Aborder Madame Bovary En Classe De Français À Travers Des Adaptations Cinématographiques

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Aborder Madame Bovary En Classe De Français À Travers Des Adaptations Cinématographiques Faculté de philosophie, arts et lettres (FIAL) Aborder Madame Bovary en classe de français à travers des adaptations cinématographiques Mémoire réalisé par Elisa Vuylsteke Promoteur Jean-Louis Dufays Année académique 2017-2018 Master en langues et littératures françaises et romanes à finalité didactique Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier chaleureusement toutes les personnes qui ont participé, de près ou de loin, à l’élaboration de ce mémoire. À notre promoteur, Jean-Louis Dufays, pour son aide précieuse durant ces dernières années. Nous tenons à le remercier pour le temps qu’il nous a accordé, pour ses conseils et sa rigueur de travail. Il fait partie des personnes passionnées qui deviennent un exemple pour nous, notamment dans notre vie professionnelle. Nous avons une pensée particulière pour nos enseignants de secondaires qui nous donné le gout de la profession : Monsieur Fiasse, Monsieur Vermeire, ainsi que les professeurs de l’option théâtre. Ils nous ont fait découvrir une passion, ont façonné notre persévérance et nous ont fait vivre des moments inoubliables. Nous remercions notre famille pour avoir toujours cru en nous et pour nous avoir soutenue durant la réalisation de ce mémoire. Merci également à Elena Paszto pour sa relecture attentive et ses conseils précieux, ainsi qu’à Paola pour avoir relu notre travail de fin d’études avec sérieux. À tous les artistes qui nous inspirée durant la rédaction de ce mémoire : Gustave Flaubert, bien sûr, mais aussi Romain Gary, Edith Piaf, Jean-Jacques Annaud et bien d’autres. Nous aimerions également remercier nos amis pour leurs rires, leur présence et leur amitié qui, cette année plus encore que les autres, aura été pour nous une réelle source de joie et d’épanouissement. Nous remercions également les membres de notre kot-à-projet, le Kap sur l’avenir, pour les journées de solidarité en bibliothèques et les pauses revigorantes. À toutes les rencontres qui nous ont fait grandir, afin d’arriver à l’aboutissement de ces années d’apprentissage avec la ferme conviction d’avoir choisi la bonne voie. i ii Table des matières Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : ÉTAT DE LA QUESTION ........................................................ 5 Chapitre 1 : La lecture en classe de français aujourd’hui .................................................. 5 1. La lecture chez les jeunes en Belgique francophone selon l’enquête PISA ............... 5 2. La lecture chez les jeunes en Belgique francophone selon l’enquête PIRLS .......... 12 3. Comment favoriser l’accès à la lecture en classe de français ? ................................ 13 4. La lecture d’œuvres intégrales : les pratiques des enseignants ................................ 13 5. L’adaptation d’œuvres littéraires : le point sur les programmes .............................. 16 Chapitre 2 : La place de Madame Bovary en classe de français ....................................... 19 1. Panorama de la situation actuelle : comment est abordé le roman Madame Bovary de Flaubert dans les cours de français ? ........................................................................... 19 2. Une expérience de Madame Bovary vécue par les élèves : le mémoire d’Aurélie Courtois Madame Bovary en classe de français : discours des manuels, analyse d'ouvrages et pratiques enseignantes ................................................................................ 22 Chapitre 3 : L’adaptation cinématographique en classe de français ................................ 25 1. La place du cinéma dans la culture aujourd’hui ....................................................... 25 2. Quelle est la place du cinéma dans l’enseignement du français ? Quelles sont les pratiques enseignantes existantes ? .................................................................................. 26 3. Les avantages d’un apprentissage sur le cinéma en classe de français .................... 28 4. Entre littérature et cinéma : une convergence nommée « l’adaptation » ................. 28 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : GROS PLAN SUR LES ADAPTATIONS DE MADAME BOVARY ........................................................................................................................ 33 Chapitre 4 : Les adaptations cinématographiques de Madame Bovary ............................ 33 1. Bref panorama des adaptations de Madame Bovary ................................................ 33 2. Madame Bovary de Jean Renoir, 1933 ..................................................................... 36 3. Madame Bovary de Claude Chabrol, 1991 .............................................................. 40 4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 41 Chapitre 5 : Analyse détaillée de deux adaptations cinématographiques ......................... 43 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 43 2. Analyses cinématographiques .................................................................................. 44 iii 3. Conclusion : commentaire comparatif de ces deux adaptations cinématographiques 65 TROISIÈME PARTIE : PROPOSITION DIDACTIQUE ............................................. 69 1. Objectifs et enjeux ........................................................................................................ 69 1.1. Les objectifs ............................................................................................................. 69 1.2. Les enjeux................................................................................................................. 69 1.3. Matériaux nécessaires............................................................................................... 69 1.4. Fiches du programme travaillées dans cette séquence ............................................. 70 2. Déroulement des leçons prévues : concrètement, quelle est la démarche à suivre ? ... 71 2.1. Contextualisation de Madame Bovary de Flaubert .................................................. 71 2.2. L’adaptation et pourquoi s’y intéresser ? ................................................................. 73 2.3. Lecture d’un premier extrait avec l’ensemble de la classe : la rencontre ................. 74 2.4. Visionnage de la scène correspondante dans les deux adaptations cinématographiques étudiées. ........................................................................................... 74 2.5. Lecture individuelle d’un second extrait : la scène du bal ....................................... 77 2.6. Visionnage en classe de la scène correspondante dans les deux adaptations cinématographiques étudiées ............................................................................................ 77 2.7. Lecture individuelle d’un dernier extrait : les comices ............................................ 81 2.8. Visionnage en classe de la scène correspondante dans les deux adaptations cinématographiques étudiées. ........................................................................................... 83 2.9. Arrêt du support cinématographique : lecture « classique » de Madame Bovary .... 84 2.10. .... Qu’est-ce que le support cinématographique a apporté à la lecture « classique » ? 85 2.11. ................................................................................................................. Tâche finale. 85 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 87 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................ lxxxix Annexes ............................................................................................................................ i iv Introduction « En France comme en Belgique, la lecture intégrale d’au moins un roman du XIXe siècle constitue un des passages obligés du curriculum des dernières années de l’enseignement secondaire. Or, du point de vue des élèves, la plupart des romans de ce type cumulent, de manière paroxystique, deux défis majeurs : la durée de la lecture et l’éloignement historique. […] À double titre, le temps de la lecture est dès lors vécu comme une contrainte. »1 Madame Bovary de Gustave Flaubert fait partie des romans du XIXe siècle couramment choisi par les enseignants afin qu’il soit lu intégralement dans le cadre d’une séquence sur le réalisme. Partant du constat selon lequel les élèves ont beaucoup de difficultés à lire ce genre de romans et considérant cette œuvre comme une pièce maitresse de la littérature classique à transmettre aux élèves, nous avons formulé la problématique suivante : comment faire apprécier la lecture de Madame Bovary aux élèves ? Face à cette question, nous avons spontanément pensé que les enseignants devaient agir avec ruse, imaginer des stratégies pour déconstruire les aprioris négatifs et guider les élèves dans cette lecture qui peut paraitre rébarbative. En l’occurrence, ce travail propose d’aborder Madame Bovary sous un angle particulier, celui de la comparaison de l’œuvre de Flaubert avec deux de ses adaptations cinématographiques. Par conséquent, notre corpus comprend non seulement le roman Madame Bovary de Gustave Flaubert, écrit en 1857, mais également l’adaptation de Claude Chabrol en 1991 et celle de Jean Renoir datant de 1933. Ces deux œuvres filmiques ont conservé le titre original
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