through low pay Funding of such programmes (hnd and uncertain& thus Dreventins the increase in overall funds available 12. International ftnancial efficiency gaini from tiade. to developing countries) would not institutions were created more than Cooperation for iobs also implies endanger economic stability and 5O years ago, in a macro-economic strerrgthening the vestigial prorisions growth in the developed (dbnor) context that has drastically changed. within WTO by a propei sohal countries. Rather: They are not equipped to iteal wiih clause. This should under no . these programmes would the challenges that the developing circumstances prevent the significantly increase world trade and countries face today, and accoidingly, developing and reforming economies consequently exports from donor they have not served their needs trom- competing on a comparative countries; adequately. This should be remedied cost basis. But it should mEan a ban o some funding could be raised by a substantial review of the on forced and child labour and the through regional financial functioning of the Bretton Woods enforcement of social rights, trades institutions, without consequences institutions. This should include: union freedom, collective bargaining for individual countriesl bullgets; . a different framework for and the right to strike and th6 .- a temporary -as measure, part of structural adjustment programmes elimination of all forms of this could be financed bv new with a different type of discrimination against women. taxation on the main soirrces of conditionaliry taking into account Free trade must translate into fair pollution and on scarce resources, social needs; trade, without hidden administrative bearing in mind that the more .- a change in the capital quotas in barriers, with adequate social successful the fight against pollution the IMF and World Brnk, nith the legislation and fre6 trade-union is, the less revenue this kind of tax more equitable share in voting activity. The question is not to would bring in; procedures for developing couhtries; challenge the ability of less o a larger-number of developed . new or reinforced regional developed countriei to compete countries should share the burden of financial institutions, more clearly through lower wage costs. What we funding, including newly serving the needs of local econoriies; cannot fo-rever disregard is any industrialised countries. The UN . improved cooperation among process of wage formation from target of 0.7 percent of GNp as intematiohal financial institutiohs which free bargaining activity is development assistancb should be and other intemational donors, thus excluded. reached by all donor countries. co_nsolidating the poliry-making Further, the link between trade No literate and healthy ettorts ot the international and environment calls for an population is poor. No illiterate community within the UN; environmental clause in the WTO population in ill health is other than o creation of new financial r4rith binding intemational poor. Priority should be made for the instruments with intemational commitments. funding of health and education, maco-economic potential (such as with a special focus on programmes regional and world bonds) to Shengthqrtng f, nondol asslstonce tor women and girls. In terms of facilitate the rerycling of financial health there is an urgent need for a slrrplus in favour of politically- 11. Most of the less and all of the vaccination and remedial diseases defined intemationa-l obieCiries; Ieast developed countries rely on fund for the poorest countries. o a mechanism for the orderly financial asslistance to overcome At its present level, debt service is adiustment of development balance-of-paynients problems. Aid has to be an unbearable burden to heavily disequilibria to facilitate the strengthened and reoriented if some indebted low-income economies, maintenance of stable degree but flexible of convergence is to be negatively affecting the level of exchange rates. achieved. There must be an absolute public and privatelnvestment, and One of the key obligation for issues in any the rich countdes to requiring very restrictive fiscal fundamental review of the hglp poor through programmes the policies. To address this issue the functioning of the IMF and aimed at the relief the of .forpoverB/ so as to following measures shorrld be World Bank is their relation create the conditions to the reai and adopted: new WTO, and whether this sustainable development. in . rescheduling of all debt service practice is to prove able to fulfil the Aid should be diverted from due to Paris Club and other bilateral opening paragraph of its Preamble proiects of the 'white-elephant, kind,' creditors, including a substancial that 'the signatories to this frequently linked to corruption and debt write-off for heavily indebted agreement recognise diversion that their of funds. More aitention low-income countries; relations in the field trade should of and be given to the need, . increase in the maturities and economic endeavour should particularly in be the poorer countries, interest subsidies of the debt due to conducted with a view to raising to finance: r intemational financial institutions standards of living, ensuring fufl the 'software' of democratic financed by gold sales by the IMF, employment institutions and a large anil steadily - the requirements of the part of the profits of the World Bank growing real income and effective basico functioning ofthe state; and other regional financial demand'. rural development and other institutions and by grants from A multilateral commission programmes reviewing aimed, in an integrated bilateral donors; the functioning of the IMF and the - World Bank in relation to the WTO market economy under such reality. Men and women must have needs to recognise that the paradigm constraints creates an explosive the same possibilities to combine of comparative advantage in situation, aggravating exclusion and professional and other international trade has been leading to social unrast and political responsibilities, both in society and overtaken by cumulative advantage extremism that may, in turn, disrupt in the family environment. In the for multinational investment and the democratic protess. poorest countries, demographic trade, to the exclusion of many of _ The SI therefore strongly explosion has been a ma'jor the lesser and least developed advocates the need for th-e'adoption- impeliment to real development. countries. of policies and measures that Family planning and parental contribute proactively to eliminating responsibility will not be possible Reglonol ond globol poltctes any form of ethnic, gender or social without a strong investm€nt in discrimination or the constitution of women's role in society, and 13. The SI urges increased monetary ghettos, hence promoting the increased education and co-ordination, and in particular the participation of citizens in decisions participation in the decision-making enhancement of monetary regional which particularly concern their process. We also should focus on the cooperation. The SI also favours an fate. ratification of the UN Convention approach that introduces measures Social rights are inevitably linked on the Protection of the Rights of All ensuring more transparency and to the existence of democratic Migrant Workers and their Families. accountability of operators, and that institutjons. They can only be Action programmes are needed in avoids competitive devaluations. guaranteed wher'e fu ndamental order to enact legislative and A less monolithic global system huqan rights are fully respected, administrative reforms to give also needs more plural multilateral including free trade uhion activiry women fulI and equal access to institutions and financial collective bargaining and the riglit economic respurces including the instruments. to strike- right to inheritanCe, to ownership of The regional organisation of the land, and equal access to credit. United Nations brolndly coincides Trade unions activities have played a Action is also needed in order to with a potential framework for such key role in developed societii:s, hot pursue and implement sound and pluralism, with a variable geometry only in the defence of workers' stable sectoral policies, designed with of regional trade and economic rights, but also for the the full and equal participatlon of groups within this framework. The modernisation and efficiency of the women, that encourage broad-based European Union has a key role to economies. sustainable growth geared towards play not only within a wider Europe eradicating poverty and reducing for example in the Baltic Sea regioh, Achleving equolity ond womenl gender-based inequality. but also with the Lom6 Convention rtghts Further action is needed to countries; likewise with the restructure and target the allocation Mercosur, the Rio Group in Latin 15. Equality between women and of public expenditures to promote America, SADCC, the Maghreb and men is a basic condition for the women's economic opportunities other regional groupings within equitable development of modem and equal access to productive Africa, and with the follow-up of the society. Deep discriminations against resources and to address the basic Barcelona Conference. But progress women still prevail in large parts of social, educational and health needs to a more plural framework also the world, assuming absolut-ely of women, particularly those means that the regional agencies of inhuman forms. Even in developed currently living in poverty. Macro- the UN such as the Economic countries, iudicial equality does not economic policies have to be Commissions for Africa and Latin prevent open or hidden generated that have a positive America and some specialised discriminatory practices at both impact on the employment and agencies and subsidiary organs, social and cultural leveIs. income of women workers in both should be reinforced, better resourced _ The labour market, in particular, the formal and informal sectors. and given greater relative autonomy. does not allow real equaliiy of There is a strong case for opportunities, since women are Sustolnoble d*elopment ond reinforcing the power of the regional usually offered low-paid part-time protedion of tlta environment development banks and matching iobs and are greatly affecied by the them by regional monetary funds. new forms of structural 16; The solution to the This macro-economic conception lies unemployment. The eradication of environmental problems threatening behind the establishment of the poverty cannot be accomplished the future of the planet is a critical European Investment Fund, through anti-poverty profirammes challenge for humanity as a whole. parallelling the micro-project finance alone but will requiie {emocratic A healthy and sustainable local of the European Investment Bank. participation and chariges in order environment is a basic right, both to ensure access for all women to for today's and future generations. Relnforcement of sociol rlghts resources, opporfunities,and Public authorities and public servlces. initiatives have an essential role to 14. Intolerance, inequality, racial or The effective deliverv of basic play filling in the gaps left by free religious segregation, sexism and social services, efficient' competition, looking to fulfil social exclusion undermine the implementation of support environmental needs that have a solidarity and cohesion that are the mechanisms like housing, social impact and are ignored by cement of today's societies. Many of healthcare, childcare and education, private enterprise, or to guarantee the social problems we face today coupled with positive changes in democratic access for all to have their roots in one of these anti-poverty programmes, will environmental goods and services forms of discrimination, whether on significantly lessen the burden of within an integrated and balanced grounds of race, gender or religion as poverty on women. development perspective. do the symptoms of unemployment, Political action to promote The Rio Summit rightly urban violence and drug abuse. equality in education and lob established a link betrveen The functioning of a deregulated opportunities, must become a environment and development: 'wealth creates over-consumption, corvcl'usrors need to be addressed and resolved but poverty destroys nature as well through greater diversity in due to the fact that too many have The new era of globalisation of the ideas,policies and institutions, rather too little to share'. (Svend Auken) world economy is a challenge for us than constrained by a single The answer to environmental all. The socialist movementis paradigm of structural adiustment problems cannot be divorced from prepared to accept the challenge. and gains from trade, or a single the totality of global concems. It Globalisation undermines the old model of governance; must be viewed not as an isolated links of solidarity in local enterprises . a reform of the international issue or trend, but rather within a and deregulates sectors which monetary system that will contribute framework that encompasses all the previously guaranteed a large to reducing exchange rate volatility problems that beset the economy number of iobs. Globalisation can and foster cooperation aimed at a and society. lead to irreparable damages to the sustainable grofih of the world Concern for the environment environment. Not lea ., economy; must not be seen as a barrier to globalisation, while putting in . a better transparency and economic growth. It must be question the regulatory rolC of the accountability of intemational increasingly considered, on the nation state, calls for integrated financial markets with measures contrary as an opportunity to economic institutions at both addressing the need to reduce Se4erate iobs based on new regional and global levels. speculative transactions and thus technologies with meaningful We reaffirm that the democratic contributing to the stability of employrnent for high-skilled decisions taken at national and intemational currencies and capital professionals and low-skilled workers international level have an markets; alike. Energy-saving and the irreplaceable role in co$ecting o a strengthening of the restoration and preservation of distortions generated by the multilateral trade system whereby nature, being labour-intensive, also functioning global markets and in each country has to comply with the offer major job opportunities. the search for social iustice and full obligations arising from the The required change towards employment. agreements now covered by the sustainable economic growth in our Recent cooperation in the field of WTO'and contribute to the success sociedes, given the supranational economic policies among developed of further market opening, nafure of the environment, itself countries has mainly aimed at reinforced by negotiation of a social demands intemational treaties, but reducing inflation ahd budget clause, and with strcngthened also supranational institutions and deficits, especially in Europe. preferential treatment for the poorer associated policies able to contribute Employment, social issues and the countries; decisively to a sustainable environment have clearly become . a teinforcement of women's development guided by principles of secondary. The SI approach is not rights, political participation and mutual interest and cooperation. only more faiq but also more equality of opportunities, remedying The necessary aid to and efficient, as it takes into account the lack of autonomy and access to cooperation. with developing lon$-term perspectives, offsets economic resources, including credit, countries has to be translated into negative extemalities and promotes land ownership and inheritance, spegific financial assistance, training social inclusion. offsetting the inadequate access of and transfer of technology in such a Confronted with international women to education and their way that the development of the economic and monetary disorder, minimal participation in the nations who receive those benefits is we socialists and social democrats decision-making process. The release not subiect to medium-term express our determination to of women's productive potential is constraints because of the short-term promote a new system of collective pivotal to breaking the rycle of destruction of its resources. responsibility within the following poverty so that women can both On the other hand, the enormous strategic framework: fully share in and conhibute to the environmental deficits bequeathed . a global recovery programme co- benefits of development; by the totalitarian regimes of Central ordinated by an enlarged G7 or an o strengthening within the and Eastern Europe call for an eventual Economic Security Council framework of the United Nations increase in aid such as the European of the UN to promote world those agencies concerned with Union is already giving. development and to fight poverty. environment, such as the Sustainable The environment reflects what a This programme shouli be Development Commission and the society is as a whole. This entails the financed through new instruments Environment Programme, and the ioint responsibility of the whole of and increased official financial institutions associated with society for resolving its problems. We development assistance, including such development; need a better match betu/een substantial debt write-offs for . intemational agreements to problems and answers. The principles ,the heavily indebted low-income improve the quality of continental of prevention and restitution - countdes; waters and the air, neutralising the polluter pays' - are central to this. . the creation of employment and negative consequences of climate Environment costs must b€ the rise in standards of living change and desertification, and intemalised. For this to be achieved (involving both the economic and enhancing the overall quality of the it is necessary to seek the application soci.al dimensions) at both the global environment. of new standards, the signihg of domestic and world levels, thus voluntary agreements with specific strengthening cohesion between industries and the undertaking of North and South, East and West, educational programmes. We also with action of global and local should.fulfil the potential offered by significance implemented at the a new fiscal system that would appropriate level; include environmental taxes on r a review of the functioning of the pollution. IMF and the World Bank recognising that diverse problems for different economic systems MAKING PEACE, KEEPING PEACE
Peace, freedom, iustice and our ideals and obiectives are needed considerations about the changing solidarity have always been the both at the global and regional role of the organisation. central values and obiectives of the levels. The concepts of cdmmon, Last year, when the UN turned socialist movement. cooperative and comprehensive 5O, another important report was The Socialist International takes security provide basic guidelines and published. The Carlsson eommission pride in its tradition of persistent directions for such eff&ts. The stressed a strong commitment to and successful work for peace and Socialist Intemational reaffirms its global cooperation in the service of security. appeal to all governments, social peace and progress and reiected Throughout the Cold War the SI, movements and individuals to work unilateralist approaches to global true to its principles, maintained together for a iust and peaceful problems. dialogue with maior powers, world order. If preventive diplomacy fails and consistently appealing for nuclear traditional peacekeeping is disarmament, for radical cuts in insufficient, then the United Nations nuclear weapons, for non- TOWARDS COOPERATi,VE may call on other organisations to proliferation, for a test ban, for SECURITY iestore peace. This is perhaps the confidence-building measures, for greatest innovation in recent times openness and transparency, for the A fundamental change has occurred in this field, and it is still being solution of regional crises, for in the course of the last decade. The tested in Bosnia. common securiry for preventive strictly bipolar intemational system The concept of 'overlapping diplomacy, for security and and the ideological antagoniim institutions' provides regional cooperation - for peace. Through between the blocs has given way to a o_r_ganisations and even military such policies which also inspired more cooperative world order. alliances a role while keeping the member parties, the SI contiibuted The change in the international political decision-making role of the to the end of the Cold War. system is still going on, and its United Nations Security Council While the Cold War is now over, impact is being fell in East and West, intact. and the related arms race and the North and South. With the Regional organisations, acting on threat of a nuclear war seem to have predictability of the bipolar system the basis of the UN Charter, play an subsided, the post-Cold-War iiisappearedj the preseit situdtion is important complementary role. In experiences have not been only characterised by uncertainties. The Europe, the Organisation for Security positive. While negotiations have Soviet legacy continues to be a factor and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) brought peacefuI solutions to many affecting security policy in Russia has changed from a traditional Cold War regional conflicts, new and elsewhere. forum for East-West negotiations, to crises and armed conflicts have The United Nations is and an international organisation emerged elsewhere. While malor remains the most important forum concentrating on preventive breakthroughs have been made in for security cooperati,on. The diplomary and conflict- disarmament, huge stockpiles of Security Council, responsible for management. The OSCE has played weapons of mass destruction and intemational peace and secudry a useful role in many post-Cold-War conventional weapons are still there, cannot be replaced by anything else conflicts such as the former and the world still wastes its scarce in the foreseiable futfure, but iti role Yugoslavia, Nagorno-Karabakh and resources in excessive military can be further strengthened. Chechnva- spending. Besides being global in Fornis of cooperation between Therefore, the sustained powerful membership, the United Nations such regional organisations as the action for peace, security and also deals with all aspects of security, European Union (EU), the Western disarmament must continue even in including various n& threats to European Union (WEU), the Council the post-Cold-War world. The securlty, such as political upheavals, of Europe, OSCE and NATO are Socialist Intemational - and its social distress, poverry being developed in order to find a regional and special committees - environmental degradation, ethnic meaningful division of labour for will explore new ways and means to unrest, uncontrolled migration, them in the emerging European play a constructive role in the new tefiorism and drug abuse. Future secudty architecture. situation. We reaffirm our conviction security policies should take this that the end of the Cold War has comprehensive seority concept as created conditions for a just and theif foundation. TOWARDS A MORE EFFECT'VE peaceful world order. Such an The global agenda of the United UN SECUR'TY SYSTEM international order must be built on Nations permits it to be utilised in a the principles of democracy, human flexible manner. Devetopment and The world has faced more than a peace go rights and the rule of law. hand in hand.-Concern for hundred severe armed conflicts since global A peaceful world order also the envitonment is concern 1945. The role of the United Nations for peace. progress requires the revival of the Social is a in crisis-management has increased commitment Charter to precondition for welfare, to the UN stability- dramatically following the end of and peace. The maintain intemational peace and United Nations the Cold War. Between 1988 and conferences on security'with the least diversion for important global 1_995, the UN has launched twenty- issues focus problems armaments of the world's human on to be three peace-keeping operations, ai resolved and economic resources'. by all states together. compared to the thirteen established The peaCe' Such changes do not come by 'Agenda for of the bet\^reen 1948 and 1988. Secretary-General themselves. Persistent efforts to of the United The Council of the SI, at its change Nations contains important the world in accordance with meeting in Tokyo in May 1.994, approved the report of the special underlines the need for an enhanced Cold War has been felt most working group of the SIPSAD on UN UN capability to effectively dramatically and that there the reform. On that occasion, while contribute to assess and solve them. challenge and need for establishing acknowledging the existing Economic imbalances and poverty, cooperative security arrangements to limitations in procedures, food and water shortages, dnd overcome the Cold-War divide are operational capabilities and resources cultural divides are at the root of most urgent. That need has been for the UN to perform its role in many existing and potential recognised by all European maintaining peace, we stressed the co4fl icts. Cooperati,on between governments. need to maintain the notion that the ag&rcies and with NGOs as well as The CSCE history, and now the UN is the sole legitimate body where interaction with the affected institutions and procedures of the measures to introduce and maintain populations are among the OSCE, have created the basis for peace can be adopted on behalf of requirements for maintaining peace such wide European secudty the international community. in the future. This cooperation arrangements. Fruitful experience in The Socialist Internationdl appears also as a prerequisite in confidence-building and -ooperation remains committed to these those cases where peace has been as well as the mechanisms developed principles and calls for a further achieved but must vet be for crisis-prevention, for the extension of the means and consolidated. Thesd new challenges promotion of democracy and of resources at the disposal of the UN will require a greater democratisalion minodty rights give direction to Secretary-General. We also express and transparency in the decisions of further efforts. our satisfaction at the progress of the the Security Council and increased Yet, today's OSCE is still too weak Secretary-General's'Agenda for collabbratiirn with the General an organisation to be able to deal Peace', whose efforts to create a new Assembly, whose role should be with severe political or military conceptual framework, in order to enhanced. crises alone. The necessity to find respond to new challenges beyond adequate roles for various the scope of traditional international organisations and the peacekeeping, will require the TOWARDS ENHANCED best possible forms of cooperation support and commitment of the REG'ONAL SECUR'TY between them is guiding the present member nations. efforts in Europe. The European Conflict-prevention appears as an A major aspect of present Union, the Western European area in which security the UN should developments is stiengthened Union, the Council of Europe, the broaden its role, either through cooperation between Commonwealth of Independent preventive diplomacy the United or through a Nations and regional organisations States (CIS), NATO, and the UN are preventive deployment of UN forces in peace and security issues, under all exploring their potential in the early stages of a crisis. This Chapter VIII of the UN contribution to European security will require reinforcing the authority Charter. - While this opportunity has been in architecture. The North Atlantic of the Secretary-General, speeding- the Charter, it is only in this decade Cooperation Council (NACC), up the decision procedures and that it has come under closer Partnership for Peace as well as the allowing stand-by forces to be scrutiny and in more frequent use. onSoing Implementation Force deployed at early call. Conflict- (IFOR) operation in Bosnia are all prevention Cooperation includes diplomatic is the most appropdate support, consultation, examples of such new forms of means to prevent and division crises spreading, of laborrr in co-deployment or security cooperation, where old thus avoiding loss of life and saving ioint operations. Positive experiencei have adversaries as well as neutral states enormous effort and resources. already been gained in many crisis are acting together to build a new Successfu I confl ict-prevention and areas, in Europe, and safer Europe. crisis-management Africa andCentral also reduce the America. In post-Cold-War conditions, the risks and the amplitude of any The contributions of the most probable challenges are related prospective use of force. Association of South East to crisis-management and peace- Regional cooperation the Asian in area Nations (ASEAN) in Cambodia, keeping. Therefore the primary focus of security has increased during the the OAS and the Contadora Group of European discussions and last years. The possibility for regional in the European negotiations - whether in NATO, EU organisations to act in their arehs Qentral {mer!ca, of Union, the OSCE, NATO ahd the or WEU - is on these issues. The responsibility_should be encouraged WEU in the Former Yugoslavia, IFOR operation also sets a potential and facilitated. The experiences ifr have pointed, to, a tremendous potential. example in providing a ftamework Europe and, most receirtly, in Africa The linkage between the UN and for civilian and military elements in should allow a most efficient action new peace-keeping opdrations. Such in conflict-prevention the Conference on Security and and Coo.p.eration a comprehensive peace-keeping management when the in_Europe wa3 formally UN Security et?blished the approach has been fruitful already in Council cannot guarantee the i! belinning of the' 1990s, but of course regional former UN operations, e.g. in avqilability of the means required. [he approach in Europe has beEn Namibia, Central America and The UN cannot act today as the under way tor a quarter Cambodia. world policeman, but this of a century. should Europe was also The Socialist International has on not be in contradiction with the centrally in ihe focus of SI activities for various occasions referted to the need to define as clearly as possible I long time, which was well rounded, because possibility of exploiting the the criteria upon whicti the'security European experience in other Council, on behalf of the whole E_u1qp1 was so deeply divided by the Cold War and because Europe was regions of conflict. While it is not intemational community, makes its pdmary feasible to reproduce such decision whether the scene for militaly or not-to intervene confrontation, with experiences elsewhere - because in a conflict. the two opposing military alliances every crisis and conflict has its In the world of today, the role of confronting each other. unique characteristics - some central the UN in maintaining peace cannot Against that historical features of the CSCE approach seem be restricted to peace operations. The background it may be worthwhile, such as tlid inclusion of impact of non-military argued that factors on particularly in Europe the end of the all relevant parties in the global and regional se'curity negotiations, the adoption of a comprehensive secudty agenda and Argentina, Brazil and Chile have or the capacity for its possible use for the beginning of the jotrrney if become fulI parties to the Treaty of terrorist purposes. The so-called cut- necessary, even with modest results Tlatelolco. France has engaged in off treaty negotiations must be to make it start. procedures to sign the Treaty of initiated as soon as possible under The validity of such a thesis has Rarotonga. With Africa's Nuclear- conditions which would not been underlined by similar recent Weapon-Free Zone, established in legitimise the arsenals of the experiences in many conflict-ridden 1996, nearly all of the southern threshold states; regions like Central America, South hemisphere now constitutes a 4. that of the extension of the Aftica, Middle East and Asia. The nuclear-weapon-free zone. powers of supervision of the capital created through confidence- A new era of cooperation among International Atomic Energy Agency, building is needed to overcome nuclear-weapon states has made it which is an important condition for protracted hostilities and to assure possible to reach agreements on the implementation of the policy of everyone the benefits of peace. tangible reductions in nuclear nuclear material control, without stockpiles and on the elimination of which any policy directed against entire classes of nuclear weapons. proliferation will fail. TOWARDS NUCLEAR Nuclear weapons have been The trade in plutonium and D'SARMAMENf completely withdrawn from many highly enriched uranium for countries where thev had been economic, scientific or other reasons Nucleor non- prollfemtion deployed during thd Cold War. should be placed under strict The Socialist International international control. In the same The Socialist International remains opposes the deployment of nuclear way, the IAEA must be allowed to committed to achieving the real goal weapons and related delivery follow the evolution of radioactivity of nuclear non-proliferation: general systems in new member states in the levels of all the nolV closed-down nuclear disarmament. With the case of NATO enlargement. This nuclear facilities or test sites and to indefinite extension of the Non- would be against the spirit of the keep track of all the undeclared Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1995 NPT. activities which may lead to the and in view of the Comprehensive The main concerns in the coming production of nuclear weapons. Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the years are the huge remaining A register of nuclear weapons intemational community should stockpiles of the nuclear-weapon should be established at the United restate its priorities. The Socialist states, the refusal of some so-called Nations. Registering the existing International will continue its work threshold countdes to renounce the arsenals of nuclear weapons will to lessen the role of nuclear weapons nuclear option, and the risk that enhance the confidence of non- udth the ultimate aim of a nuclear- nuclear know-how and material end nuclear countdes in the readiness of free world. up in the hands of states or groups nuclear countries to disarm and will Non-proliferation is more than which are beyond international thereby strengthen the will to adhere control.. to the non-proliferation policy. iust setting the agenda for nuclear disarmament or improving the NPT Under these conditions, the The Socialist International safeguards system. It is necessary to existence of important nuclear strongly urges all the governments address the political and/or regional arsenals still presents the risk of their which take their inspiration from SI security perceptions and motives use, with the very serious effects principles to simultaneously pursue evoked in order to keep a nuclear which this would mean for the the legal and political battle along arsenal or to develop a new one. It populations and the environment. these four guidelines. should become clear that there is no The situation created by the Negotiations on a treaty for a credible strategic need or rationale disappearance of the USSR has nuclear-weapon-ftee world must start for nuclear weapons in a world with brought about new dangers in the in the Conference on Disarmament a sharply reduced risk of a global nuclear field which are iust as immediately. conflict, without antagonistic important. military blocs. With all the means The first is the possible access by Nucleor testlng available we should tackle the new states to nuclear armaments. tension in certain regions which And the second is the possibility for The Socialist International has tempt states to become nuclear, and non-state terrorist or mafia groups to consistently insisted on a definitive support consistent initiatives in acquire by purchasing, trafficking or end to nuclear testing as an effective order to favour the settlement of theft, nuclear materials capable of and indispensable means to achieve substantial security confidence- producing bombs. This is why action real progress in nuclear building measures, disarmament aiming to rid the planet of nuclear disarmament. These efforts should agreements, etc, while enhancing risk must be conducted be continued until the CTBT is our global support for the simultaneously in four fields: signed and ratified by all relevant elimination of the presence and the 1. that of reducing the existing states. threat of any kind of weapons of arsenals - the START II Treaty must There is no technical iustification mass destruction. now be ratified by the Russian for the continuation of nuclear Duma, is necessary A1l states should strictly adhere to but it to begin testing. Scientific studies have shown the Resolution on Principles and without waiting to negotiate a new that a very small number of tests is Obiectives for Nuclear Non- step which could take the form of a needed to ensure the safety of Proliferation and Disarmament, START III Treaty; certain types of nuclear weapons; yet passed by the NPT Review and 2. that of reinforcing non- in no case will tests be needed after Extension Conference. A number of proliferation and the test ban - it is 1996. France and China - after two countdes have taken important steps essential that the NPT be signed by more test explosions in 1996 - have to renounce their aspirations to all the states of the world and that finally stopped testing and joined acquire nuclear weapons. South the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty the moratorium by the United, Aftica has dismantled its nuclear- be signed soon on the basis of the States, Russia and the United weapon-making capability. Argentina zero option; Kingdom. While it is positive that and Chile have joined the NP[, and 3. that of forbidding the production China has given up the concept of of nuclear material for military use so-called peacefu I nuclear explosions, any conditions attached political conditions and arms- to that goal. Conversion at global, to the decision are out of place. readiness of all parties to the treaty national and societal levels will The Socialist International has to adapt its stipulations to the release huge resources to consistently supported the realities of the post-Cold-War world constructive purposes both in conclusion in 1996 of the CTBT. We makes it relevant also for today's developing countries and therefore welcome the resolution world. The Socialist International industrialised countries. passed by the General Assembly of demands the stdct implementation the United Nations on 1O September of the treaty." We emphasise the 1.996, adopting the text of the CTBT. necessity of reducing the number of THE ROLE OF THE SOC'AL/,ST The immediate goal now is therefore forces and arms also in regions ,NTERNAT'ONAL to secure signatures of all states for where they seem to have temporarily the CTBT and the early entering into increased, and encourage all parties CONFLICT-PREVENT'ON'N force of the Treaty. When in force, to explore ways for further preventive the Treaty will be a cornerstone of reductions of maior conventional As action in the post- nuclear disarmament together with weapons. It would seem useful for Cold-War period is becoming more the NPII the IAEA safeguards system OSCE to open a revision process important, there is an increasing role and the agreements among the where all states concerneil could not only for preventive diplomacy nuclear-weapon states. participate. but also for non-govemmental The ultimate obiective, however, Another positive development in organisations. must remain the elimination of all recent years has been the increased The Socialist International has a record nuclear weapons. openness and transparency in arms valuable of dialogue between powers In this regard the SI welcomes the transfers. The UN Register on maior as well as other partners, - recommendations of the recently Conventional Arms is a most conflict and in new more - completed Canberra Commission on valuable instrument in this respect favourable conditions, its role in the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. and should be further developed. conflict-prevention should be further Openness in issues dealing with explored. arms transfers is a necessary From this point of view, it is ingredient in confidence-building, recommended by the Socialist TOWARDS CONVENT'ONAL International that the member ARMS CONTROL which again is a necessity for any peace process. parties make a common effort in the As a consequence of the end of fields of conflict-prevention, dsk- For fifty years the efforts of the analysis and mediation. international community in the field the Cold War and the solution of of disarmament have been primarily many long-standing regional conflicts, the volume of l. The role of the portles in conflict- aimed at promoting nuclear prevention disarmament and the prohibition of intemational arms trade has notably other means of mass destruction. decreased. This positive development can be further supported by 1.1 Security today requires a global Such emphasis has been problems; iustified, unilateral restraint, by agreements approach to the in because fhe future of mairkind was' political, between maior arms suppliers as well conflict-prevention the long leopardised especially by these economic and social dimensions of very weapons. That task remains as by cooperation of arms importers at regional level. the crises must be taken into unfinished, and further efforts are Respect Recently, more attention - account. for human rights needed to enhance nuclear and democratic rules in a perspective disarmament by all means, the particularly at the regional level, especially in Africa - has been paid to of development facilitate conflict- ratification and implementation of prevention. SI member parties are the convention prohibiting chemical so-called micro-disarmament, i.e. measures taken to destroy small arms called upon to work for an efficient weapons as well as further measures prevention piled in certain conflict areas. Such of conflicts. to effectively abolish biological 1.2 The parties have a sensitising weapons everywhere. an approach can be of considerable help in the solution of regional and educating role vis-i-vis public However, it is becoming more ThE preventive conflicts, and should therefore be opinion. method of imperative than ever to take diplomacy requires that the peoples measures to cut down the so-called further developed by the UN in cooperation with regional concerned and intemational public conventional weapons as well. These opinion are involved. Today, all are the weapons with which most organisations. A balanced and effective solution armed conflicts touch civilian present wars are being waged, they populations, which are the principal constitute the arsenal of most armies must be found to the indiscriminate use of landmines which cause victims of modern wars. Preventive and they assume the greatest share action can only be used in a political of global military expenditures. iniuries and loss of human life to the civilian population. climate which is convinced of its In fact, the concept of necessity and of the promotion of a conventional weapons has long been As conventional weapons take the greatest share of global military culture of peace, which must be the m,isleading, because many weapons main obiective of the SI member ot this category can result in expenditures, their reduction is a key factor in bringing them down, closei parties. destruction comparable to that 1.3 In government or in caused by weapons of mass to the goal established in the UN Charter of maintaining peace opposition, our parties have the destruction, and join international securiW "with the least obligation to their efforts in The Treaw on Conventional international as well as regional Armed Forcel in Europe (CFE), as the diversion for armam'ents of the world's human and economic organisations. Under their influence, most far-reaching treaty on maior states can prefer a policy of conventional weapons, is an resources". While the transition from the Cold-War expenditure levels prevention, taking in the long-term encouraging example in many action which prevents cdses respects. While it was negotiated in towards that legitimate goal implies major conversion at all levels, the beforehand or prevents them from the final phases of the Cold War in reappearing. Europe, it still shows how favourable Socialist International encourages all states to reaffirm their commitment 2. The role of the Sociolist lntemotionol in onolysing risk of confll(,s 2.1 The International, with its regional and specialised committees, could be used for centralised efforts and the exchange of information. The SIPSAD and regional committees could deal with these issues more flexibly and faster than international organisations. 2.2 Following the example of the European Parliament conflict- prevention centre, regional expertise in conflict-prevention could be organised.Their main task could be to work out crisis indicators (social tensions,economic hardships, disintegration of state structures) and to analyse their different forms. 2.3 Thus the SI should be prepared to give an early warning and pass it on to competent international organisations.
3. The role of Sociolist lntemotionol member parties in mediation
3.1 SI parties should be able to avoid accusations of interfering in the internal affairs of a state. Support given beforehand can provide the concerned parties more efficient means to act in their own country. 3.2 Diplomacy can advance when disputes are studied and regulated through political dialogue, which channels tensions and helps the parties to find peaceful solutions together. 3.3. Thus, mediation which brings about a rapprochement of the parties to the conflict can become a central task of the Council. In particular, our parties can help preventive efforts to be successful thanks to their knowledge of the local situations and their capacity to set up a mission of good offices in a relatively short time. Thanks to this 'citizens' diplomacy', discretion and confidentiality - necessary conditions for preventive diplomacy - have a better chance to be fulfilled and a compromise is easier to reach between the parties concerned.
The originality of the SI Statutes allows it to find its place in preventive diplomacy. Its role must be seen as parallel and complementary to the activities of intemational organisations. It provides a forum for political dialogue and an opportunity for informal meetings which are indispensable if a rapprochement is sought. A HUMAN RIGHTS AGENDA FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
,NTRODUCT'ON be hard to say that human rights A new univeral humon rlghts order: abuses could be definitively geneml prtnclples No other pedod in human history has eradicated. In particular, there remains been so strongly linked to the qubst a maior contradiction between the Any new universal human rights for h_uman rights as the 20th century. norms adopted,internationally and order, as indeed past efforts to create It will stand out as the century of the practices tolerated at the national such an order amply demonstrate, human rights as well as the c6ntury of Ievel. must be based on a number of general the-most.abject denials of these rights This fact is amply documented bv pri!ciples to,be universally acceptable and freedoms. the growing voluirt! of reports issuef and accepted. At the end of this century it is by national and internati6nal therefore necessary and legitimate to authodties, governments, Untvenolity draw the lessons cif one hrindred years international organisations and major ' of human progress, and of humari international human rights NGOs, Human rights standards, although failure, in one of the most noble such as Amnesty International, rooted in many cultures, are universal. obiectives of political endeavour: to Human Rights Watch, or the Through their universality human provide to the men, women and International Commission of Jurists. It rights must afford protection to all of children of this planet an equal degree tlus appears imperative to draw up, humanity, including special groups of human rights'and freedoms as after the experience of decades pasi such as women, children, minorities expressed in so many instruments and and present,- a new human righ^ts and indigenous peoples, workers, declarations and fouhd wanting in so agen-da for the 21st century. national minorities, refugees and many dramatic and tragic failuies and This agenda must build on the displaced persons, the disabled and shortcomings. challenges andthreats of the past as the elderly. Whilst recognising cultural More than at any time in the past, analysed and identified by a liost of pluralism, we must not toleraie human rights have hobilised nod oniy international conferences and cultural practices which derogate from academici and specialists, governmeni meetings, not least the 1993 Vienna universally accepted human rights, experts and lawyers but alsb large International Human Rights including women's rights. numbers of ordinary people who have Conference and some other UN mega- As human rights are of universal organised, in a now huge field of events such_ as the Copenhagen, Cairo, concern and are universal in value, NGOs, what is today the vast Beiiing, and Istanbul Conferences on the advocacy of human rights cannot international human rights Social Affairs, Population, Women and be considered to be an eniroachment movement. Moreover, human rights Human Settlements. upon national sovereignty. concerns today have also created a The following analysis and vast number of institutions and proposals will not dephrt from the s6crrpy the workings of many national now universally acceited view of ,ndiyisibiltE and lnterdependence and international organisations, human rights and fundamental beginning with the United Nations. freedoms, namely their indivisibility Human rights - be they civil, cultural, While periodically pushed to lower and interdepend6nce, without economic, political or social rights - rank on the international agenda and privileging any category or generation are individual and interdependtnt. For from the minds of internati,onal of human rights: civil, cultural, that reason, neither set of'rights can decision-makers, while constantly economic, political or social. be accorded priority over tha other. discriminated against in favour oi On the basis of past experience and Nor can it be argued that one set of more worldly and also material current trends it will endeavour to rights is, in practice, a prerequisite for concerns of states and governments - establish the elements of a human the enioyment of others. Such not least in favour of eionomic rights agenda for the 21st century that arguments are without legal or advantage - human rights are here to should build on the idea of a universal empirical foundation but can easily stay, moving higher and higher in set of human rights and fundamental destroy the basis on which to builil an world political Concerns, ndt least freedoms. It will include a international human rights consensus. thanks to a new degree of considerable body of human rights Human rights, however, are international awareness in a global concerns that doininated the 2bth interdependent, as can be exemplified information society that leavEs few century and that will remain relevant by the fapt that economic rights spots in the internltional arena in coming decades. demand a fair distribution oI resources unexplored. A human rights agenda for the Zlst and income, and the right to freedom But there ii no doubt that despite century, while not fundamentally ftom hunger and poverty. These can this dramatic advance in differeirt from the current one a( far as only be protected where people are consciousness and awareness, in the human rights content is able to exercise their civil anil political sensitivity and concern, the overall concerned, should however also be rights, for example, the right o-f balance sheet in the promotion and bolder and more ambitious. It should workers to organise and form unions defense of human rights and be aimed towards a much higher level to protect their economic rights. fu ndamental freedoms worldwide of awareness and preparedneis in their Poverty arises from wrong remains bleak. detense, introducing new systems of development in the face of systematic While human ingenuity and much refined and safer protedures, denial of human rights. technical progress have been thus creating a new and There must be a holistic and successful in many instances in unprecedented degree of human rights integrated approach to human rights. fighting the evils haunting mankind - security. Once set, those rights cannot be used such as illnesses and ignoiance or the to bargain for others. risks of unforeseen disaster - it would frlltdatity hand, and advisory services or Democrocy, development ond good technical cooperation on the other. goven orrce The North-South dimension of the The differences between the two types human rights agenda is of of activity are fundamental and the Democracy and development are fundamental importance. Solidarity as distinction must be retained. Similarly, linked in fundamental wayS. They are understood in the Declaration on the while peace-keeping, the exercise of linked because democracy'providi:s RiSht to Development is'solidarity 'good offices' functions and the only long-term basis for managing between industrialised countrieS and conciliation efforts are of maior competing ethnic, religious, and their developing partners and importance, and should as far as cultural interests in a way that solidarity in every country with the possible reflect integrated human minimises the risk of violent internal most disadvantaged'. The right to rights components, they cannot be conflict. They are linked because development is universal and seen as substitutes for human rights democracy is inherently attached to inalienable. monitoring, nor will it be appropriate the question of governance, which has In the year 200O and beyond, four in many instances to combine an impact on all aspects of fifths of the people of the world will responsibility for the different development efforts. They are linked be living in the developing countries, functions in the same entity. Rather, because democracy is a fundamental the number in absolute poverty and in many situations, human rights human right, the advancement of despair will still be growing. monitors are needed to scrutinise the which is itself an important measure Solidarity with the people of all promotion of human rights and other of development. countries requires a community of activities of technical advisers, peace- Therefore, to an increasing degree interests and values to manage keepers and others, rather than being the problem of the form of problems that respect no borders - replaced by them. government in the members of the from environmental degradation and international communiry the nation migration, to drugs and epidemic states, has become part of the diseases. All people are made less THE BUILD,ING BLOCKS FOR international political agenda. In secure by the poverty and misery that THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT particular, progress towards a universal exist in the world. Development democratic order and good matters: properly applied in propitious AND PROTECT'O'V OF HUMAN governance is more and more seen - environments, aid works. RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL not least in the words and philosophy The international community FREEDOMS of Boutros-Ghali's "Agenda for Peace" needs to sustain and increase the - as the ultimate goal of all volume of official development Denooacy, fteedom of thought ond international efforts of peace-making assistance in order to reverse the expruslon: and peace-building. growing marginalisation of the poor Holding elections is only one and achieve progress toward realistic Democmcy element in democratisation. Member goals of human development. states have sought and received A global development partnership Deinocracy is more than a legalistic or United Nations assistance in should work to achieve early in the formal process. Democrary is more facilitating decolonisation, thereby next century: than the ritual casting of a ballot at implementing the right to self- o a massive reduction in the multi-party elections. True democracy determination in designing procedures proportion of people living in extreme involves participatory democracy by to smooth and facilitate transitions to poverty; the people at all levels so that they democracy and in building democratic . universal primary education in all have a voice in the discussions and alternatives to conflict. United countries; decisions by which they are governed. Nations support has also been . gender equality, But democracy must not only govern provided for activities such as drafting . access through primary health care the political process, but should constitutions, instituting systems to reproductive health pervade all spheres of society, administrative and financial reforms, services for all indMduals of including economic and social life. It strengthening domestic human rights appropriate age. is also a dynamic concept that needs laws, enhancing ludicial structures, Development policies should also constant development and movement training human rights officials and ensure that current trends in the loss towards ever stronger foundations. helping armed opposition movements of environmental resources are It must be realised in the form of transform themselves into effectively reversed at both global and people's empowerment and democratically competitive political national levels. participation at the grassroots and parties. The success or failure of poor other levels with responsive and While democracy is not the only people and poor countries in making accountable processes and institutions means by which improved governance theii way in an interdependent world both locally and nationally. It can be achieved, it is the only reliable will have a profound influence in demands g6od governanc6, freedom one. By providing for greater popular shaping the 21st century and the from corruption, and accountability of participation, democracy increases the plaie that human rights and state and other authorities to the likelihood that national development fundamental freedoms will occupy in people. It involves the protection and goals will reflect broad societal it. participation of those groups which aspirations and priorities. By are not in the maiority, namely providing appropriate mechanisms lntegmtlon minorities and disempowered groups. and channels for governmental It is intertwined with the issue of land succession, democracy provides Human rights activities should not be and social iustice for rural people and incentives to protect the capacity, treated or pursued in isolation but other disadvantaged groups. reliability and integrity of core state should be integrated into other Democracy is a wav of life: in the institutions, including the civil activities, such as development home, in the'workplate, in the local service, the legal system and the cooperation, peace-keeping and other community and beyond. It must be democratic process itself. By forms of conflict settlement. Careful fostered and guaranteed in all establishing the political lefotimacy of distinction should be made however, countries. govemments, democracy strengthens between authentic human rights fact- their capacity to carry out their finding and monitoring on the one policies and functions efficiently and il ,t
I l
effectively. By making governments for civil and political rights as well as torture and inhuman and degrading accountable to citizens, democrary with democracy, is severely treatment gives rise to increasing makes particular governments more constrained in manv countries. ln concern. These practices must be responsive to popular concerns and many parts of the #orld there are no eradicated. provides added incentives for media independent from goveinments In many countries, suspects are transparency in decision-making. or powerful economic monopolies. tortured by law-enforcement Sustaining democracy and People cannot express themselves personnel in order to extract development within states is closely without fear. Journalists and also confessions. This inhuman practice is linked to expanding democracy in ordinary citizens are persecuted, iailed officially encouraged by some relations among states and at all levels and even killed because they express authorities as a cheap and convenient of the international system. their thoughts or write the truth. method of crime control. These so- Democracy in intemational relations Sometimes the truth is suppressed called confessions are used as evidence provides the only basis for building by economic lobbies and carte-ls - in court cases. mutual support and respect among including the evil power of drug The action needed to counter such nations. Without true democrary in barons - but more often than not the practices needs to be both preventive international relations, peace will not pretext for curbing freedom of and curative. The latter implies endure, and a satisfactory pace for expression is national security or a prosecution of those responsible, as development cannot be isiured. presumed system of 'law and order'. well as rehabilitation assistance for Democracy within the f4mily of This is mostly a fagade for torture victims. nations is a principle that is integral authoritarianism and for the to the system of international elimination of democratic aspirations. Abolitton of the death peno@ relations envisaged in the Charter of the United Nations. It is a principle Ntlltotisotlon One of the most fundamental that means affording to all states, amongst human rights is every large and small, the fullest There is a growing concern over the individual's right to life. Universal opPortunity to consult and to increasing militarisation of many abolition of the death penalty participate. It means the application countdes and the diversion of therefore contributes to the of democratic principles within the resources for this purpose. enhancement of human dignity and United Nations and other Militarisation has led to the the progressive development of international organisations, global or destruction of civil society, human rights. No one should regional, themselves. undermined the right to ielf- therefore be condemned to such a Democracy in international determination, and denied the people penalty or executed. States should, in relations also means respect for the right to liberate themselves anforward in an almost while still enormous difference to the positions empowerment and equality. manner from time to time, ritual taken by governments and can create Lift - wherever they exist - very credence from the - receives little conditions in which international constraints on political rights imposed community. The international organisations are able to become more under pretext of national security and Declaration has been Universal effective. law and order, by repealing repressive bY a vast arraY of supplemented In order to further promote the laws, ending arbitrary arrests, and standards, the most international cause of human rights and releasing all political imDortant of are the six 'core' which fundamental freedoms a call should prisoners,liberalise political systems so huinan rights treaties. In addition to be made to all the component parts of as to democratise the decision-making six treaty bodies created by the expert the present international system, process, guarantee people's the UN supervise the compliance of to international otganisations, participation at all levels of parties obliSations states with their governments, NGOs and civil society government,and good human abide by under those treaties, regional as such to give priority attention to governance. rights conventions and implementing the following general and specific in - Address the root causes of armed machinery have been set uP recommendations. conflicts. Europe, the Americas, and Africa. The - Reduce arms purchases and re- a comPlex arraY UN has also created allocate arms expenditure to of other, additional monitoring developmentneeds; no anns exports - Abolish the death penalty. including the military and security to countries that violat€ humarldshts. - Cease all forms of iroliticit forces; - Ensure that human richts have-the repression, including organised sexual o the regional commission should first call on state resource-t by violence, torture, enforced or have full investigative powers; r_eduging arms purchases and diverting involuntary disappearances, . _ a separate body should be set up to the funds fronr-militarisation to extraiudicial executions, and arbitrary adiudicate complaints; human rights promotion and detention. o member governments must be protection, and by re-allocating hom - Ensure pr'otection of the rights of required to disseminate information other sources. all victims of human rights violations, on the regional commission and how - ltop the sale of certain weapons particularly torture yictims and it operates. and securi$ know-how to mililarv prisoners. - Adopt, following public and police lorces that would use them - Provide the basic needs of political consultation, a gender-sensitive fo_r repressive purposes. In particular prisoners, torture victims, refiigees and national policy on human rights education about interrogation displaced persons. education and training which techniques which include torture - Ensure the right to obiect to armed provides, among other things, for should be outlawed. military service. specific programmes designed for I - Respect the work of human rights - Providecompensation, government officers and employees, activists/defenders and social and legal indemnification and total health and lahr enforcement officials. There movements, including non- services, including rehabilitation to should be programmes - both formal govemmental organisations; cease survivors and families of victims of and informal - on human rights in the harassment, intimidation and other organised violence sponsored and curricula of all educational malpractices against this sector, and sanctioned by the state, including- institutions, for which governments facilitate, rather than obstruct, the torture,sexual slavery (including should be held primarily responsible,' operations of these catalysts of social victims of the devad'asi - slavesif god and effective ust of the hasi media. change. --system), forced labour, involuntary Particular emphasis should be given - Guarantee the independence of the disappearances, summary executioris, to programmes designed specifically iudiciary while nurturing a police and military oppr6ssion, for marginalised members of the commitment to responsibility to the political repression, uniust detention community. NGOs should be assisted people, providing a?lequate and intemal displacembnt. and encouraged to conduct human remedies for human rights violations - While welcoming new initiatives rights edrlcation and training. through iudicial and oiher by g_overnmelts to set up regional - School and college cunicula should channels, including the availability of mechanisms for the protection and involve teaching about different legal aid and assistance, and to promotion of human rights, to subiect religions and cultures. All must have counter the impunity of violators by such measures to the following the same access to education, effective legal ahd otiher measures. conditions: including being educated within the - Promote comprehensive human o if a regional commission is set up, local community. All educational rights-education and training, it should be mandated to apply institutions must have clear policies including an incrcase in the provision without reservations the In-temational on equal opportunities, incldding how of informatiolr, the developrirent of Bill of Human Rights, Convention on to deal with racism and sexism. awareness and of skills. Participatory the Elimination of all Forms of - Education exchanges are needed to learning methods will enrich the Discrimination against Women, the reduce the lack of understanding of process and contribute to the Convention against Torture, the other countries. Young people s[ould promotion and protection of universal Declaration of the Right to have the opportunity of experiencing human rights standards by utilising- Development and other relevant life in another country for part of the cultural wealth of the-region. human rights instruments; their education. Leam'ing ahother - Introduce or amend domEstic o member states of any regional language should begin in elementary legislation. commission must ratifu or accede to or first school and continue for - Ensure compliance with these the above internationai instruments everyone throughout their school life. international obligations, in particular prior to their membership; with the standards of equality and o the right of individuais and NGOs non-discrimination, anri to r6solve to petition the regional SPECIF,C RECOM M EN D AT,IONS cgnflicts between the customary laws commission must be guaranteed; of a group of people and those bf the o such petitions or appeals should llllder occeptonce ol lntenatlonol state in conformity with the not preqlgde concument appeals to the lnstrumcn|s ond prccedures universality of huinan rights, various UN mechanisms fof the according priority to those which protection of human rights; The centrepieces of international conform to the sbirit of the Universal . no member of this regional action to combat human rights Declaration on Human Rights. commission should concurrently hold violations should continue to be the - Ensure protection - the df the rights an official position in governmtint, International Covenant on Economic, of women, children, indigenous and members should be appointed in Social and Cultural Rights; the peoples,_national ' minorities, peasants consultation with NGOs; International Covenant on Civil and and workers and all marginalised . therg should be a regular reporting Political Rights; the Intemational I Sroups. system by states on their Convention on the Elimination of Ali - Guarantee the freedom of religious implement?tion of human rights Forms of Racial Discrimination; the {' and philosophical expression. standards domestically with NGO Convention on the Elimination of All - Abolish forced evictions to participation in the diafting of the Forms of Discrimination against guarantee the basic human right to a reports; Women; the Convention on the pla_ce to live in peace and digniry . meetings of this regional Rights of the Child; and the today actively denied to millions commission and its deliberations Convention against Torture and other throughout the world. should be generally open to the Cruel, lnhuman or Degrading - Develophuman-rights-based public; Treatment or Punishment- relocation guidelines, eviction-impact . no aspect ofgovernment operation States which still have not done so statements and codes of conduct for and no official should be immune should be encouraged to become use in exceptional circumstances. from scrutiny or investigation, parties to the conventions. All states Darties to the conventions should also the worst violators of human rights. Ptotnotlon of /rrrtr,tur,frot bctvtrlen be encouraged to make declarations The efforts of supervisory bodies t odJorrd od lnicrtres/prlml bvds on indMdual petitions. The existence established under the conventions to of individual petitions procedure and monitor the practice of states should National and intemational NGOs its Dotentials as an international be supported. The ad hoc monitoring involved in efforts to combat human recburse for victims should be duly systems set up by the UN rights violations should become more publicised. All states should also be Commissioner on Human Rights - closely associated with the work of i:ncouraged to become parties to the with observers, rapporteurs and relevant Committees of the United International Convention on the working groups - ihould be developed Nations and regional human rights Protection of the Rights of All Migrant into more permanent and mechanisms. Exchange of insights and Workers and Member of their Families independent procedures, involving information, monitoring as a matter of prioriry in view of its also the l'lN High Comissioner for developments at national and f possible early entry into force. Human Rights. international levels and assistance to I In particular, the time is ripe to persons wishing to make use of lntenlrrtbnol statdord-selttttg adopt an individual complaints national and intemational recourse I svstem for the international orocedures are forms of interaction Many important human rights rironitoring of the Covenant on ind cooperation between national and instruments have been internationally Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, international levels. asreed uoon but the work on similar to the procedure established by siandard'-setting must continue. There the first Optional Protocol to the Ptotcld;bn of human dghtt ta tlmes of is a soecial need for instruments to Covenant on Civil and Political wof imorbve the Drotection of individuals Rights. If all human rights are ani organisaiions working actively for indivisible, interrelated and Stronger mechanisms are needed to the defence of human rights, an interdependent, then there is no more enforce humanitarian principles international ban on capital convincing reason why the during armed conflicts. Modern armed punishment, and for thE protection of monitoring procedures under both conflicts entail enormous human iefugees - not least in relation to those covenants should remain different. costs. Civilian casualties are high not whohave fled from war situations or That economic, social and cultural onlv because modern wars have no are displaced within their own rights are less iusticiable than cMl and cledr-cut front lines, but because countrles. There is a need for further political rights has proven to be an civilians are often deliberately international agreements to combat argument which does not even hold targeted. Such acts of terror ate terrorism, bottrby private groups and true any more at the domestic level. forbidden by intemational law. The bv states. An individual complaints 1.949 Geneva Conventions ban ' In armed conflicts people have procedure will definitely be the best military attacks against civilian little or no protection. Children are bpportuniry by means of developing targets. This norm has been violated Darticularlv victimised in modern case-law, to define the precise repeatedly, not iust by insurgents but i,r,ars. Som6 are recruited as child meaning and the limits of economic, also by governments, sometimes in soldiers; others suffer from social and cultural rights. raids against other countries. In indiscriminate attacks since weapons Furthermore, since international particular strong support, financial and militarv tactics are used which do complaints may only be submitted lnd otherwise, ihould be given to the not sDare c[rildren or other innocent after the exhaustion of all available International Committee of the Red civiliins. Humanitarian law needs domestic remedies, such a procedure Cross. strengthening on these points, and will actually become one of the most A structure for humanitarian such lmprovements must be effective means to put pressure on initiatives should be created within combined with a dramatically states to develop relevant domestic the UN Secretariat - in collaboration increased vigilance for the remedies and thereby make economic, with UNICEF, the UN High implementaiion of agreed standards. social and cultural rights iusticiable or Commissioner for Refugees and for The Convention on the Rights of at least enforceable by quasi-iudicial Human Rights, as well as the the Child should be followed up by remedies such as complaints to Intemational Red Cross and other more precise standards for the national human rights commissions, voluntary agencies - in cases where proteclion of children in specially ombudspersons, parliamentary warring parties refuse to make difficult circumstances. commissions or similar institutions provision for the most basic human While regional human rights established by domestic law. needs. conventions have been agreed in America, western Europe and Africa, Estoblhhing perr onent lnteraotlonal Ptqentlon of roclol ond dhnic no similar initiatives hhve been taken courts on humon rlghts conflid and violence, tncludlng eorly bv the sovernments in Asia and warning ond urgent pruedures eistern"Europe. Such instruments have A permanent internatienal court on oroved to bevaluable not least human rights with compulsory National and international bodies and because they allow for more detailed iurisdiction over all cases of human authorities should give more attention and culturally relevant approaches rights violations as well as a and priority to preventive measures in permanent international criminal ordei to identify and cope effectively , than the UN texts. -ourt, In that regard, the UN HiSh to which individuals have direct at the earliest possible stage with I Commissioner for Human Rights access, to provide both criminal situations that can produCe conflict. should be authorised to propose the sanctions and civil remedies against Fact-finding, good offices, mediation,_ adoption of new standards. war crimes, crimes against peace and advisory missions, requests for special crimes against humanity including information, permanent monitoring, Better monltodng of ogeed gender-specific abuses in promotion of dialogue, and urgent ptnciples internatibnal, internal and armed ielief actions have tb be introduced as conflicts should be established at the additional means to promote and There is a strong need for measutes to global as well as at the regional level. protect human riShti in potential and enforce agreed standards. ictual conflict situations. Monitoring Governments which have ratified bodies, such as CERD, should be international conventions are among encouraged to assume such task or to 46 advance such activities in addition to concerned, where globalisation today in the implementation of a UN aid their regular supervisory duties. has increased the incidents of forced programme for human rights. and child labour, and threats to the NoJlonol tnsttLttto4s ond NGOs freedom of association and the right Teochtng ond educotlon to organise or bargain collectively. The National institutions are effective fora respect for decent, internationally It is important that teaching materials and instruments for the promotion recognised lalour standards should and teaching aids be widely available and protection of human rights, in therefore figure high on the agenda of to promote teaching, training and particular also in the area of future international trade negotiations educational activities against human combating racism, racial as well as other relevant negotiating rights violations, in particular with a discrimination, antisemitism, processes. view to combating prejudices which xenophobia and ethnic violence. They lead to racism, racial discrimination, should also be involved in early Extend the UN rcle ln technlcol xenophobia and antisemitism. Special waming activities, whenever a threat osslstonce for humon rlghts attention has to be given to the of such activities appears. All efforts multicultural education of teachers. It should be made to strengthen With the creation of the post of UN is essential that teachers be aware of national institutions and to establish High Commissioner for Human the principles and essential content of such institutions where they do not Rights, the UN should now extend its the legal texts relevant to human yet exist. Non-governmental role as the world's principal agency to rights violations and of how to deal organisations should play an provide technical assistance for the with these problems of relations important role in cooperation with promotion of human rights, including between children of different ethnic national institutions, notably also by a comprehensive UN programme for and cultural groups in society. promoting interaction between human-rights-based development In history and text books children national and international levels. cooperation. Within the framework of and young people should be made this programme, provision should be aware in an accurate way of the Low enforcement made for technical and financial help inhuman and criminal policies and in establishing and consolidating practices carried out by nazi, fascist, Whether states are parties to the national institutions charged with the totalitarian and other non-democratic Human Rights Convention or not, protection of human rights (e.9. regimes, and more particularly of the they should take the necessary steps legislative bodies, reform of the p€nal crimes of genocide and apartheid and to fight human rights violations and system) and of democracy the crimes related to 'ethnic eliminate racial discrimination. Such (preparation and conduct of elections, cleansing'. measures should include more multi-party systems, independent In this context, the UN should: stringent penal provisions against media), and for comprehensive - pursue a'Peoplet Decade for human right abuses and expeditious measures in the field of human rights Human Rights Education and enforcement policies and practices to education, training and public Training'; prosecute those who violate these information. - implement mechanisms for the principles. Human rights programmes should review of Human Rights Education Members of the police and prison include the translation, printing and and Training, possibly by the relevant personnel, as well as other law dissemination of key documents treaty-monitoring bodies; enforcement officials, must be made through UN Information Centres, - establish an Intemational Fund for aware by better training and cooperating with NGOs in the Human Rights Education and Training understand the social and distribution and promotion of a basic activities for states and NGOs. psychological situation of the different Bill of Rights. This information ethnic and cultural groups in society. programme should deal with specific lnformotlon ond medlo This is needed with a view to taking issues such as torture, racism, special precautions in law discrimination against women, or Freedom of the media is difficult to enforcement and preventing excessive violations of the rights of children. achieve but essential. The ownership use of force by law enforcement Efforts should be made to create of thb media should be diverse and agencies. broad awareness of the UN complaints free to express different views. Local systems. Courses should be organised use of the media is also important. Efledive necour:se ond redrcss lor for lawyers, local human rights groups Many people's views can be vlctlms and others on how to put forward manipulated by the media and complaints. The role of UNESCO in freedoms in this area are essential to Victims of human rights violations the field of human dghts education prevent government propaganda must be assured effective protection should be defined. A maior focus in maintaining in power the people and remedies, including the right to these promotional programmes should already there. seek and receive just and adequate be assistance to governments for It is important to raise the reparation or satisfaction for damage creating preventive safeguards against awareness of media personnel of the suffered as a result of those violations. violations of human rights. Modtls of importance of their role in infrastructures for the protection of eliminating human rights violations. htt humon dghB ksues on the human rights should be developed. The participation of iournalists and ogcndo of glohollsotion This is particularly important for new human rights advocates from minority democracies and countries which have groups in the mass media should also In the effort to create more iust emerged from a period of heary be encouraged, as well as multicultural transparency and accountability in the repression. Support to the mass-media activities of the media, inasmuch as ongoing process of globalisation and - and media structures - should also be they can contribute to the suppression subiect it to the same principles that an important element in UN aid of racial and ethnic prejudice and apply in economic and social life at programmes for human rights. Such xenophobia. the national level, human rights and aid should be directed at encouraging fundamental freedoms should occupy the right to freedom of expression. a prominent place. Non-governmental groups in the field This is particularly true as far as the of development aid and/or human protection of working people is rights should be invited to participate TH E CO'VGRESS RESOLUTION
INTRODUCT,lON ever because they link together all establish an effective system of global sectors of increasingly complex responsibility and security. The The XX Congress of the Socialist societies. Social democratic solidarity Socialist International, with its long International, held at the United is based on a shared commitment to tradition of international Nations headquarters, is dedicated to the fundamental principles reasserted cooperation and solidarity, and with addressing today's global challenges and refined at the Stockholm renewed determination and through greater international Congress in 1989. It derives strength initiative, commits itself to cooperation. Four years since our last ftom diversity, both within and remaining at the foreftont in Congress in Berlin, where we among nations. achieving a more secure and undertook the tasks of sustaining the Democrary as we define it - with democratic world. democratic revolution and ensuring political rights, social iustice and that its benefits are extended to all, it equal economic opportunity - is the is clear that now more than ever the only form of democracy that will AFR'CA challenges of securing peace, endure. While it is true that market democracy and development require mechanisms are required for, l. Strengthentng the democrotic an intemational effort. economic growth and development, pftxellt The world is changing rapidly and it is also true that free markets do is increasingly interdependent. We not ensure lustice. Democratic Given the process of democratisation therefore must find new ways to live socialism thereforetrecognises the currently under way on the African - both within our own countries and state as a necessary servant of the continent, and in view of the urgent at the global level - that are socially, people in guaranteeing a iust and need to respond to the many needs economically and environmentally equitable society and a critical agent of Africa, particularly the challenge sustainable. Only by reinforcing a in democratising economic change of its own development, the SI not sense of common responsibility and in an era of globalisation. The only confirms its support for the solidarity can humanity survive and preservation of rights - and the respect of individual rights, but also - realise its potential. reconciling of individual rights with and more specifically - for the Clearly, the role of the United the collective rights of workers, advancement of economic and social Nations must be central if the goal of women, young people, ethnic groups rights at the continental level, in greater intemational cooperation is and indigenous communities - other words for the right to to be achieyed. Since Berlin, the depends on responsibility shared by development - the right to Socialist Intemational therefore has governments and citizens. education, health, employment and deepened its support for and its The Socialist International social welfare. relations with the United Nations. remains a leading voice in asserting The SI is pleased to observe the The convergence of our Intemational the link between disarmament and democratic progress which is today and the United Nations, based on development. More constructive and significantly changing the political the shared goals of peace, democracy equitable use of the world's resources and institutional landscape of Africa, and sustainable development, and on depends on achieving intemational under the impetus of progressive cooperative activities and efforts, peace. The United Nations therefore forces: political parties, trade unions, makes it more than fitting that our must be given full support in its and civil organisations. Congress be held in New York. efforts to resolve regional and civil The phenomenon of The Socialist International, with conflicts, to promote reductions in democratisation is historically very member parties in nearly every nuclear and conventional weaponry, significant and it is important to country on every continent, and including the proposed ban on the recognise its true value. It is vital to with regional and thematic use, production and stockpiling of suppot the forces involved in the committees active throughout the landmines, and to negoJiate a treaty African democratic process. If not, world, promotes better banning nuclear weapons testing for the process runs the risk of being understanding and greater all time. weakened, all the more so since it is cooperation among nations that face We democratic socialists are encountering some disturbing common global problems. The vision confident in our approach to the violations and challenges in certain of the Socialist International and our urgent tasks before us. Our long-held countdes. adherence to the Universal commitments to freedom and The SI undertakes to do Declaration of Human Rights guide fundamental rights, and to iustice, everything in its power to strengthen and inform our work, as is evident in peace and human well-being, have democratic culture, particularly by the sections of the Congress been our strength in overcoming intensifying its role in observing Resolution that follow. obstacles in the past. Today, the electoral processes and by supporting Moreover, our ideals of liberty, promise of lasting democracy and the socialist and social-democratic iustice and solidarity, which placed the aspirations of all peoplei for a movements in the establishment of the Socialist International at the better life depend on unwavering new initiatives, training and forefront in the triumph of the solidarity and greater international restructuring programmes. democratic idea, are more vital than cooperation among nations to Among these, the women's movement must play a central role, their role in this effort. Union treaty: alongside the labour and youth In this respect, the SI urges it l.The principle of equal partnership movements. members, and the African political and cooperation (to be incorporated The SI asks that the results of parties in particular, to assume the into Section XVII of the EU treaty); transparent and official elections be central role that is rightfully theirs. 2.Greater cohesion in EU policies and democratically accepted by the interuentions, especially in the field existing political powers. lll. Ensurttrg development of commerce, agriculture, industry In this way, strengthening the and fishing; democratic culture is seen as the best Africa is becoming increasingly 3.A positive commitment to an way to guarantee the development of integrated into what is known as the equitable economic and commercial democrary in Aftica, where there logic of globalisation, marked by an cooperation which respects the rights remain some disturbing pockets of unprecedented increase in ultra- of the individual and the right to resistance to the democratisation liberalism and the increasingly development. process. This opposition manifests important role played by The SI makes the same appeal to itself in the form of unfair and non- intemational financial institutions, other industrialised nations and transparent elections, military coups, particularly since the collapse of the welcomes the initiatives already and an increase in extremist communist bloc. introduced, in particular the special movements and ethnic persecution, The introduction of these UN initiative for Aftica. which all threaten and challenge influences, within the context of the The SI expresses the wish that constitutional and democratically drastic changes that have taken place these initiatives make a practical established laws. in the world economyf is at present contribution to the peaceful and The SI states that these abuses - deeply affecting the economic and lasting development of the African retrograde steps imposed by force - social structures of the African countries. mean that populations must struggle countries. To this end, the SI urges the just to suwive day to day, and These new stnrctures, imposed by Aftican countries to pursue and therefore the SI must devote the requirements of the liberalisation increase their effo(s through greater particular attention to supporting process and the Bretton Woods solidarity and through the them. institutions, have resulted in greater promotion of economic integration The SI calls resolutely for the and more widespread poverty among at the continental, regional and sub- establishment of democracy in such the African populations. Structural regional levels. countries as Nigeria, Equatorial adiustment policies have been The SI notes with concern the Guinea and Zaiie. imposed without the corrective social lack of progress in resolving the It is becoming more urgent than measures that the social democratic conflict in Westem Sahara, which is ever not only to reinforce the movement was fortunately able to an obstacle to bringing peace and democratic progress made at introduce in most of the improving the political, social and institutional level, but to promote industrialised countdes, where the economic situation in the Maghreb. real social and economic democrary. demands of the market economy The partial withdrawal of MINURSO Without this, it is impossible to were tempered by the introduction of is an unfortunate development and maintain peace and security. social laws which aided the again brings closer the possibility of development and stabilisation of renewed hostilities. We must demand ll. Peoce ond scr;url.tl political democracy. that the parties involved comply If Africa is to experience a smooth fully with the United Nations After stressing, once again, that peace and non-violent tansition towards Resolutions and make a new effort to and security are vital to the success the establishment of a new establish stable and permanent of development initiatives, the SI democratic order, adapted to its own mechanisms for negotiation to expresses its grave concem with particular circumstances, it is resolve the conflict, with renewed regard to the continued existence in essential to construct an support ftom the intemational Africa of a number of areas of intemational system based on more community. tension, for example, in Rwanda, equitable economic and commercial Burundi, Liberia and Somalia. relations. In this connection, the SI Such a system must be founded ASIA AND THE PACIF'C welcomes initiatives on the part of on a respect for greater social justice African countdes to defuse tension in and ensure that industrialised The Asia-Pacific region is the most these areas and to promote nations and developing countries dynamic area in the world. In the preventive diplomacy, via the have equal access to the world past it was called a 'dormant Asia', structures for the prevention, market. It must therefore not be but today it is a 'thriving Asia'. management and control of conflict based solely on competitive cdteda. Developing countdes in Asia are oeated by the OAU (Organisation of In this way, the new system will growing twice as fast as the world African Unity) in accordance with enable the African economies to be .average. Also in the past it was an intemadonal law and UN integrated into. the world market. 'Asia asunder' in both security and resolutions. Given the specific responsibility economic terms, but it is now an The SI urges the entire of the European Union towards 'Asia integrated'. On the economic international community to give its Aftica, the SI asks Europe not to front, the APEC is thrusting forward full support to these initiatives become a closed bloc focusing the process of economic reform and designed to maintain peace in Africa, exclusively upon its own prosperity, integration, while on the security and thereby preserve intemational but to remain open, particularly in front the ASEAN Regional Forum security. its relations with its African partners (ARF) is successfully developing Similarly, the SI urges the African and associates. regional security dialogue. countries to continue to promote a To this end, the SI asks that the But Asia is also a region of policy of peace, by utilising their following basic principles be contradictions. Rapid economic culture and allowing women to fulfil incorporated into the European growth, certainly benefitting many countries in the region, is also mines, efforts should be made for the mechanisms to protect human rights causing such problems as prohibition of the production, have been set up. However in the environmental destruction, energy storage, use and transfer of mines in world's largest continent there is not crises and food shortages. Rapid the future. At the same time we call yet the possibility of creating a population growth, which will upon all governments in the region similar human rights instituaion. continue into the 21st century to take voluntary measures to cease Every effort should be made to together with environmental the use of all mines until an establish such a human rights destruction, energy and food international agreement is reached to mechanism in the Asia-Pacific region. shortages may seriously threaten the ban them. In Burma, as the recent arrest bf security of the region. It is Another important issue in the NLD parliamentarians shows, the encouraging to see democracy region is curbing the arms race. gross violation of human rights thriving, especially in newly Many developing countries in the under the military regime is still industrialised economies, but Asia-Pacific region, whilst growing continuing. We strongly demand authoritarian rule is still dominant in economically, are also growing that all those arrested be many parts of the Asia-Pacific region. militarily. We do not consider the immediately freed and the result of Peace is more than the absence of present level of arms build-up to the last general election respected. war. Just as war claims human lives, pose an immediate threat to the Furthermore, the rapes routinely poverry starvation, environmental stability of the region, but unless perpetrated against Burmese women destruction and violation of human properly controlled it will develop by SLORC soldiers as well as SLORCT rights threaten people's lives, deprive into armed conflicts, To deal with cynical use of rape as a tool in their them of the means to live this issue, we recommend all campaign of subiugation and undermine trumin Oignity ana in countries in the region to accede to oppression of the civilian population the worst cases cause death. the UN weaponry registration constitute a blatant violation of Therefore military deterence and system, which needs to be upgraded. human rights and must cease. diplomary are not the only means to As in Europe, new regional The United Nations, governments guarantee peace. The promotion of security frameworks are taking shape and humanitarian agencies must do social development, the elimination in Asia and the Pacific. Among theie their utmost to prevent the of poverty, the protection of human the ARF is a core regime which is trafficking in Burmese women to rights and the preservation of the expected to play a pivotal role in Thailand. global environment should be formulating confidence-building The Socialist International calls on considered priorities in the effort to measules. the Secretary-General of the United secure peace. Nations to urgently implement the Against these backdrops, social Sustoinoble development December 1995 General Assembly democrats in the Asia-Pacific region resolution to find a political solution must apply multilateral rather than The APEC has been praised for its in Burma. The SI also calls on the unilateral and a comprehensive 'open regionalism' and its efforts for governments ofJapan, the ASEAN rather than a single-issue approach to gradual l,iberalisation. But the policy and other nations to support Aung the problems of the region. of trade liberalisation alone is unabie San Suu Kyi's efforts to promote to solve issues like population national reconciliation in Burma. Secuity ond disormoment growth, food shortages, The international financial environmental degradation and institutions and governments, The priority with regard to regional energy crises. including UN agencies, should security and disarmament is to stop The choice should not be between refrain from renewing ODA nuclear testing. The French absolute poverty and unbridled assistance, development and conservative government carried out economic growth. What is needed is assistance programmes and loans six rounds of nuclear tests before a socially and environmentally until SLORC begins a political announcing an end to further testing sustainable community in which dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi. in January 1996. As for China, it growing wealth can bd properly The Socialist International recently conducted a nuclear test and distributed and people ian^live in reiterates its intention, first declared made clear that another test was harmony with nafure. at the Manila meeting of the SI Asia- expected before September. From the Therefore we call upon all Pacific Committee in February 1995, viewpoint of both nuclear countries in this region to share the to continue efforts to carry out the disarmament and environmental common perception of the planned SI mission to Burma which protection, we firmly reiect the use fundamental security issues, nalnely has, to this date, been denied entry of our land and ocean as nuclear test environmental destruction, enetgy by the Burmese authorities. sites. Therefore we strongly urge that crises, population growtrh and food Attention should also be given to Beiling refrain from more nuclear shortages, and to launch an intra- the situation in East Timor. testing. And we also urge redoubled regional initiative that aims to Considering the continuation of efforts towards achieving a encourage ioint efforts for the oppressive rule by the Indonesian Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty common goal of sustainable army and the massacre in Dili, we (CTBT). As we stand on the threshold development. need to increase efforts to support of the 21st century the decisive the Timorese fight for self- movement towards time-bound total Democmcy and humon rlghB determination. elimination of nuclear weapons The human rights situation in becomes more important for Social democrats and socialists in the both Bhutan and Tibet remains international peace and security than Asia-Pacific region solemnly declare serious and we reaffirm our solidarity ever before. that human rights are univ-ersal in with the people from these areas The restriction of conventional value. We respect cultural diversity struggling for democrary. weapons is also an important issue. but not at th6 sacrifice of human' As regards China, authoritarian In particular, in connection with the rights. Already in Europe, the rule remains in place, but its open revision of the Protocol on the use of Americas and Africa, regional and reformist policies seem to 50 continue. Whilst monitodng its age of confrontation between the extends the field of application of i attitude toward human rights, we maior political blocs had finally the qualified maiodty vote; to invest must help Beiling to further promote come to an end. However, it European policy with greater I the present course of open and simultaneously created new transparency and openness, and I reforming policies. challenges. ensure that decisions are adopted at l The Korean Peninsula remains The Berlin wall has fallen, the the appropriate level; and to ,l unstable. Due to the flood last year Soviet bloc has collapsed, and the introduce greater democracy into EU
i and the ensuing food shortage, countries of Central and Eastern procedures, by increasing the powers ll North Korea is said to be barely Europe have been finding their - of the European Parliament and surviving. To alleviate the plight, sometimes contradictory - way strengthening the participation of Pyongyang is now accepting aid from towards democracy. Europe has national parliaments; i abroad. Whilst extending such emerged from an age of ignominy - To develop a common foreign and ! humanitarian aid, we need to and has finally been able to devote security poliry, with a view to ii encourage them to accept the idea of itself to the task of its total and full promoting international peace and t1 a four-party meeting and to gradually construction. But serious problems development; I i1 inteSrate them into the international remain. - To create an open sociery lj community. For the first time in over forty prepared to demonstrate its solidarity ti With regard to Fiii, the gross years, Europe has again experienced vis-i-vis the rest of the world; violation of human and trade union war, without there being any - To ensure equal opportunities for rights is'also a cause for much indication of its ability to resolve the men and women; concern to the Socialist conflict. The phenomenon of - To promote inter-personal, inter- International. Fiii's racially weighted extreme nationalism has reappeared, generational and intemational Constitution has marginalised the threatening the political stability of solidarity. Indo-Fiiian population and confined the continent, and the serious Employment has been and always them to third-class citizenship in the structural problems experienced by will be the guiding principle of country of their birth. The Indo- our societies are reflected in European socialist action. Policies for Fiiian community, who are the main unacceptable levels of economic growth that generate iob victims of the Constitution, are unemployment. opportunities and are denied equal access to education, the The European states cannot deal environmentally sustainable civil service and to welfare provision with these new problems in constitute the principle economic - despite paying 80 peicent of isolation. European socialists who and social challenge faced by poliry national taxes. work together within the framework makers. Large-scale unemployment is The SI will be closely following of the Party of European Socialists adversely determining the future of the recent political developments in (PES) believe that their option offers our societies. Fiii vis-i-vis the findings of the solutions to these new situations at In December 1993, the PES Constitutional Review Commission the European level. Furthermore, the launched the European Initiative for report and calls on the govemment SI considers that the European Union Employment, an ambitious of the day to accept and implement not only represents an opportunity programme of action containing the its findings, which would put Fiii but also has a responsibility to ensure key elements of an economic policy back on the path to democratic peacq, welfare and iustice within designed to generate employment. elections and towards a iust and fair society. And since the PES is the most Looking towards the next (i.e. the society. widely represented political group third) PES Conference, to be held throughout the European Union, we next spring in MaIm6, Jacques Delors Wonen's dghts ln the Asio-Poclflc should be able to claim, without is directing work on a new region deluding outselves, that we represent development programme that builds the only political power capable of on the work of the European Asia, specifically Beiiing, played host offering a combined solution to Initiative for Employment. to the UN Fourth World Conference economic, social and environmental We believe that there are as yet on Women which was the biggest problems. unexplored possibilities for the ever UN meeting. Yet women in The oblectives of socialist action stimulation of an active and much of the Asia-Pacific region are within the European framework are sustained economic policy at the generally moie marginalised in all as follows: European level. For example, it is aspects of life than their sisters in the - Work and prosperity: to create a possible to release vast growth developed world. fully employed, efficient and safe potential by transcending the Issues of secudty, sustainabiliry sociery in which unemployment and boundaries of national economies democrary and human rights impact poverty have been eradicated; and making use of the very real differently on men and women. In - To create a balanced programme possibilities of the common I the light of this there is an urgent of economic, social and European economy, while a need for the social ecologically sound ,l democrats of the development that concerted initiative of macro- region to look closely into the protects the environment and economic policies at the European situation of women and put more promotes a better quality of life; level can guarantee stable and effort into strengthening their - To promote the development, sustained growth and a steady participation in discussion and reform and expansion of the increase in iob creation. action on these issues. European Union. In the light of the Investment and employment in Inter-Governmental Conference the private sector are a priority currently under way, the SI and the objective which must be developed EUROPE PES maintain that the institutional through public investment in reform of the European Union research and development, The series of events starting in the should be based on three obiectives: infrastructure, housing and autumn of 1989 that completely to establish an effective decision- management of the environment changed the world suggesied that the making process, which significantly with a view to ensuring satisfactory levels of long-term competitiveness. help to reduce the inequalities opens up new areas of job creation, Investment in education and training between the northern and southern reduces the depletion of natural must also be a priority oblective. hemispheres and, to this end, should resources and develops sustainable European socialists are working to maintain the present level of aid to systems of production and establish a new social contract in the countries of the Lom6 consumption. Europe between unions and Convention. A strong, committed Europe management, with the support of the Democratic socialists in the EU which promotes democracy must public authorities, that will open the work with their counterparts in non- combat racism and xenophobia. The way for a new and positive balance EU countries to promote the racist violence and attacks that occur between ensuring iob security and protection of human rights and in our societies are an extreme the need for change. The re- respect for democracy and the manifestation of deep-rooted social organisation of the existing legitimately established state, both problems. These phenomena are employment structure can and within the EU and in other partly produced by unemployment should be achieved through countries. Unlike the conservative among young people, recurrent negotiations that safeguard parties, we believe that social and recessions and a general feeling of competitiveness and involve a economic rights form an integral part hopelessness, which is regrettably reduction in working hours with a of human rights. exploited by the anti-democratic view to improving the distribution of European socialists are continually politicians of the extreme right. existing employment. working to ensure that the European The only way forward is to Another way of maximising the Union promotes the development of construct a prosperous Europe, based number of iob opportunities would Central and Eastem European on mutual commitment, where the be to make use of the vast potential countries and facilitates their entry rights of the individual are respected in the field of new activities linked to into Europe. These new democracies and where the citizens of non-EU the service sector, as well as the are curlently undergoing a process of countries have the opportunity to stimulus provided by the social reform and need help with regard to become socially integrated through economy and local initiatives sector. their reconstruction and access to EU training and employment The political priority of markets, and clear indications opportunities, and to participate in employment does not prevent concerning their full integration into the political life of Europe. European socialists from asserting Europe. We also support the creation last, and by no means least, their commitment to Economic and of a space for association and European socialists are striving to Monetary Union as an essential cooperation, in all fields, with the achieve an equal society. There concomitant to the home market countdes of the Mediterranean basin, should be a significant increase in and a means of ensuring that those and pledge our support for all efforts the number of women at all levels of countdes which join the single designed to ensure the success of the participation and decision-making. curency meet the required timetable peace initiative in the Middle East. In the political field, the PES is and common cdteda. The third With regard to the environment, committed to promoting the phase of the EMU should begin with the PES has extended existing action representation of women in all EU the participation of the largest programmes by establishing a new institutions and, within its own possible number of member states. development programme that links sphere, to attaining a balanced The implementation of monetary environmental management and job representation of men and women in union should be accompanied by an creation. The European Union must all PES bodies and areas of activity. In improved co-ordination of economic, lead the world in the field of the economic and social field, this budgetary, fiscal, employrnent and environmental protection, and commitment is focused on social policies, with a view to ensure the implementation of legally overcoming discrimination, ensuring that the EMU is socially binding and clearly prioritised correcting the de facto inequality compatible and that the common environmental agreements - between men's and women's pay and criteria can be maintained on the regarding climate, the protection of finding a solution to the problem of basis of economic re-organisation. forests, desertification, biodiversity greater unemployment among Whatever the case, it is essential to and waste - in line with the World women, who are also more promote sound economic and social Summit in Rio. susceptible to the consequences of relations betlveen the states who join We believe that the European social and territodal inequality. the EMU and those who do not. Union should increase and improve European socialists are actively environmental aid to the developing working to ensure that the European world. Adequate environmental CENTRAL AND EASTERN Union has real capacity to voice its management can only be achieved if EUROPE opinions at the international level, the necessary economic and social through a Common Foreign and bases have been estabtrished. To this The fall of the Berlin wall and the Security Policy. A European Union end, the European Union must collapse of the communist system equipped with the necessary and support the opening up of world have signalled the end of an epoch appropdate foreign poliry and markets to the less developed in the history of Europe and of the security instruments would have countdes (LDCs) and the transfer of world. The attempts to affirm justice been more effective and more able to the appropriate technology and without liberty and democracy have provide an response resources initial energetic financial so that these been revealed as a tragic illusion. to the conflicts in the former countries are not forced to choose Democracy and justice are Yugoslavia. between short-term economic inseparable values and it is precisely The SI and the PES maintain that benefits and long-term the events of these past years which should promote Europe solidarity by environmental issues. have shown us the relevance and a poliry developing of active European socialist action is validity of the values and ideas of cooperation within its immediate directed towards the creation of a democratic socialism. of activity. regard programme sphere With to the of cooperation and Willy Brandt saw in the less developed conntries, it should environmental management which affirmation of social democracy in Eastern Europe the crowning of the is the need to bring to iustice those constitutional rule. New general Ostpolitik to which he dedicated his responsible for the massacres and elections must be organised as soon political career and his life'itself. The crimes committed in Bosnia. We as possible with full respect for events of these years have proved the express our full support for the work international democratic standards, courage and clear-sightedness of being carried out by the and precise conditions and Willy Brandt. International War Crimes Tribunal guarantees of democratic legitimary. We reaffirm today that what for the former Yugoslavia, presided Europe will become in the next few over by Professor Antonio Cassese. 2. The democratic and economic years wiII depend in lalge part on The SI holds in high regard the changes in Central and Eastem what happens in that enormous work done by the NGOs and Europe are of truly historic region which extends from the humanitarian agencies in Bosnia- significance and strongly affect the Polish plains to Siberia, ftom the Herzegovina, and calls on the stability of the entire continent. The Balkans to the Caucasus. international communiry the Socialist International hails the European Union, the World Bank, achievements of the citizens of this 1. The war in the former Yugoslavia the United Nations High region in building up democratic has constantly been at the centre of Commission for Refugees (LINHCR) institutions and in bringing about our attention, and our thoughts are and the other UN agencies to modernisation, economic growth first and foremost with the women, intensify their efforts for a full and political stability. The process of children and men in Bosnia- reconstruction of Bosnia- systematic transformation has Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Srebenica, Herzegovina. opened up new prospects for social Bihac, Goradze, Brcko, Tuzla, and in No one should forget the maior democrats in this region of Europe. all the villages and cities hit by the political objective: that of rebuilding Today's situation is quite different horror of the bombardments and in the entire territory of Bosnia- from that in 1989. ethnic cleansing. Herzegovina and in all countries of During a first phase - in the period We have always been convinced the region a democratic society immediately following the fall of the that no solution was possible as long which is multi-ethnic, multi-cultural Berlin wall - there was a widespread as weapons, violence and arbitrary and multi-religious. expectation throughout the region power had the upper hand. Peace For this reason we believe that the that a market economy would be was and is built only through electoral deadline of September is of able to satisfy quickly the demand negotiation. This is why all of our extraordinary importance, and we for welfare and prosperity that efforts were directed towards ask all the member parties of the SI decades of communist rule had not suspending the war, starting a to assist by all possible means those tulfilled. dialogue betlveen the sides and parties of social democratic This is why public opinion was launching a negotiated settlement. inspiration which are fighting for a swayed towards neo-liberal and free- This is also why we greeted with multi-ethnic society: the Bosnian market forces. satisfaction the signing of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and This hope, however, very soon Dayton Accords which enabled the the Union of Bosnian Social revealed itself to be an illusion. The sides to put a halt to the hostilities Democrats (UBSD). transition to a market economy has and an end to the suffering of the There need to be further decisive indeed entailed high economic civilian population, and to begin a new steps aimed at establishing a fair growth rates and a modemisation of peace process which has as its and stable peace which guarantees society, particularly in some objective the peaceful coexistence on the rights of all the parties in the countries of Central Europe. the same territory of distinct ethnic region and of all its ethnic and Nevertheless the shift to a market communities. The successful religious communities. The elections economy has occurred without elections in Mostar and the in Serbia and Montenegro also appropdate ruIes, often in an entirely beginning of activities of the city's should be such that they affirm fully unregulated fashion, thereby causing municipal council were an important democratic principles and rules in acute social inequities. Small groups step in view of the forthcoming those two countries. of the population, in some cases elections throughout Bosnia. The SI reaffirms its position in belonging to the establishment of Clearly, the road to peace is still a support of autonomy for the the past regimes, accumulated vast I long one, and there will no doubt be population of Kosovo, Sandjak and amounts of wealth, while a large difficulties. ln the first place further Vojvodina within the current number of citizens continued to live steps are needed to enable refugees to territorial and legal framework of the in precarious and insecure social , retum to their homes, and allow the Yugoslav federation, and hopes that a conditions. free circulation of every individual final accord can be reached on good For this reason, there developed a I within the teritory of Bosnia- neighbourly relations and second phase in the transition, I Herzegovina, and the full application cooperation between Greece and the during which a vast number of of the Dalton Accords under whose Former Yugoslav Republic of citizens turned to those political t mandate the military forces of the Macedonia. forces which proposed a more Implementation Force (IFOR) are With respect to the elections in balanced and fair relationship I acting. neighbouring Albania, the SI between the market and the need for The SI asks the international disapproves of the manner in which social solidarity. t community to reconfirm the the vote in May 1996 was held, and The SI welcomes this striving for a intemational IFOR peace mission in the serious political and institutional social market economy in Central Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to crisis which the elections provoked. and Eastern Europe. contdbute to the stabilisation of the The only way to emerge from the This explains why in many peace process and to support the current crisis is through a political countries of Central and Eastern integration of different ethnic dialogue betrveen government and Europe parties which explicitly communities. opposition, aimed at achieving an declared themselves to be social One of the principal conditions agreement on the political and democratic have won elections in required to carry out these oblectives electoral steps required to return to recent years. The vast maiority of citizens in mobilisation of human and competitive market can be those countries certainly do not entrepreneurial resources and of the established, while at the same time yearn for the political oppression financial means needed to back the equitable, safe and respectable living and greyness of daily life under economic transformation of Russia, conditions can be guatanteed for all. communist regimes. Those electoral Ukraine and the other states of the It is not a question of returning to results demonstrate, rather, that CIS. forms of statism which have by now there is an undercurrent of protest An important aspect of this been completely reiected by public against economic inequality and commitment is the financial and opinion in those countries. It is unregulated free-market policies, and technological support for the rather a question of combining against those who fed the illusion reconversion of the industrial and modernity and solidarity, efficienry that the market would resolve all the military apparatus, thereby favoring and equity. This is fundamental in contradictions inherent in the the development of civil production order to guarantee the establishment transition. aimed at rebuilding the basic of a fully fledged, firmly rooted infrastructure and at satisfying democracy. 3. The recent elections in Russia internal consumer demand. The To achieve such obiectives, have been a significant step forward ongoing Chechen crisis has international aid is needed not only in consolidating democracy and in demonstrated the weakness of to supplement the resources of the the establishment of political Russia's democratic institutions, has state, but also to stimulate the flow pluralism. This should not make us resulted in widespread human rights of private investment, iust as the forget, however, that there continue violations, and proves that a military foreign debt of each country needs to be huge problems and growing solution cannot resolve the crisis. to be renegotiated taking into difficulties. Moreover, the conflicts in other areas account the specific needs of each The transition to a market of the Caucasus show how strong are country. economy in Russia has continued to the risks of instability and swings be marked by insufficient foreign towards authoritarianism. 5. The Yugoslav tragedy indicates investment and by uncertainty and We support the end of the that the fall of the Berlin wall and confusion in overall policy. There military action in the Chechen the end of a bipolar balance of are, however, signs of a recovery in Republic. We welcome the latest power have not, taken alone, terms of economic productivity. But peace initiatives and believe that resolved the problems of secudty this continues to take place in a they must be developed further in and of democratic respect for human context of generalised uncertainry order to achieve a lasting peace in rights. characterised by the absence of clear the southern region of the Russian The end of a bipolar world has rules, by the onslaught of speculative Federation. led to an unresolved tension forces, by the growth of the illegal In the current situation, the between interdependence and economy and, above all, by the growth of progressive and democratic nationalism, between forces which increase in extremely acute social forces which can offer proposals and tend to unite and those which push inequalities. programmes of a democratic nature towards a disintegration, such as that In Russia today there is a major is of decisive importance. There is a shown by a war in the heart of risk. While in Central Europe public strong need for social democracy in Europe. Moreover, what we are opinion has been disappointed by Russia. witnessing is not so much the break- the inequities caused by the market The forces within the Socialist up of the old order, but a more and has shifted to the left, in Russia Intemational must, therefore, be complex process of 'decomposition' it runs the risk of following those committed in their support for the and 'recomposition', each facet of whose authoritarian programmes are progressive groups and must favour which needs to be worked out unable to channel this widespread theh merger, because only a new democratically. protest into a democratic dynamic group of leaders who are truly We want to encourage the which is both reformist and democratic and progressive can European Union to pursue a strategy modernising. Clearly, this risk is ensure the establishment of political of integration by launching within disquieting both for Russian and economic democracy in Russia. six months of the end of the Inter- democracy and for the future of Governmental Conference Europe and the world. 4. We cannot forget that the major negotiations for the enlargement of In the post-bipolar era, Russia still contribution to democratic stability the Union, by extending the plays a decisive role in the in all of Central and Eastern Europe 'association' status to new countries, development of policies of lies squarely in the positive evolution and by establishing new bilateral cooperation and development in our of economic reforms. In this field 'cooperation links'between the EU coniinent. Europe and the world today's main challenge is to set up a and the countries of Central and have a fundamental interest that in framework of clear and transparent Eastern Europe while intensifying Russia and the other states of the rules as an alternative to an specific EU proiects aimed at those Commonwealth of Independent unregulated, Iaissez-faire market and countries. States (CIS) the transition towards which prevents the economies from The SI backs all political and democratic institutions, the becoming dominated by new military inte$ation efforts which consolidation of the ruIe of law and nomenklaturas, and which can can favour policies of cooperation the stabilisation of a market counter the attempts by speculators and security in the region: the economy are not halted. We all need and criminal organisations to strengthening of the Organisation Russia's full insertion into the pan- influence state power for their own for Security and Cooperation in European institutions. purposes. Europe (OSCE) and its conflict- This requires more incisive action The 'market' itself cannot resolve prevention mechanism; a more from the European Union, from problems and conflicts. On the widespread involvement of countries international institutions, and from contrary a'social market economy' of Central and Eastern Europe in the the individual industrialised needs to be developed, where Westem European Union (WEU) and countries aimed at a more efficient economic development and a truly in the European Union's Common 54 Foreign and Security Poliry; NATO's dimensions which coincide less and established growing cooperative ties Partnership for Peace ip many less: that of the market - which is with an increasing number of parties countries in the region; and the ever more supranational and in Central and Eastern Europe, prospects of the expansion of the transnational and requires political thereby favouring the growth of the Alliance to some of those countries. entities and institutions of an SI's presence in the region and The prospects for the enlargement analagous dimension - and the supporting the strengthening of of the Atlantic Alliance to the national dimension. This means that social democratic parties. countries of Central and Eastem the eventual birth of new states With each meeting, the number Europe need to be defined in terms cannot avoid taking into of parties has grown. SICEE meetings of three obiectives: that of consideration their willingness to be now include the participation of 50 maintaining NATO's decision- part of supranational institutions. parties, 30 of them from Central and making capacity and high level of We therefore believe that the Eastern Europe. We believe this efficiency in its actions; that of major problem is to provide these underlines the growing presence the providing a positive response to the processes with a democratic outlet, SI has gained throughout the region. demand for integration and security keeping them securely within the At the Congress in New York many coming ftom all Central and Eastern process of European integration in parties from Central and Eastem European countdes through the order to avoid those errors Europe ioined our Intemational. strengthening of the Partnership for committed by the international SICEE has been collaborating Peace, through their integration into community which weighed closely with the European Forum for the Euro-Atlantic security structures negatively on the Yugoslav drama. Solidarity and Democracy which has and through full membership in the Linked to this is the need to been working successfully to support Alliance; and thirdly that of fully develop a European strategy on the development of democratic involving Russia in the region's immigration which can confront the political parties in Central and security policy, thereby avoiding on problems connected with Eastern Europe through seminars on the one hand the risk of the rebirth demographic growth and political education, communication, of surreptitious forms of bi-polarity - development in the region, and and training in electoral a new grey zone of insecurity and which can regulate and rationalise campaigning. instability - and on the other the the flow of immigrants, bearing in The Congress opened up a second emergence in Moscow of suspicion mind that the formation of multi- phase towards the widening of the and a preiudiced outlook towards ethnic societies in Europe is today an presence of the SI in Russia, in the the role of NATO and its irreversible process. CIS, and in the Caucasian and enlargement. With the disappearance of Eurasian region. ideological confrontation between What Europe will be in the future 6. Faced with the claims to national antithetical systems, the true threats will depend in large part on the self-determination which have to peace and security come from the evolution of the transition processes gradually emerged in Eastem Europe, emergence of ethnic-national in Central and Eastem Europe. the problem for social democrats is conflicts and from sharp economic Whether democracy, progress and not simply to agree or disagree. On contrasts. And we should not ignore solidarity will be achieved in these the one hand we cannot ignore the the dangers inherent in the countries will depend in no small fact that the shapes and borders of establishment in some countries of part on us, on our ability to spread the states in Central and Eastern fundamentalist religious rule. and strengthen the values and ideals Europe today are the result of two Ethnic and religious conflict can of democratic socialism and in this successive World Wars and do not be avoided mainly by affirming, way connect them to the hopes of necessarily correspond to national, defending and developing the dghts millions of men and women. ethnic or religious identity. of persons belonging to minorities I Concurrently though, we cannot and the full acceptance of multi- i accept the position that each state's ethnicity. The SI reaffirms its THE MEDITERRANEAN ii identity should be based li on ethnic commitment to opposing all ultra- or religious homogeneity. The future nationalistic, racist, xenophobic and Considering that the Mediterranean I will be marked everywhere by multi- antisemitic political movements and is one of the regions of our world in ethnicity and multi-culturality. parties. which a plurality of cultures, This is where the task of social languages, religions, and traditions democracy lies: principles and 7. The creation of the Socialist have historically co-existed, with methods for the birth and International Committee for Central different degrees of tolerance and recognition of new state entities and Eastern Europe (SICEE) at the SI confrontation; that it is an area of need to be established. In particular, Council Meeting in Athens in great potential and at the same time three preconditions appear to be of February 1993, following the Berlin a focus of serious conflicts, in which essential importance: Congress in 1992, underlined not the weight of history and tradition - the full recognition in each state only the extraordinary historical must have their place in our of human and political rights on an changes which began in 1989 but analysis, but must not prejudice our individual level and for each ethnic, also the enormous opportunities commitment to building a region of cultural and religious community;- which opened up for the SI to peace, cooperation and mutual the inviolability of borders, as stated strengthen all those movements and understanding; in the charter of the Conference on parties which based their platform Recognising that the Euro- Security and Cooperation in Europe on social democratic principles, in Mediterranean Conference in (CSCE) which establishes that contrast to neo-liberal policies, and Barcelona represents a big step changes to borders can result only in order to play a key role in forward for the aspirations of the from consensual agreement between directing the democratic transition progressive sectors in the region and the states involved;- the which is still taking place along gave rise to legitimate hopes that acknowledgement that in today's reformist and progressive lines. inequalities and injustices could be modern societies there are two Since its creation SICEE has corrected through mechanisms of cooperation freely entered into by political vision appropriate to the Mediterranean Development the different countdes attending this new times, to a new age of change, Assistance (MEDA) programmes is historic meeting; with its particularities and its dsks of essential. Equally, we must be Noting that we see reflected in the polarising tendencies: the sensitive to the factors holding back resolutions of the Euro- implementation of ultra-liberal the process, especially.the chapter Mediterranean Conference many of policies conducive to even greater referring to full respect for human the elements of socialist thought inequalities, or tendencies to state rights, creating the mechanisms such as, for instance, arms limitation domination and centralism for fear of necessary so that such factors do not and disarmament, which can some external enemy. In order to affect the execution of the transform the bases of regional combat such tendencies we need to proSrammes. cooperation, in order to secure develop the concept of subsidiarity The third 'pillar' - that referring to greater peace, welfare, respect for and move tovrards sub-regional social and human partnership - must human rights, freedom, democracy integration and making partners of be strengthened and promoted. and education; and that this Iocal authorities and civil society. Mobility and exchange among the common proiect has the support of The end of the.East-West citizens of the countries around the socialists and social democrats, who confrontation has led to profound Mediterranean, as an apprenticeship bring energy and dedication to the changes in the very complex field of in multi-culturalism, is a full implementation of the Mediterranean security. There are fundamental stepping stone to real, agreements; more than enough elements present multi-dimensional cooperation Conscious that the Mediterranean to envisage an uncertain future, if the which will foster common values, region stands at a historic crosstoads, structural iniustice affecting the respect and understanding of where there are still profound southern shore and also preventing a differences, and put an end to the inequalities and disiunctions of an balanced relationship with the north fear produced by ignorance and lack economic, social, political, cultural pe$ists. Security requires stability of contact. This is what is needed to and religious natule, together with a and stability requires balance. Europe guarantee balance and integration new positive spirit of which the Euro- can and must contdbute to this between economic, political and Mediterranean Conference in balance, and must try, in its own social partnership. Barcelona was an occasion and a interest, to ensure that it is a We consider it indispensable to symbol; that the Conference served harmonious balance. The European offer new opportunities to our to create a positive spirit and was an Union must make clear to its citizens, especially to the young - exceptional opportunity for the Mediterranean partners that the who, concentrated mainly in the participants to commit themselves to borders of its member states are its South, make up 60 per cent of the a new phase of cooperation between external borders and that it does not region's population - guaranteeing the northem and southern shores of accept that they be put into question. them access to education and the Mediterranean; Insecudty is bom of instability, professional training so that they can Underlining the importance of the and this is always caused by socio- take a full part in society. Also to contents of the Barcelona political and economic factors. We offer equal opportunities, an Declaration, because of the multi- must therefore be more careful not to indispensible condition for dimensional character of the confuse risk factors with a real combatting poverty and social partnership established around the military threat - these are much inequality and preventing the three axes - political, economic and better tackled with money than arms. advance of fundamentalism. Only by social - which stands as a basic point It is fundamental that European the strengthening of social cohesion of reference for cooperation in the public opinion avoid the erroneous can we create a more iust and region; that it signifies a real change, idea that now the 'enemy' in the East egalitarian context. especially in terms of the relationship is no more we must invent one in The SI expresses its concern at the between the EU member countries of the South in order to iustify a consequences for society and for the northern shore and the countries continuing system of security. public health caused by the traffic in of the eastem and southern shores of The phenomena of radical drugs and by the high level of the Mediterranean; religious movements cause logical consumption by young people which The SI considers that this new concern but it is naive to believe that is affecting their futures. In the phase in Mediterranean cooperation a policy of repression can put an end framework of the Euro-Mediteilanean is not only possible but necessary to fundamentalism. The strategy of partnership we appeal to the and must be based on dialogue and isolating those who espouse violence, European Union to make the fight mutual trust. This challenge is a and pursuing dialogue with all against fuugs one of its priorities, political one, a question of the democratic forces is a good starting working iointly with the countries of political will to avoid fatalism or the point but there will not be stability the southem shore and fumishing passive contemplation of the existing in the societies directly affected by the necessary technical and financial imbalances, together with a fundamentalism until a strong civil assistance for the substitution of determined effort to overcome society emerges, and this will only be crops. inequalities. Conscious of the possible if there is tolerance, respect The SI also expresses its concern at difficulties which must be ovetcome, for human rights and in particular the worsening of the situation of we are for the introduction of a social real emancipation of women. violence and terror in Algeria and democratic agenda for the region, We are concerned that the manifests its solidarity with the based on a market economy which economic development programmes Algerian people who have the right can generate balanced development of the Declaration have not to a life of peace and democracy and and correct inequalities. developed as planned. The to real economic and social Europe has a great responsibility implementation of the agreements development. It considers that a push for the positive or negative evolution entered into by the Mediterranean towards peace is possible if there is a of this new phase of cooperation countries and the European Union real political will. The opehing of a based on more than 30 countries and must be respected. The unblocking of true dialogue is an urgent necessity to 80O million people. It must have a the funds destined for the set in motion a peace process which is indispensable for the holding of the UN Charter the work of many members of the credible elections for a legislature and - The willingness for peaceful intemational community. for economic recovery. conflict-resolution The Congress welcomes the We express our full support to the - The commitment to pluralism in admission of the Fatah movement as member parties in the Maghreb in all political, ethnic and religious issues. an observer party to the Socialist those initiatives in favour of the The SI expresses its concem about International, a decision which opens relaunching of the political, the violation bf human rights as well a new chapter in the relations economic and social construction of as the political, ethnic and religious between the SI and the Palestinian a democratic Maghreb. intolerance in many countries of the people. We are faced with the historic Middle East. Since the elections in Israel in necessity of taking a step forward in Only if the governments of all May '1.996, the peace process has the consolidation of a new states in the region respect and entered into a difficult period. The SI relationship betlveen the actively put into practice the reaffirms its strong support for the Mediterranean countries, with the resolutions of the United Nations and agreements signed between the Israeli principal aim of correcting the the international treaties, can government and the PLO, and for a historic inequalities which have kept conflicts and crises be reduced. comprehensive peace in the Middle us apart, so that we can offer a more The struggle against terrorism East. balanced region to the present and cannot be credible and successful On the Israeli-Palestinian track, coming generations. We must put the unless there is respect for pluralism the most important thing is to Mediterranean on the Socialist and democracy, freedom of opinion honour the agreements achieved Intemational's map, in a very visible and human rights. Violence may not between the two sides, to fulfil all the way, making it a priority, and move be answered with violence against obligations of the interim stage, towards a renewed level of activity innocent lives. including the removal of the closure which can generate new political The SI emphasizes the need for a of the Palestinian territories and proposals. new ftamework for the establishment redeployment from Hebron. The role to be played by the of closer relations between all Negotiations on the permanent stage European Parliament and the countries in the Middle East and of the peace process must start again. parliaments of the Mediterranean in their neighbours in Europe. The The SI reaffirms its opposition to the follow-up to the Barcelona Barcelona Declaration between the the continuation of settlement Conference are very important. In European Union and its activities in the Palestinian terdtories. this context, the SI gives its support Mediterranean neighbours is a The SI reaffirms the right of the to the proposal of the European nucleus for such a framework. Palestinian people to self- Parliament of 13 October 1995, Within this ftamework especially, determination and statehood, as well seeking the creation of a economic relations and foreign trade as the need to find solutions to the parliamentary forum of the between the countries of the Middle complex and difficult issues of Mediterranean region formed by the East have to increase. settlements, Jerusalem and refugees. parliamentary delegations of the One possibility for a framework Aware of the gravity of the parliaments of the Mediterranean providing for increased common economic situation in the Palestinian countries and of the European security in the Middle East may be a teritory and of its negative inpact Parliament. Permanent Conference on Security on the Palestinian political scene, the The SI supports the accession of and Cooperation in the Middle East SI calls upon the international Cyprus to the EU and expresses its along the lines of the OSCE. community and the donor countries concem for the lack of progress and to fulfil their pledges and face their the continuing division of the island , The Mtddle Eost Peoce Ptocess own responsibility. The SI urges and calls for the implementation of member parties, both in the UN Resolutions which demand Momentous events have taken place govemement and in opposition, to the withdrawal of foreign troops and in the Middle East since the XIXth emphasise the need for urgent and elements, the respect of the Congress of the SI in Berlin. Mutual increased economic assistance to the independence, sovereignty and recognition between the govemment Palestinian territodes. In this context, territorial integrity of Cyprus and the of Israel and the Palestine Liberation the SI salutes the partnership pact safeguarding of the basic freedoms of Organisation, the signing of the contracted at the Barcelona Euro- its people. Declaration of Principles in Mediterranean Summit of 1995 as an The SI calls on the United Nations September 1993, the subsequent important opening towards to continue the efforts to reach an interim agreement on the West Bank prosperity and cooperation between aSreement based on iustice and the and Gaza Strip of September 1995, all the peoples of the area. respect of intemational law, and calls the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty, as It is of crucial importance to on the government of Cyprus and well as the process of regional renew the talks between Israel on the the Turkish community in Cyprus to economic cooperation initiated at the one hand and Syria and Lebanon on show goodwill. Casablanca and Amman Conferences the other. Those talks should be have transformed the reality of this based on the pdnciple of Land for region, making global peace an Peace and on UN Security Council THE M'DDLE EAST attainable objective for our resolutions 242, 338 and 425, which generation. This considerable and must lead to peace agreements. The Socialist Intemational historic progress is a result of the Particular attention must be paid champions the peaceful co-existence policy of the Israeli governments of to the issue of terrodsm, which has of all peoples in the Middle East. This prime ministers Yitzhak Rabin and not only exacted a heavy toll in requires the observance of the Shimon Peres, and of our member innocent lives, but has also following principles: parties, the Israel Labout Party and effectively disserved the cause of - Respect for human rights MAPAM. It is also the result of the peace. This terror is supported by - The right of peoples to self- courageous decisions of the PLO and some political forces and states in the determination, in conformity with its President Yasser Arafat, as well as area. Terror, which is to say violence against civilians, wherever it may We support initiatives to improve them - individually or in association come from, must be fought the human rights situation in Iran, with other democra'iic movements in relentlessl,v, in an international such as the manifesto of the 134, the region - at the forefront of the coordinated effort of all which demands the lifting of struggle to establish and develop governments. censorship in Iran. Such initiatives political democracy, respect for are aimed at improving living human rights and peace in latin ll fhe Kurds conditions in that country. America. c) The Kurds are oppressrld in Iraq Latin. American democrats have a) The Kurds have serious problems The SI advocates the continuation of fought for decades against in Turkey. international guarantees for the authoritarian regimes, military coups The Socialist Intemational: Kurds in northern Iraq, as they were and the economic and social under- firmly supports all national and introduced by the imposition and development imposed under the rule international demands for rapid monitoring of the safe-haven zone of military iuntas and local progress in the democratisation north of the 36th.parallel. oligarchies. The region's social process in Turkey. Needed in d) The continuous problems and democrats have been fighting to particular are far-reaching oppression of the Kurdish people do change this state of affairs and constitutional reforms and not iustify the violent conflict promote development and social substantial improvements in the between the Kurdish factions. These iustice. human rights situation; conflicts serve as a pretext for Democrary in the region is demands the release of all political violence against them. currently facing new challenges. prisoners, including the DEP The SI appeals to all politically Control of traditional institutions is parliamentarians; responsible leaders of the Kurds to now being disputed. The media, once appeals to the Turkish authorities cooperate in a peaceful and in the hands of a powerful few, are to open a constructive dialogue with pluralistic way. now playing an increasingly the country's Kurdish citizens and The new military conflicts in the influential role in the democratic their representatives who renounce area inhabited by the Kurds show process. Public opinion, nourished by violence; that a lasting peace settlement in the a greater supply of information, is reaffirms its conviction that a Middle East which does not also beginning to give an added stable and democratic Turkey is of enshrine in international law the dimension to democracy that the utmost importance for the future rights of the Kurdish people would be political party organisations have yet development of the region and of incomplete and would only provide a to absorb. The inability of traditional Europe, believing that the more breeding ground for permanent political structures to meet popular democratic Turkey becomes, the cnses. demands for social reform has more it can be part of democratic The SI calls upon all states resulted in adverse reactions to the European institutions; involved to contdbute to the political parties. This is a clear supports the Republican People's peaceful solution of the Kurdish indication of the need to introduce Party of Turkey in its struggle to problems. The SI condemns all political reforms that will open the ensure equal rights to the members terrorist actions be they committed way for more participatory forms of of all ethnic, cultural and religious against the Kurds or by Kurdish democrary. The problems of communities, including the Kurds. organisations. democracy are resolved by even b) The Kurds are oppressed in lran The SI is deeply concerned about greater democracy and true socialism The Socialist International protests military actions in Kurdish-populated is democracy extended to all areas against the continuing persecution of teritory of northern Iraq. The SI and levels of society. the Kurdish population in Iran, and supports all efforts undertaken by the Harsh structural adiustment specifically of the Democratic Party United Nations to bring about a programmes accentuate the of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI). The peaceful solution to this conflict. disenchantment among the people. assassination of PDKI leaders The appearance of dangerous Ghassemlou in 1989, and III lrun and lroq symptoms of instability in some Sharafkandi in 1992, took place countries is a cause for concern and directly after their participation in SI The SI calls upon all states in the could have negative effects on Congresses. Their presencl at the SI Middle East, especially Iraq and Iran, developments elsewhere in the meetings had underlined the SI's to be peaceful members of the region. Democracy is the solidarity with the cause of the intemational communitv, to fundamental basis of our strategy and Iranian Kurds. implement the resolutions of the that is why we are fighting to Since 1993, systematic ethnic United Nations, to take part in the establish democracy in all areas. Our cleansing, artillery attacks and other fight against intemational temorism opposition to the economic sanctions hostile actions along the Iraqi borders and to respect the human rights of against Cuba is based mainly on the have forced the Kurdish population all their citizens. need to remove barriers and facilitate there to seek safety in Iraqi a peaceful transition towards multi- Kurdistan. Even in this area, howevel party democracy in that country. Iranian troops and aircraft have IAT,N AMER'CA AND THE In facing the challenge of managed to carry out attacks, despite CAR'BBEAN globalisation and the emergence of a the existence of the no-fly zone that new economic culture, Latin America is supposed to be enforceh by the After a long struggle against is at a considerable disadvantage with powers which took part in the Gulf dictatorships and military regimes, regard to human resources. The lack War. democracy and free elections are now of training in this field means that The SI protests against these a reality in the vast maiority of Latin globalisation will give rise to the de- constant violations of the human American countdes. The Socialist nationalisation of companies.in rights of the Iranian Kurds and their Intemational and social democratic many Latin American countdes. At representatives, the PDKI, by the parties have played a leading role in the same time, the slow rate of regime. Iranian this victory a role which has kept economic recovery will aid anti- democratic elements who wish to complemented by permanent efforts people have resulted in the undermine the credibility of political to improve the technology of the establishment - for the longest period parties. region's productive base. The value of in their history - of freely elected The Socialist Intemational shares goods is increasingly dependent on govemments. During the the Latin American people's concern the amount of technical know-how accomplishment of this task, the over worsening social problems, the involved in producing them. Socialist International has result of inadequate economic Technological.progress in regional maintained its active support for the systems based on primary products production is vital for the movements committed to the and the imposition of unfair development of democracy and the promotion of democracy and social international conditions. We establishment of social justice in iustice throughout Latin America and recognise the need to develop a Latin America, a task which is the Caribbean. strategy based on developing human virtually impossible with the semi- resources. It is impossible to maintain feudal production systems still people's faith in democracy when existing in many parts of the region. LOCAL AUTHOR'TIES they are suffering ftom hunger and The Socialist International, which poverty. An overwhelming national has worked to improve North-South Half the world's population will soon debt keeps many countdes in a state relations, supports the long-standing be living in towns and cities. For of economic weakness. This debt, efforts of its Latin American members urban populations, the municipality combined with increasing poverty, is for economic cooperation and for is both the place in which they live an obvious symptom of the fact that more fair distribution of the surplus and where they confront the basic the production base and the generated by the more developed problems of everyday life. But international price regime restrict the economies. This means making a because power is at its most economic and social progress of the determined and substantial reduction accessible and most easily identifiable Latin American nations. in military spending in order to at the level of the municipality, this Better social conditions are vital release more resources for investing also makes it the ideal place to for economic development, which in people. promote contact bebveen citizens today depends more than ever on the The trend towards decentralisation and their elected representatives. education of the population. For this - which has arisen as a result of the In countries throughout the reason, the social democrats of l,atin new culture of information and has world, there is an increasing America reject the neoliberal even affected the more marginal preference for socialist-run local monetary strategy, which is limited areas of the region - will require authorities. In many countries, the to controlling macro-economic greater civic action and more strength of the socialist movement is variables, thus maintaining the low involvement on the part of citizens largely based on well-established level of local production. This leads at the community level. local organisations. But this strength to the decline of local economies, In the same way, we believe in the is also a maior responsibility and it is perpetuating ignorance, fomenting advantage of the greater involvement essential that elected representatives violence and other social evils, of women in the political process. prove they are worthy of the trust increasing extemal dependency and Some of our parties have made placed in them. threatening the region with progress in the struggle to break In response to our changing ungovernability. down the old preiudices that are societies, modern socialism must be The reduction of the state and the delaying the valuable inclusion of based on a simpler and more dismantling of welfare programmes women in political and economic 'horizontal' system of organisation in most countries in the region is a life. and concem itself with the problems severe contradiction in view of the As social democrats, we reaffirm of everyday urban life. Because it is need to improve the educational our support for the re-establishment strongly committed to freedom, training of the Latin American people of the ethical principles of democracy peace, progress and development which they need to function in the in order to combat the malor beneficial to all, the Socialist new culfure of information. problems and meet the challenges of International is determined to Programmes for public spending cuts Latin America, and especially in approach the 21st century with a therefore should not include combatting the detrimental effects of heightened awareness of the education, since this forms the very drugs - in every field and at all levels problems faced by ordinary citizens. foundation for the creation of - on institutions, safety and public To this end, the SI organised a wealth. health. maior conference on the theme of The people of Latin America - who Sustainable development is an 'The Urban Face of Socialism', held in must develop the conditions to be important issue in Latin America, Bologna, Italy, on 28-29 Jarutary competitive at intemational level - where maior battles are being fought 1995. The two-day conference was have recognised the need to improve to protect the environment. The attended by 300 mayors and other and strengthen regional alliances. deforestation of the Amazon Basin, delegates from 53 countries who, Progress has been made in opening over-fishing and pollution are the after much debate, adopted the 21- up trade between countries in the consequences of econo-mic policies point Bologna Declaration. They also region and, in this respect, we based on economic ultraJiberalism, agreed to pursue the issue and to take confirm the importance of Mercosur, the social irresponsibility of certain positive steps to humanise the urban whose dynamism sets a standard for companies and the profit motive as environment. One such initiative was the orientation of commercial the overriding criterion of the the launching in Istanbul, on 5 June policies. Our aim is to create a true economy. 1996, of the SI Committee on Local community of nations so that The Socialist International is Authorities, within the context of regional cooperation is transformed pleased by the progress made in the HABITAT II, the United Nations into another means of achieving peace negotiations in Guatemala and Conference on Human Settlements. sustainable progress and the resumption of the democratic The Bologna Declaration considers development. process in Haiti. It is also pleased that urban problems within the general Regional cooperation must be the efforts of the Central American context of the momentous changes that are taking place worldwide: the citizens, for example, in the fields of THE UNITED NAT'ONS AND world economy, the age of health, education, environment, OUN information, the dissolution of safety, housing, and public transport political and military blocs, the and to combat poverty. 'NTERNAr'ONAL This Congress is meeting in New York strengthening of international It is essential to promote solidarity in recognition of the crucial role institutions. Unfortunately, all this between rich and pbor of towns and the United Nations in today's world. has not necessarily resulted in the cities. It is also fundamentally Four years ago the Socialist creation of more equitable economic important to design and promote International held its Congress in a and social balances between the models for development that newly reunited Berlin, a synbol of regions or between the inhabitants encourage a more sparing use of freedom for people around the world. within regions. On the contrary the resources and mufually supportive Today, tle United Nations is not only gulf continues to widen between relations between - rich and poor a symbol of the global yearning those who have prospered and those towns and cities. for peace, it is the principal left behind by these institution changes. It is unfortunately all too obvious for promoting intemational At the same time, local and that unemployment, social cooperation at a time when it is regional authorities are becoming marginalisation and the informal needed most. Our International is much stronger, as economic entities economy create an obstacle to the pleased and grateful for the and in terms of their collective rights of citizenship. While national opportunity to hold its identity and political involvement. and regional governments Congress at are UN headquarters and we stand ready But towns and cities also provide the responsible for promoting economic to continue supporting and most visible manifestation of the development, for bridging gap the strengthening the United Nations in contradictions within our societies: between the official and unofficial the spirit of a common effort to the contradiction between economies and for creating greater secure a better world for all. development and protection of the iob opportunities, local autliorities environment, between waste and can usefully intervene in the field of poverty', between the concept of iob-creation by introducing active freedom and the reality of exclusion. policies in such fields as lo-al services, Towns and cities have the urban ecology, the maintenance of potential for developing democrary infrastructures and equipment, public at local level, for involving citizens in works policies, etc. the management of public affairs and During the HABITAT II strengthening an integrated and Conference, the SI clearly expressed collective identity. This aspect of itssupport for the right i,f every democracy and cit2enship formed individual to reasonable the subiect of a special report at the accommodation. Committee meeting in Istanbul. The housing problem is The Socialist Intemational particularly relevant since, along with demands that local authorities health, employment and famill worldwide be democratically elected structure, it is central to the by the people and not appointed by preoccupations of urban populations. central governments. It is also of direct concern t6 the The men and women living in the public authorities within the context world's towns and cities have and of their development and planning must have equal political and social policies. Housing plays a crucial ro-ie rights. The true affirmation of in the creation of a good-quality citizenship is legal equality regardless environment, in the attrachveness of nationality or ethnic origin, the and therefore the image presented by right of all inhabitants and their a particular town or city. families to participate in the political The Socialist Intemational life of the local community, and welcomes the holding of the World equal access - in real terms and for all Assembly on Cities and Local citizens - to the basic services offered Authorities in Istanbul, as well as the by the town or city in which they participation of local authorities in live. the HABITAT II Conference. These Towns and cities are ideally suited initiatives open the way for new to democratic innovation, since this courses of action at the i[temational is where the direct relationship level that recognise urban between electors and representatives populations and local authorities as has the greatest potential, where part of the system of the United public administration is much more Nations and other intemational accessible and where direct organisations. consultation is more easily achieved. The Socialist International intends to Of course, it is the reslionsibility promote the dialogue between local of individual states to introduce and regional socialist representatives, policies that ensure social cohesion and their federations, in the context and the protection of the rights and of intemational events. freedoms of the population. But the Following the Bologna local authorities must be given the Conference, the Socialist powers and financial resoutces Intemational will also be periodically necessary to introduce practical organising maior conferences for local policies that are beneficial to their and regional socialist representatives. Socialist lnternational BRAZIL COSTA RICA Pierre Mauroy Democratic Labour Party, PDT National Liberation Party, PLN Luis Ayala Leonel Brizola Rolando Araya Monge Luiz Alfredo SalomEo Rolando Conz6lez Ulloa MEMBER PARTIES Ligia Doutel de Andrade Carlos M. Castillo Morales Carlos Alberto de Oliveira Ricardo Sancho Chavarria ALBANTA Nelton Friedrich lsabel Chamorro Santamaria Social Democratic Party, PSD Adelia Dos Santos Rodolfo Navas Alvarado Skender Gjinushi Roberto D'Avila Fernando Salazar Navarrete Paskal Milo Silvio Lima Bernal lim6nez Monge Pavli Zeri Fco. Das Chagas Leite Filho Luis Alonso Guti6rrez Herrera ALGERIA BULGARIA Socialist Forces Front, FFS Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, BSDP cURACAO Hocine Ait-Ahmed Petar Dertliev Movement for a New Antilles, MAN Seddik Debaili Theodore Detchev Don Martina Ahmed Djeddai Vesselin Manev Humphrey C Senior Krastjo Petkov Marcolino Franeo ARGENTINA Roumen Ceorgiev Yoyce Martina Popular Socialist Party, Antonaneta Petrova-Silva PSP Rub6n Giustiniani CYPRUS Cuillermo Est6vez Boero BURKINA FASO EDEK Socialist Party of Cyprus Hermes Binner Party for Democracy and Progress, PDP Vassos Lyssarides Maria de Carmen Mffas joseph Ki-Zerbo Marcia Alexaki Karinia Himm S6bastien Zabsonre Philippe Adamou ln6s Bertero Jean de Dieu Somda CZECH REPUBLIC ARUBA CANADA Czech Social Democratic Party, CSSD People's Electoral Movemen! MEP New Democratic Party, NDP Milos Zeman Nelson Orlando Oduber Alexa McDonough Svetlana Navarova Hyacintho Rudolfo Croes Audrey McLaughlin Pavel Novak lain Angus Marie Paukeiova AUSTRALIA Bill Blaikie Australian Labor Party, ALP Catharine lohannson DENMARK Michael Beahan Paul Gill Social Democratic Party, SDP Candy Broad Nancy Riche Lasse Budtz Margaret Reynolds David Woodbury Morten Bsdskov Carolyn Pickles Sharon McLaughlin DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AUSTRIA Steve Lee Domincan Revolutionary Party, PRD Social Democratic Party of Austria, SPO los6 Francisco Pefra C5mez Franz Vranitzkv CAPE VERDE Hatuey De Camps Heinz Fischer' African lndependence Party of Cape Manuel A. Cdceres Troncoso Peter Kostelka Verde, PAICV Milagros Ortiz Bosch Peter Schieder Pedro Pires lsidro Torres Peter lankowitsch Aristides Lima Peggy Cabral de Pefra G6mez Karl Schramek Ulisses Congalves Leonor Siinchez Baret Susanne Caugl Luz del Alba Thevenin Maria lonas CHILT Party for Democracy, PPD Ana Maria Acevedo BELGIUM Victor Manuel Rebolledo Guido G6mez Mazzara Socialist Party, PS Lascar Merino Fantina S. de Biez Philippe Busquin luan Somavfa Rafael Viisquez Roger Lallemand los6 Cofli Eligio l6quez Maurice Bayenet Philippe Mihoux cfirrE Betzaida Santana de Biiez Anne-Marie Lizin Social Democratic Radical Party, PRSD Eladiz Medina Etienne Codin Anselmo Sule Candia Pedro Dajer Laurent Despy lv6n Mesias Leh( luli Ares Cuzmin Alex Acosta Maluenda Sucre Feliz BELGIUM Santiago Conzalez Larrain Socialist Party, SP Alfonso Zuffiga Opazo ECUADOR Willv Claes Eduardo Lagos Democratic Left Party, PID Milin Rutten Patricio Morales Rodrigo Borla Cevallos Stefaan Thijs Alejandra Faulbaum Andr6s Vallejo Arcos Nicoli6s lssa BOLIVIA CHILE Mario Mancheno Revolutionary Left Movement, MIR Socialist Parly of Chile, PS Gonzalo Valda CSrdenas Camilo Escalona Medina EGYPT Leopodo L6pez Ricardo Nfftez Muffoz National Democratic Party, NDP Conzalo Montenegro Ovid Harasich Ebshabrawv Sabrv Cuido Afrez Mohamed'Abou-hmer I
ESTONIA Magda Kov5cs K6sa ,APAN M66dukad Vilmos Szab6 Social Democratic Party of lapan, SDP Eiki Nestor Makoto Tanabe liiri-Karl Seim ICELAND Takanobu Nagai Social Democratic Party of lceland Keiko Chiba FINLAND l6n Baldvin Hanniba'lsson Manae Kubota Social Democratic Party, SDP Shigeko Mieno Paavo Lipponen ISRAEL Yukiko Kawahashi Antero Kekkonen lsrael Labour Party Kozue Kitsukawa Kari Laitinen Shimon Peres Kalevi Sorsa lsrael Cat LITHUANIA Tarja Kantola Abraham Hatzamri Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, LSDP Tuula Haatainen Daphna Sharfman lonas Valaitis Side Tahvanainen Dov Peer Daiva lakaite Tero Shemeikka Stanley Ringler Rima Cerkeliunas
TRANCE ISRAEL MALAYSIA Socialist Party. PS United Workers' Party of lsrael, MAPAM Democratic Action Party, DAP Lionel lospin Yossi Sarid Chen Man Hin Pierre Cuidoni Chanan Eres Karpal Singh Michel Rocard Monica Pollack Lim Kit Siang Henri Nallet Ester Levanon-Mordoch Ahmad Bin Nor lean-Luc Melanchon Tan Seng Giaw Sylvie Guillaume ITALY Oon Hong Ceok Laurence Dumont Democratic Party of the Left, PDS Liew Ah Kim Pascal Lebrun Massimo D'Alema Cooi Hock Seng Piero Fassino GERMANY Umberto Ranieri Fong Kui Lun Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD Francesca lzzo Song Sing Kwee Herta D6ubler-Cmelin Ciulio Calvisi Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul Roberto Cuillo MALTA Karsten Voigt Raffaella Chiodo Malta Labour Party Gi.inter Verheugen Fabrizio Rondolino Alfred Sant Christoph Z6pel Leo Brincat Freimut Duve Marisa Rodano Michael Hofmann Marco Bianchini MAURITIUS Wolfgang Weege Mauritius Labour Party ITALY Navin Ramgoolam GREAT BRITAIN Italian Democratic Socialist Party, PSDI V C loypual The Labour Party Cianfranco Schietroma K lesseramsing lohn Prescott Antonio Cariglia Tom Sawyer Paolo De Paoli MEXICO Clare Short Valdo Spini Democratic Revolutionary Party, PRD Nick Sigler Gian Piero Orsello Ricardo Pascoe Pierce Margaret Wall Porfirio Mufioz Ledo Maggie lones lTAI-Y lfi genia Martinez-Herniindez David Mepham Italian Socialists, Sl Rosie Winterton Enrico Boselli MONGOLIA Ottaviano Del Turco Mongolian Social Democratic Party, MSDP GREECE Roberto Villetti R. Conchigdori Panhellenic Socialist Movemen! PASOK Mario Didd L. Byambajargal Yiannos Kranidiotis Maria Rosaria Manieri Sereeteriin Boldhet Anna Karamanou Pia Locatelli Batgargalyn Batbayar Nikos Dimadis Riccardo Nencini Cerasimos Sapoutzoglou Luca Cefisi MOROCCO Thanasis Ganotis Socialist Union of Popular Forces, USFP Mimis Androulakis Cesare Marini Abderrahman Youssoufi Christophis Koroneos Giovanni luliano Fathallah Oualalou Carlo Correr Rachid Ben Abdellah HAITI Caterina Traversa Party of the National Congress of Walter Marossl NETHERLANDS Democratic Movements, KONAKOM Mauro Quercioli Labour Party, PvdA Victor Benoit lan Pronk lessie Benoit IVORY COAST lan Marinus \Mersma Montinard Blanchet Robert lvory Coast Popular Frong FPI Berend lan van den Boomen Toussaint Paul Luc Laurent Gbagbo And16 Gerrits Etienne Roger Etienne Zour Tahi Hanne Overbeek Falikou Doumbia Arien lohannes Berkvens HA]TI Narcisse Kpokou Sharon Diiksma Revolutionary Progressive Nationalist Party Patrice Bai of Haiti, PANPM lean Pierre Ourigou NEW ZEALAND Serge Cilles Laurent Kouame New Zealand Labour Party, NZLP Anthony Barbier Margaret Shields Duly Brutus IAMATCA Peoplet National Party, PNP NICARAGUA HUNGARY Seymour Mullings Sandinista National Liberation Front, FSLN Hungarian Socialist Party, MSzP Alfred Rattray Tomiis Borge Martinez Gyula Horn Phyllis Mitchell Mariano Fiallos Oyanguren Ldszl6 Koviics lrwine Clare Victor Hugo Tinoco Herniin Estrada M6nica Baltodano SIOVAK REPUBIIC USA Magda Henrfouez Social Democratic Party. SDSS Social Democrats USA, SDUSA Rita Clark Ludomir Slahor Rita Freedman Margarita Zapata Miroslav Spejl loel Freedman lvan Karol Haverlik Al Clotzer NORWAY laroslav Riha Steve Heller Norwegian Labour Party, DNA Frantisek Halmes Gro Harlem Brundtland lvan Prokes VENEZUELA Thorbiorn lagland liin Sekaj Democratic Action, AD Dag Terje Andersen Lubica Nitrova Pedro Paris Montesinos Frode Forfang Lewis P6rez Siri Ulvin SLOVENIA Aristides Hospedales United List of Social Democrats, ZL Timoteo Zambrano PARAGUAY lanez Kocijancic lxora Roias Revolutionary Febrerista Party, PRF Vojko Venisnik C6sar Gil losefina Duarte de Benitez Cilberto Barradas Derlis Torres SPAIN lorge Milliin lavier Benitez Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, PSOE Felipe Conziilez Aracelys Cil POLAND Alfonso Guerra Ricardo Roig Social Democracy of the Republic of Raimon Obiols Nelly Rojas Poland, SdRP loaquin Almunia Maria Tenorio de Gonziilez lozef Oleksy Luis Yiifrez Cornelio Popesco Tadeusz lwinski Dolors Renau lerzy laskiernia Teresa Riera Offlce of Sl Pre;ldent Andrzej Wozniak Ricard Torrell Michel Thauvin lan Klopotowski Axel Queval Zygmunt Przetakiewicz Pilar Navarro Vera Matthias Olvido Camarero Hans-Eberhard Dingels POI.AND Maria Solanas Union of Labour, UP Trinidad lim6nez Zbigniew Buiak .loaquin Carcia Taboada CONSULTATTVE PARTIE' ledrzej Krakowski Slawomir Kozlowski SWEDEN ARGENTINA Swedish Social Democratic Party, SAP Radical Civic Union, UCR PORTUGAL lngela Thalen Raril Alfonsin Socialist Party, PS Pierre Schori Luis Alberto C6ceres Ant6nio Guterres Bi
PAKISTAN BOTSWANA lnternational Falcon Movement/ Socialist Pakistan People's Party, PPP Botswana National Front, BNF Educational International. IFM/SEl Rafiq Ahmad Sheikh Michael K Dingake Mehry Moussavi Firdous Sultana lsaac S Mabiletsa Nayerh Talebjedi Abid Ali Gladness Siame Nasser Rashidi Masood Kausar Hossein Madani CENTRAT AFRICAN REPUBTIC PANAMA Patriotic Front for Progress, FPP lnternational Union of Socialist Youth, Democratic Revolutionary Party, PRD Abel Goumba IUSY Gerardo Conzilez Alfred Gusenbauer Leonardo Kam COLOMBIA Nicola Zingarefti Ricardo Fabrega Democratic Alliancg M-1 9 Alfredo Lazzeretti Carlos Franco Echavarrfa Karim Baloul PERU Fabio Villa lavier Cha Peruvian Aprista Party, PAP Gustavo Petro Urrego Ofer Dekel Carlos Roca Raiu Rai loshi Gerardo Morris Abarca Fernando Herniindez Heiko Kretschmer Aurelio Pastor Valdivieso EL SALVADOR Monika Dryemadhi PHILIPPINES Democratic Party, PD Franklin Leon Blanco Philippines Democratic Socialist Party, Ana Guadalupe Martinez Gabriela Leu PDSP Eduardo Sancho lamila Madeira Norberto Gonzales loaquin Mllalobos Rita Ottervik Elizabeth Angsioco Mishra Sunilam Ma. lannette Serrano HAIT! Alejandra YAzquez Rosario Roig Lavalas Political Organisation, OPL Fabio Villa G6rard Pierre-Charles Andres Ygeman ROMANIA Luis Pedro Martins Democratic Party, PD HUNGARY Roberto Mionis Petre Roman Hungarian Social Democratic Party, Ahtonio Mondrag6n MSzDP Rolando Llamas ROMANIA L5szl6 Kapolyi Romanian Social Democratic Party, PSDR Sergio Cunescu INDIA Socialist lnternational Women, SIW Janata Dal MarlEne Haas Madhu Dandavate K. Yadava Reddy ASSOCIATED ORGANISATIONS Karl Renner lnstitute Salvador Sanchez Ceren Erich Frcischl Marfa Marta C Valladares Group of the PES, European Parliament Lisl Kauer Joaqufn Mauricio Chavez Pauline Creen Luigi Colajanni Liberal International IAPAN Manuel Medina Weiiers Frontier Party lan New'Takashi Nadia Van Hamme Yonezawa Olof Palme lnterlational Centre Otohiko Endo Labour Sports lnternational, CSIT Sven Eric Srider Akira lmaizumi Maurice Deveen Takashi Oka Polisario Front lnternational League of Religious Socialists Ahmed Boukhari IORDAN Evert Svensson Moulud Said Hasan Abu-Nimah ludy Deutsch leffrey A. Geary SAMAK KENYA lohn Martin Winter Tom Sax6n Forum for the Restoration of Democracy, FORD-K Andrew Hammer World Health Organisation, WHO Raila Odinga Cristina Tones Mathew Okwanda Party of European Socialists, PES loseph Mancho lean-Frangois Vallin AFGHAN!STAN Afghanistari Social Democratic -Anwar Party NICARAGUA lewish Labor Bund, ILB Ahady Sandinista Renewal Movement, MRS Esther Lokiec Ricardo Zambrana Diaz Benjamin Nadel BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Harry Kupferstein Union of Bosnian and Herzegovinian POLAND Social Democras, UBSD Polish Socialist Party, PPS World Labour Zionist Movement WLZM Mevlida Kunosic-Vlaiic Piotr lkonowicz David Lehrer Maria Walczyniska-Rechmal Adele Grubart BRAZIL Levek Knap Elyas Frymer Workers' Party, PT Luzanna Dgbraosha-lkonowicz Nitza Ranz Marco Auriilio Carcia lorge Mattoso RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russian Social Democratic Union, RSDU Sl Secretariat BURMA Pavel Kudyukin Latifa Perry Natjonal League for Democracy, Dimitri Myslivchenko lustina Pano NLD (r-A) Alexandre |likov Cabriela Shtpherd Wn Khet Hugh O'Shaughriessy U Ba Thaung RWANDA Fred Smith Yuzana Khin Social Democratic Party, PSD Doug Payne Charles Ntakirutinka Vanessa Eyre CAMBODIA Rita Lintz FUNCINPEC SOUTH AFRICA Kathrin Wchterich Thuch Ly African National Conqress. ANC Eva Olofsson Boramy Lean Cheryl Carolus
CONGO UTRAINE GUEITS. INTCNNAilONAT. Assembly for Democracy and Social Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, SDPU ONGAilISATIONS/PAtrNES Progress, RDPS Youriy Buzdugan [ea1 ligne Thystere.Tchicaya Evgeniy Marchuk American Federation of Labour/Congres Paul Tchignoumba Olena Skomorochtchenko of lndustrial Organizations, AFL-ClO- Phil Fishman CROANA URUGUAY Social Democratic Party, SDP New Space Parfy, PNE COPPPAL Tonino Picula Felioe Michelini Maria Emilia Farias Mackev Gordana Grbic Carlos Mary Aleiandra Latapi Renner ' Mctor Treschant CROATIA European Forum for Democracy and Social Democratic Union, SDU USA Solidarity Olga Horvat National Democratic lnstitute, NDI Conny Fredrikson Danko Suvar Ken Wollack Dasa Sasic Silovic Aleksander Filipovic ZIMBABWE Friedrich Ebert Foundation, FES CROATIA Zimbabwe African National Union, Ernst Kerbusch Social Democratic Action of Croatia, ASH ZANU-PF Ernst Stetter Marin Cerskovic Machivenyika T Mapuranga Reinhard Keune Dieter Dettke CUBA Social Democratic Parw GUESTS.INDIVIDUATS lnternational Confederation of Free Trade Antonio Santiago Unions, ICFTU Shridath Ramohal Bill lordan DOMINICAN REPUBTIC Dieter Koniecki Beatrice von Roemer Santo Dominoo Accord llir Meta los€ Gonzdlez Espinoza Phil Noble lean laurEs Foundation Rafael Trinidad Philip Bokov Gilles Finchelstein Rafael Lantigua lvan Rvbkin Lyne Cohen-Solal Mario Montes de Oca Klaus [.indenbero lean-Michel Rosenfeld Stuart Holland - Bernard Maset Et SATVADOR Robert Bernard Mordechai Schenhav Farabundo Marti National Liberation Fr6d6ric Kibassa-Maliba FronL FMLN