Spanish Imperialism in the Fiction of Benito Pérez Galdós
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present Spanish Imperialism in the Fiction of Benito Pérez Galdós Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present Spanish Imperialism in the Fiction of Benito Pérez Galdós Mary L. Coffey Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present Liverpool University Press First published 2020 by Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool L69 7ZU Copyright © 2020 Mary L. Coffey The right of Mary L. Coffey to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available ISBN 978-1-78962-213-3 cased ISBN 9781789623468 epdf Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster Contents Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Managing the Loss of Empire 1 The Problem of Spain’s Colonial Legacy 3 Part I: Benito Pérez Galdós and the Rewriting of Spanish History 2 Contextualizing the Trauma of Imperial Loss 54 3 End of an Empire and Birth of a Nation 93 Part II: A Tale of Two Plots 4 Historicizing Colonial Loss 126 5 A Foundational Fiction for the Metropolis 167 Part III: The Remnants of Empire 6 The New Normal in Colonial Relations 232 Conclusion: Spanish History “para uso de los niños” 287 Works Cited 295 Index 311 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments There is an undeniable audacity in attempting to write a book that addresses the broad topic of Spanish imperialism in the work of an author who enjoyed such a long, prolific career and whose fiction has attracted the attention of so many scholars. Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present is the fruit of an entire career in Hispanic Studies, a field that has changed remarkably in the last two decades. This year marks the centenary of Galdós’s death, and it is fitting to look back and reassess his career and his impact on the society of his time and on ours today. I can only hope that readers will find this an informative perspective from which to draw conclusions about the past and present. This was not an easy book to write, and I am indebted to many people for making it possible. To acknowledge all the support and encouragement I received from so many would result in a text of equally galdosian proportions. For that reason, I will attempt to be brief. To the readers of my manuscript, thank you for your sharp eyes and sharp minds; you provided brilliant advice for improvements. Accordingly, any shortcomings of the book are mine alone. My gratitude as well goes to Liverpool University Press, and in particular to Chloe Johnson, who on the strength of a single chapter made the decision to contract the book. In the desperately uncertain times we find ourselves in, it is more important than ever that we learn about ourselves and our respective worlds through the medium of literature, and we are fortunate to have publishers who recognize the value of this particular kind of humanistic study. I also want to acknowledge summer research support provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Program for Cultural Cooperation Between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and United States Universities. I have gained much from the work of colleagues in Spanish literary and cultural studies over the years: Alda Blanco, Luisa Elena Delgado, Toni Dorca, Pura Fernández, David George, Hazel Gold, Michael Iarocci, Javier Krauel, Jo Labanyi, Susan Martín-Marquéz, Iñigo Sánchez Llama, Lisa Surwillo, Jesús Torrecilla, Akiko Tsuchiya, and Linda Willem, many Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present of whom I cite in this book. Stephanie Sieburth, David Gies, Cathy Jaffe, and Rebecca Haidt, from our first meeting at the NIH Summer Institute in 1999 at Duke University, you have provided me with models of profes- sional rigor, collegial support, and true friendship. In Spain, Dolores Troncoso Durán and Yolanda Arencibia always treated me with kindness, from my earliest forays as a scholar of Galdós’s work, and they consistently provided intellectual insights. Similarly, I want to thank Peter Bly and Alan Smith for their scholarly work and for trusting me with the future of the Asociación Internacional de Galdosistas at a critical moment in its history. I also want to mention the impact of those scholars who were taken from us far too soon. I met Tim McGovern when I was a junior faculty member, and we always thought we would have more time together. That has been a hard lesson learned. Similarly, Christopher Schmidt-Nowara and I met as doctoral students, studying in Madrid on Fulbright Fellowships. His life and work manifested like a brilliant and fast-burning comet, and I find myself still catching up to his scholarship as I think about the Spanish- speaking world in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I think of both of them quite often, grateful for the time I had with them and for the work they leave behind. I would be remiss not to mention the extraordinary mentorship of Harriet Turner, and the unequivocal support shown to me by Lee Skinner, my former colleague at the Claremont Colleges. I save my deepest thanks, nonetheless, to two very special friends and colleagues: Silvia Bermúdez and Roberta Johnson, without whom this book would never have been completed. They provided me with professional wisdom, intellectual guidance, and the loving friendship that made the difference when my energies flagged. I will forever be in their debt. I have been fortunate to have a family who supported me and my career. But no one has been as engaged or as steadfast as my husband, Robert Pavich. He has walked this path with me for many decades and continues to offer to read and comment on my work. Words are insufficient to express the extent of how much he means to me. I am truly blessed to have such a partner. In closing, I hope readers of this book will draw connections between the struggle of Spaniards to reimagine themselves after the loss of empire and our own time. We are experiencing seismic shifts across the globe that will undoubtedly have profound and lasting impacts on nations, on institutions, on cultural identities, and on the health of the planet as a whole. Whether we have the ability to direct these shifts toward positive outcomes remains to be seen. I continue to believe that literature offers viii Acknowledgments valuable lessons to attentive readers, and I hope that this book will add, in small measure, to a body of knowledge that might actually help us navigate the stormy waters of our present environment. Galdós, in his study of Spanish history and culture, came quickly to the conclusion that greed and self-interest lead to devastating results for all, both in the moment and for subsequent generations. It is a lesson we must relearn as we strive for a world beyond the postcolonial. ix Introduction: Managing the Loss of Empire CHAPTER 1 The Problem of Spain’s Colonial Legacy The Problem of Spain’s Colonial Legacy Benito Pérez Galdós (1843–1920) was one of Spain’s most prolific authors, having published 78 novels, 23 plays, 15 short stories, and an extensive corpus of journalism over a career that spanned a half century. Stephen Gilman considered Galdós to be “Spain’s first authentic nineteenth-century novelist” (Galdós and the Art of the European Novel 24), and many critics have favorably compared his literary production to that of other great European novelists, such as Charles Dickens, Honoré de Balzac, and Leo Tolstoy.1 Galdós’s commitment to writing about Spain’s past and its present, in his historical novels – the Episodios nacionales [National Episodes] – and his realist novels of contemporary Spanish life in the late nineteenth century – the novelas contemporáneas [contemporary novels] – has no counterpart in European literary history. Given the author’s prolific output, writing a book about Benito Pérez Galdós’s treatment of Spain’s imperial history is a daunting task. Part of the challenge lies not just in the extensive number of works but also in the generally accepted opinion in contemporary Galdós studies that the author’s intense focus on the metropolis precluded a lack of engagement with Spanish imperialism. The noted historian Michael Costeloe, for example, in his study of peninsular Spain’s response to colonial revolution, has claimed that Galdós “makes only passing and superficial reference to the wars in America, and permits his characters almost no opinions on what Spaniards felt about the loss of empire” (2). Nevertheless, when one looks closely in Galdós’s fiction for references to the Americas, 1 See Harriet Turner’s “The Poetics of Suffering in Galdós and Tolstoy”Studies ( in Honor of Gilberto Paolini, Mercedes Vidal, ed. Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta Press, 1996); Timothy McGovern’s Dickens in Galdós (New York: Peter Lang, 2000); Charles Ley’s “Galdós comparado con Balzac y Dickens como novelista nacional” (Actas del Primer Congreso Internacional de Estudios Galdosianos, Las Palmas: Excmo Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, 1977); and Fredric Jameson’s The Antinomies of Realism (London: Verso, 2013). Ghosts of Colonies Past and Present to Spanish imperialism, to the colonial experience, even if only from the perspective of the metropolitan citizen, the evidence is undeniably present. References are not always straightforward or reflected in purely historical terms. They are, as is often the case even in realist fiction, metaphorical and evocative in nature, addressing issues associated with empire and colonialism in unexpected ways.